Government of Rajasthan

Public Health Engineering Department Circle, Bikaner

Urbanization Vision 2045 Drinking water (Bikaner District)
Meeting on 30.04.2013

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Urbanization Vision 2045 Drinking water Bikaner District

1.1 Background
Rajasthan is the driest state in India. Though it is the largest State of the country, the status of water in the State is most critical. Rajasthan with more than 10.4 % of the countrys geographical area, supporting more than 5.5 % of the human population & 18.70 % of the livestock, is bestowed with only 1.16 % of the water resources available in the country. In terms of availability of surface water resources1, the state has only 1.6 % of the total national resources. With increase in population and water demand for various purposes, the State is heading towards absolute water scarcity. The per capita annual water availability in the State is about 780 cubic metres (Cum) against minimum requirement of 1000 Cum. As per the international accepted norms, availability of water below 500 cum is considered as absolute water scarcity. It is feared that by the year 2050 the availability in the state would fall below 450 cum. Groundwater is a primary source of fresh water in the state, with surface water resources being naturally available in eastern parts only, where rainfall is relatively high (above 800 mm/year). Indira Gandhi canal getting water from Pong dam in Punjab is proving to the potential source of water in Northern and western Rajasthan. However, the condition of ground water is quite alarming. In most part of the State, withdrawal of groundwater is at much higher rate than its natural replenishment, resulting in not only fast depletion in water table but also deterioration in water quality. The condition has been worsening at an alarming rate over the last two decades. The stage of ground water exploitation, which was just 35 % in the year 1984, has reached to a level of 135 % in 2009. As per the data available with the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), out of 239 administrative blocks in the state, only 31 blocks are in safe category and 163 blocks fall in red (overexploited) category. The remaining 48 blocks are in critical or semi-critical category. However, due to increase in population, urbanization, expansion in urban limits, changing living standards and migration of rural population to urban towns, the water demand is increasing, while on the other hand due to recurring droughts and depletion of ground water, the service level has reduced to a great extent. This has necessitated augmentation of various urban water supply schemes, from time to time. During the past five year plans, the Governments attention has been mainly on providing proper and adequate water supply system to those towns which either had inadequate drinking water supply or had no potable water supply schemes at all. The allocations through earlier plans were, therefore, primarily earmarked for covering the urban population with safe drinking water supply schemes. Still a large number of towns have either inadequate distribution system or the per capita supply rate is much lower than the specified norms because of depleting groundwater table and inadequate rains. Although water supply schemes in most of the towns now stand on a firmer base, considerable attention is required to bring about qualitative and quantitative improvements in many of these schemes. The State Government has emphasized on exploring long term solutions with dependable sources of water including maximizing opportunities for conjunctive water use. A large number of schemes are reported to have a very high level of distribution system losses. At the same time, the pumps run with lower efficiencies; sources are being over exploited or under exploited and there are high losses in the rising transmission mains. This deprives the users of their due share of drinking water. 2|Page

Therefore, the PHED has initiated a comprehensive study on benchmarking of all urban water supply schemes of Rajasthan. The State Government has emphasized on exploring long term solutions with dependable sources of water including maximizing opportunities for conjunctive water use. A large number of schemes are reported to have a very high level of distribution system losses. At the same time, the pumps run with lower efficiencies; sources are being over exploited or under exploited and there are high losses in the rising transmission mains. This deprives the users of their due share of drinking water. The purpose of this report is to provide an overall assessment of the performance and operational status of the urban water supply schemes in Bikaner district. It presents a comparison of the service level performance of each of the water supply schemes against the Standard Service Level Benchmarks prescribed by the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD), Govt. of India. While agriculture is the main consumer of ground water, consuming over 90% of groundwater resources, over the last two decades there has been sharp increase in drinking water demand due to various reasons such as population growth, industrial development, improved awareness of sanitation and hygiene, and rapid urbanization. This increasing gap between water resource availability and demand has forced the Government to review its water resources management policy. 1.2 Bikaner District PHED has got conducted Bench Marking of Urban Water supply schemes in the state through a consulting firm, in which study of water supply scenario and requirements in year 2045 have been assessed. In district Bikaner, such study has been done for 5 urban towns i.e. Bikaner, Deshnoke, Napasar, Nokha and Sri Dungargarh. Within Bikaner District, status of ground water exploitation is presented in Table 1.
Table 1: Ground Water Status Bikaner District Block Area Net Annual (sq. km) availability (MCM) Bikaner 9278 57.49 Kolayat 7970.86 28.77 Nokha 3800.97 69.67 Dungargarh 3003.90 49.50 Total District (Excl. 24053.73 205.43 Saline Area) Annual Gross Withdrawal (MCM) 96.08 19.02 126.16 60.24 301.5 Stage of GW Dev (%) 167.13 66.11 181.08 121.70 134.01 Category

Over-Exploited Safe Over-Exploited Over-Exploited OverExploited

Population Projections Population projection for the year 2011(current year) and 2045 (ultimate year) has been done by various methods prescribed in CPHEEO manual viz: Arithmetical Increase Method, Incremental Increase Method and Geometric Progression Method. The projections have been made taking census figures available since 1951. Comparison has been made for the projected population for 2011 with provisional census figures published recently while making the decision for proposed projected population. Table below gives projected and proposed population for each of the town for the years 2011 and 2045: Town Census population Proposed projected population 2001 2011 (Prov) 2011 2045
Bikaner Deshnoke Napasar Nokha Sri-Dungargarh 529,690 15,658 19,550 49,688 45,020 647,804 647,804 18,319 23,370 61,380 55,450 1,447,114 31,342 40,780 121,040 113,360

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At present, status of urban Water Supply Schemes in district Bikaner is as given below: S.No. Name of UWSS Population (2001) Present Source of population water Average daily production in Kilo litre 6 101000 1592 1733 5168 3885 Average service level in LPCD 7 135 87 74 85 70 Supply interval in hours 8 24 24 24 24 24

1 1 2 3 4 5

2 Bikaner Deshnok Napasar Nokha Sri Dungargarh

3 529690 15658 19550 49688 45020

4 647804 18319 23370 61380 55450

5 IGNP and 46 GWS 12 GWS 10 GWS 38 GWS 18 GWS

1.2.1 Existing Sources and Production Present status of existing sources for each of the three towns with respect to their numbers, capacities and present production is given below: 1.2.1.1 Bikaner City The town is supplied water from both ground and surface water sources. Presently there are 10 open wells and 46 tube wells which are operative in the town, contributing 16.4 MLD water. Water table in this town is very deep varying from 80m to 110 m. Depth of these sources here is also varying from 140 m to 230m.The yield of these sources reduces in the summer months as the water table goes down. Apart from above, surface water is obtained from two different canal sources. A lift canal namely Kanwarsen Lift Canal (KLC) which is running at a distance of about 12 km from the town (0n ShriGaganagar road) which originates from Indira Gandhi Main Canal (IGNP) some 150 Km from the town with a lift of about 58m through 4 nos. pumping stations. 73 MLD water is drawn from this lift canal. A RWR of 21 days storage capacity has been constructed near WTP to take care of intermittent availability of water in the canal. There are2 WTPs of 33 MLD and 40 MLD at Beechwal head works from where it is then distributed to the town through 39 CWRs, 28 pump houses and 29 OHSRs. Although sanctioned capacity for drinking water from KLC is 45 cusec (110 MLD) but as there is no space available for construction of additional RWR, therefore only 30 cusec is being utilized presently. Another canal source is Kanasar Distributory of Gajner Lift Canal from where 75 cusec (184 MLD) has been sanctioned for drinking water for the town. This canal also runs for 7-10 days in a month and therefore excess water is drawn and stored in another RWR of 1500 ML capacity constructed at Sobhasar head works which is about 12 km from the town (on Anupgarh road) in different direction. A WTP of 40 MLD has been constructed at Sobhasar head works and another WTP of 40 MLD is under construction. Water after filtration is pumped from here to different parts of the town through common system of distribution. Present supply to the town is 101 MLD. 1.2.1.2 Deshnok In the Deshnok water supply scheme, present supply is 1592 KLD water. The source is ground water which is being drawn from 3 open wells and 9 tube wells. Depth of open wells is ranging between 110m to 115m whereas that of tube wells is 240m to 250m. Water table is about 95m. Water is collected in 4 different CWRs from where water is pumped to 3 Zones in the city through 4 nos. OHSRs.

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1.2.1.3 Napasar Water supply to the town is totally from ground water source. There are total 10 tube wells, out of which 6 are connected to main head works and remaining 4 nos. to Ramsar road head works. Water supply is through 3 OHSRs supplying to 3 zones. Total supply to the town presently is 1733 KLD. 1.2.1.4 Nokha Nokha town is having presently ground water as source of water supply. There are 38 tube wells in the town. Depth of TWs is around 180m whereas SWL is ranging from 110 m to 130m. There are 4 head works from where water is pumped to 5 nos. OHSRs. Total supply presently to the town is 5168 KLD. 1.2.1.5 Sri-Dungargarh Dungargarh town is having 18 tube wells as ground water source. Depth of these tube wells is varying between 210m to 330m. SWL is from 72 m to 168 m. Water from 10 tube wells is collected in one CWR at head works of Hanuman Dhora, whereas 8 nos. tube wells in another CWR at NH-11 Pump house head works. Water is then further distributed in 13 distribution zones. Out of these 13 zones, supply in 7 zones is through gravity from 4 OHSRs and remaining 6 by direct pumping from the pump houses. Present supply to town is 3885 KLD. 1.3 Sustainability of existing sources 1.3.1 Ground Water The existing GW sources of all the towns of the district have been reviewed and have been graded for their sustainability as detailed in the Annexures. The net availability of GW sources for the 5 towns of the district for the year 2045 has been estimated below based on the sustainability analysis by the hydro-geologist expert.
1.3.1.1 Bikaner Water supply to the town is by both ground water as well as by surface water. Presently, 16,400 KLD water is being extracted from 10 nos. open wells and 45 nos. tube wells. The water table in all the open wells as well as tube wells are very deep to the tune of 85m to 87m. The hydro-geologist has categorized these sources in grade 2, which means that the sustainability of GW sources is expected to be 75% of present yield, in the year 2045. Apart from above, the quality of water of most of the tube wells is also not up to the mark (having TDS more than permissible values). Keeping above facts in consideration, the quantity of available ground water is proposed to be considered as reserve and hence not included for demand of 2045. 1.3.1.2 Deshnok Present source of water supply to the town is ground water. Water is being drawn presently from 3 nos. Open Wells and 8 nos. tube wells. Ground water is very deep in this area and ground water table is around 100m to 120m due to which deep tube wells are required to be dug. General depth of tube wells here is to the tune of 240 to 250m. Due to very limited rainfall in this area and successive draught occurrences, the water table is going deeper at the rate of 1.8m/year. The hydro-geologist has categorized these ground water sources in grade 3, that means only 50% of present yield would be available in 2045. Total water availability from present 11 no. of ground water sources is expected to be 918 KLD only. A Project for providing canal water to Deshnok town from Nagour Lift Project has already been sanctioned. After implementation of this project Deshnok town will get 2268 KL canal water against total requirement of 2873 KL for the year 2045. Rest quantity of water will be supplemented through Ground water sources. 5|Page

1.3.1.3 Napasar Present source of water supply to the town is ground water. Water is being drawn presently from 10 nos. tube wells. Ground water is very deep in this area and ground water table is around 90m to 120m due to which deep tube wells are required to be dug. General depth of tube wells here is to the tune of 270 to 320m. Due to very limited rainfall in this area and successive draught occurrences, the water table is going deeper at the rate of 0.20m /year. The hydro-geologist has categorized these ground water sources in grade 2, that means only 75% of present yield would be available in 2045. Total water availability from existing ground water sources is expected to be 1486 KLD only. A Project for providing canal water to Napasar town from Kanwarsen Lift Canal has already been sanctioned. After implementation of this project Napasar town will get 50% canal water against total requirement for the year 2045. Rest quantity of water will be supplemented through Ground water sources. 1.3.1.4 Nokha Present source of water supply to the town is ground water. Water is being drawn presently from 37 nos. tube wells. Ground water is very deep in this area and ground water table is around 105m to 120m due to which deep tube wells are required to be dug. General depth of tube wells here is to the tune of 180m. Due to very limited rainfall in this area and successive draught occurrences, the water table is going deeper by 1.25m/year. The hydro-geologist has categorized these ground water sources in grade 3, that means only 50% of present yield would be available in 2045. Total water availability from existing ground water sources is expected to be 2862 KLD only. As water table is depleting at very fast rate, this quantity has been considered as reserved for emergency use and has not been considered in meeting the demand of 2045. A Project for providing canal water to Nokha town from Nagour Lift Project has already been sanctioned. After implementation of this project Napasar town will get 9901 KL canal water against total requirement of 13059 KL for the year 2045. Rest quantity of water will be supplemented through Ground water sources. 1.3.1.4 Sri-Dungargarh Present source of water supply to the town is ground water. Water is being drawn presently from 18 nos. tube wells. Ground water is very deep in this area and ground water table is around 72m to 168m due to which deep tube wells are required to be dug. General depth of tube wells here is to the tune of 210 to 330m. Due to very limited rainfall in this area and successive draught occurrences, the water table is going deeper at the rate of 0.30m/year. The hydro-geologist has categorized these ground water sources in grade 2, that means only 75% of present yield would be available in 2045. Total water availability from present 18 no. of ground water sources is expected to be 3834 KLD only. For preparing Project to provide Surface water to Sri Doongargarh town alongwith other villages of Doongargarh tehil and adjoining Loonkaransar tehsil, a request for reservation of 35.61 cusec water in Kanwarsen Lift Canal is already made to the Chief Engineer, IGNP in January 2013. After getting consent from IGNP, the project shall be taken in hand.

1.3.2 Surface Water The sustainability of existing surface/ ground water sources of each town is discussed below; 1.3.2.1 Bikaner Surface water is being drawn from two canals. One, from KanwarSen Lift Canal (KLC) and another from Gajner Lift Canal-Kanasar Distributary (GLC). These canals were constructed for irrigation as well as providing drinking water to the towns and villages of the area. The sanctioned capacity of KLC for
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drinking water of the town is 45 cusec (110 MLD) whereas that of GLC is 75 cusec (184 MLD). However, due to non-availability of land for construction of RWR and limited availability of water at the tail of the canal only 73 MLD water can be drawn from this canal. Thus the total utilizable capacity would be 257 MLD(73+184), which is adequate for meeting the demand of 229 MLD for 2045. 1.4 Gap in water Availability and Demand with existing sources in the year 2045

The Following Table illustrates expected production from existing sources in 2045, demand in 2045 and the resultant gap between supply and demand.
Table : Gap between projected demand and sustained yield of existing sources in 2045 Name of town Demand (KLD) 229039 Availability from existing sources (KLD) G.W. S.W. Total 113000 113000 Shortfall (KLD) 116039 Remarks GW capacity kept as stand by for emergency GW capacity kept as stand by for emergency GW capacity kept as stand by for emergency

Bikaner Deshnok Napasar Nokha Sri Dungargarh

3604

3604

3283 13919

1486 -

1486 -

1797 13919

9125

3834

3834

5291

1.5

New Proposed Sources and works

Honble Chief Minister has announced in the State Assembly during Budget 2013-14 that all the water supply schemes dependent on Ground water sources shall be shifted on surface sources. Accordingly, all the urban water supply schemes of district Bikaner shall be provided with canal water of IGNP. 1.5.1 Bikaner
As already discussed in the foregoing chapter, the present ground water source has been recommended to be kept as reserve for emergency use. Thus total demand for 2045 is required to be met out from surface water sources only. As also discussed in foregoing chapter, the utilizable capacity of present 2 canal sources is 105 cusec (257 MLD) which is sufficient to meet the balance demand of 229 MLD of the town in 2045. However, in view of increasing population of existing localities as wellas extension of the city towards outskirts, there shall be requirement of additional infrastructure like raw water storage tank, filter plant, trunk mains, CWRs, OHSRs and distribution mains. For this purpose following works have been proposed in Bikaner City: A. City PDR Dn. I, Bikaner S.No. Name of works Estimated Cost (Rs. In lacs) 80.00 1 Constt.of add. Channel at Beechwal head works 2 Provision for CWR 6000 KL (4 nos) Rs 4.00/ Ltr 300.00 Provision for ESR at various Location 3 Nos. 5400 KL @ 15 3 4
Per Ltr Provision for Rising main DI 600mm-8 Km @Rs. 7544.00, 350 mm -5.5 km. @ Rs3465.00/Rmt 810.00 1481.41

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S.No.

Name of works
300 mm -10 Km. @Rs 2816.00/Rmt,250mm-8.0 Km. @Rs.2236.00,200mm-8.0 Km.@1960.00, 150mm.-10 Km.@1318.00, 100mm-12 Km.@976.00 a. Provision for Pumping Station including elect. & Mech. & Instrumention works for 1300 kw @ Rs15000/KW b. Provision for civil works of pumping station Provision for Improvement of Distribution network DI pipe line of various size Provision for Various civil works Qtr. B/w & Various interconnention etc. Provision for Flow mtr. at various H/w 10nos @3.00 less each. Replacement of various valves Provision for Electronic water level Indicater 10Nrs.@Rs.30000/each at various ESR/CWR 10 Nos. Provision for Water meter ( House Connections)15000@Rs1000 each Provision for Rehabilitation of existing pumping machinery at various H/W Provision for Modernization of existing water supply zones(7Nos) Provision for Augmentation of 33mid filter plant at Bichhwal Provision for Approach roads and Boundary wall at bichhwal reservoir. Procurement of office vehicle ( 4 Nos.Jeep) Procurement of JCB Machine and Truck. Provision of Wire less system and SCADA system Procurement of electro chlorinator with 10 Year O&M Provision for IEC &capacity building and Training activities Provision for Survey Project Formulation DPR etc Lum-Sum

Estimated Cost (Rs. In lacs)

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

195.00 400.00 1500.00 250.00 30.00 150.00 3.00 150.00 200.00 700.00 300.00 150.00 32.00 30.00 120.00 903.38 20.00 100.00 7309.79

Total Add 5% Contigency Charges Total Add 11% Prorate Charges Grand Total : B S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 City PDR Dn. II, Bikaner Name of works
1300 mm dia MS Pipe line (Trunk main) from Shobhasar Head Works to New Master pumping station 9.8 km @ 27000/m 500 mm dia DI K-7 Pipe line (Rising main) from New Master pumping station to Antyodaya Nagar,Bangla Nagar & MD Vyas colony 4.9 km @ 5725/m 600 mm dia DI K-7 Pipe line (Rising main) from New Master pumping station to New Nathusar Head works 4.3 km @ 7544/m Rising main DI 400mm. -6Km. Rs. 4128.00, 300mm-4 Km @Rs. 2816.00, 250mm-3.5km@Rs2236.00/Rmt for connecting proposed ESR/CWRs CWR 3000 KL (3 nos) Rs 5.00/ Ltr ESR at various Location 4 Nos. 3400 KL @ 15 Per Ltr

365.49 7675.28 844.28 8519.56

Estimated Cost (Rs. In lacs)

2646.00 280.53

324.39

438.58

150.00 510.00

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S.No. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Name of works
Pumping Station works (Excluding civil works) including elect. & Mech. & Instrumention work 750 kw @ Rs.25000/KW Pumping Station works (only civil works) 350 sqm @ Rs.22000/sqm Improvement of distribution network uPVC/DI pipe line of various size Various civil works Divisional store building, modernisation of existing EE,AEN,JEN office Building, Qtr., Boundary walls & Various interconnention etc. Flow meters at various H/w 9nos @3.0 lacs each. Replacement of various valves Electronic water level Indicater 12Nos.@ Rs.30000/each at various ESR/CWR 12 Nos. Water meter ( House Connections)5000@Rs1000 each Rehabilitation of existing pumping machinery at various H/W Procurement of office vehicle (Jeep) 4 @6 lacs/each Procurement of electro chlorinator with 10 Year O&M(@550/ML) for 40 MLD IEC & capacity building and Training activities Survey Project Formulation DPR etc Lum-Sum

Estimated Cost (Rs. In lacs)

187.50 77.00 450.00 200.00 27.00 150.00 3.60 50.00 200.00 24.00 803.00 20.00 100.00 6641.60

Total Add 5% Contigency Charges Total Add 11% Prorate Charges Grand Total : C S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 City PDR Dn. III, Bikaner Name of works
To survey, design, planning and preparation of comprenshive project incluidng zone wise destribution map for new colonies/Existing construction of Raw water Reserviour 700 MLD capacity Constructin of Rapid Gravity Filter capacity 20 MLD Construction RCC CWR 5000 KL capacity (2nos) and one CWR 1000 KL at Tilak Nagar Construction of RC OHSR 1200 KL capacity each(6 nos.) one at Tilak Nagar & one at Shiv Bari To Provide laying & jointing D.I. Pipe line K-7 Grade 800mm from H/W to pumping station near about (15Km) To Provide laying & Jointing Skelton Distribution pipe line Pumping machinary & installation Construction of pump house including commissioning.

332.08 6973.68 767.10 7740.78

Estimated Cost (Rs. In lacs)

500.00

700.00 1000.00 1550.00 1150.00 2000.00 2000.00 500.00 300.00 9700.00 485.00 10185.00 1120.00 11305.00

Total Add 5% Contigency Charges Total Add 11% Prorate Charges Grand Total :

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Grand total of 3 divisions : Rs. 16373.39 lacs

1.5.2 Deshnok The prospective demand of the town is 3,604 KLD whereas the expected availability from present GW sources in 2045 is 918 KLD only giving a shortfall of 2686 KLD. As suggested under the heading of sustainability of ground water sources of the town, the ground water table is depleting at very fast rate to the tune of 1.8m/ year, repeated draught condition, inadequate recharge of ground water etc.;hydro-geologist has estimated availability of present GW sources in 2045 as 50 % only. Looking to this situation, ground water is proposed to be kept as reserve for emergency use and entire demand for 2045 is proposed to be met from surface water only. IGNP main canal is flowing about 100km, which is the major source of drinking water in western Rajasthan. A lift canal named Gajner Lift (Pannalal Barupal lift canal) has been constructed which takes off at RD746.128 of the main canal. This lift canal comes up to Nokha Daya village, which is about 57km from Deshnok. State government has already reserved 276 cusecs water in Gajner Lift canal for water supply to towns and villages of Bikaner and Nagaur districts. The capacity of Main Canal at the take-off point of lift canal is 9376cusecs and the same of the Gajner lift canal its PS-5 near Nokha-Daya village is 389.66 cusecs. It is therefore proposed to take water for Deshnok and Nokha towns for their 2045 demand from PS-5 of Gajner Lift canal. WRD is reported to be constructing a channel after PS-5 to supply raw water to the RWR near village. A project for supplying drinking water to various towns and villages of the Nagaur district has been framed by the State Government, the first phase of which has been sanctioned for Rs 761 crores and is under execution. The source has been taken at 5th pumping station of Pannalal Barupallift Canal near Nokha Daiya. This project proposes to provide water supply to 5 towns and 502 villages of Nagaur district. 1.5.3 Napasar

The prospective demand of the town is 3283 KLD whereas the expected availability from present GW sources in 2045 is 1486 KLD only, which means there will be a shortfall of 1797 KLD. This shortfall is proposed to be met out by constructing new ground water sources. As per recommendation of hydrogeologist new tube wells, in yield range of 8 to 10 KLH, can be constructed in the vicinity of the town. As such new tube wells will have to be constructed for meeting the balance demand of the town. Recently, a project of about Rs. 2342.00 lacs has been sanctioned under NRDWP for 14 habitations including Napasar on 17.04.2014 for providing Canal water keeping source as Kanwarsen lift canal.

1.5.4

Nokha

The prospective demand of the town is 13,919 KLD whereas the expected availability from present GW sources in 2045 is 2862 KLD. As discussed in the sustainability of ground water sources of the town, ground water has been proposed to be kept as reserve. Accordingly, entire demand of 2045 has to be met from surface water only. Surface water is proposed to be lifted from 5th pumping station of Pannalal Barupal Lift Canal of IGNP Canal Project. As explained under Deshnok town proposals above, a combined system will be laid from Nokha Daya with source as 5th pumping station of Pannalal Barupal Lift Canal for Deshnok and Nokha towns. Government has recently sanctioned a comprehensive project of Rs. 399.07 crore to provide water supply to both these towns and also proposed 146 villages of Bikaner district.

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1.5.5

Sri-Dungargarh

The prospective demand of the town is 7935 KLD whereas the expected availability from present GW sources in 2045 is 3834 KLD only, which means there will be a shortfall of 5291 KLD. This shortfall is proposed to be met out by constructing new ground water sources. As per recommendation of hydrogeologist new tube wells, in yield range of 8 to 10 KLH, can be constructed in the vicinity of the town. As such new tube wells will have to be constructed for meeting the balance demand of the town. However for providing surface water to Sri-Dungargarh town, a project is to be prepared keeping source as IGNP. This project will cover29 villages of Loonkaransar tehsil, 9 villages of Bikaner tehsil and 92 villages of Sri Dungarhgarh tehsil. For this project, there shall two off takes on Kanwarsen Lift canal, first at RD 220 Malkisar and second at RD 497 Beechwal. There shall be requirement of total 35.61 cusec raw water from Kanwarsen Lift canal. For providing this quantity of the raw water, the Chief Engineer, IGNP has already been requested. Estimate for remodeling of the Kanwarsen Lift Canal has also been asked to accommodate increased quantity of the raw water. 1.6 Asset Condition Assessment 1.6.1 Introduction Health check of each asset has been carried out to assess the requirement of any repair; refurbishment or rehabilitation required and the fund requirement for the same. For this purpose each asset was visited by a civil expert and an asset-wise report prepared. The RCC structures which were found to be in bad condition during preliminary assessment were examined by a RCC expert to determine its health, suitability for repair / refurbishment / rehabilitation and fund requirement for the same. 1.6.2 Asset Condition and Funds Requirement The total fund requirement for repair / refurbishment / rehabilitation of all the assets e.g. OHSR, CWR, GLSR, Pump Houses, Buildings, Pipelines and valve chambers, etc. of District Bikaner have been estimated and is presented in following Table . Table : Town-wise Fund Requirement for Repairs, etc. of District Bikaner

S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 Total

Town Bikaner Deshnok Napasar Nokha Sridungargarh

Total Cost (Rs. Lacs) 223.01 8.53 5.87 30.74 51.23 263.63

1.7 Conjunctive use of water This report aims at the assessment of the potential to improve the water balance of each of the urban water supply schemes in Bikaner district through the conjunctive use of water concept. The scope of work includes: Assessment of quantity of roof top rain water in the town that can be harvested. Assessment of quantity of surface runoff in the town and identification of places of accumulation. Assessment of quantity of wastewater in the town that can be recycled.

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Identifying unit treatment processes through which the roof top, surface runoff and wastewater can be made useful for augmenting water supply and reducing stress on fresh water requirement. Estimate requirement of funds for harvesting rooftop and surface runoff water. Estimating requirement of funds for treatment and recycling of wastewater. Assessment of growth of the town affecting water requirement, working out water requirement of the town for the year 2045, suggesting sustainable source to meet that demand, Carrying out pre-feasibility survey for a concept scheme for the town and estimating funds requirement for implementing the same. The concept of Conjunctive Use of Water is widely used in many countries. The rainwater, surface water run-off and groundwater typically have a natural hydrologic connection. Conjunctive water use is an approach that recognizes this connection and tries to utilize it to use these resources more efficiently. While conjunctive use may prove successful for an individual or group of water users to manage an immediate situation, it is also possible for conjunctive use to unintentionally harm the groundwater basin and other groundwater users who are not involved in conjunctive use but are reliant on the same groundwater basin. Therefore, water basin management is an important step to be introduced in order to optimize water resource management in a holistic manner. In this study, conjunctive use of water refers to (i) roof-top rainwater harvesting, (ii) reuse of surface water run-off from urban drainage areas or recharge of groundwater from rivers near well-fields and (iii) reuse of wastewater. Measures have been proposed which will directly contribute to an improvement of the public water supply situation. Therefore, the proposed measures should either compensate part of the water demand (i.e. through direct reuse) or should increase the future sustainable water resources (i.e. through groundwater recharge). 1.8 REUSE OF WASTEWATER To conserve environmental conditions, Wastewater generated by a community, has to be collected and treated to specified norms before being discharged in to land or natural drainage system. Construction of wastewater collection and treatment facilities are cost intensive, requiring large investments in construction and maintenance. Wherever these facilities are in existence in the state, as in Jaipur, Jodhpur and other towns, the treated wastewater is being discharged into natural drains. On the other hand, with economic development of the country, standard of living as well as water demand is also increasing. Rajasthan is a water stressed state and it is very difficult to meet this growing demand through existing resources. The situation is not unique to Rajasthan. There are other states in India, as well as other countries, including developed countries like United States, which are facing this problem. Developed countries like, U.S., Australia, Israel, Singapore etc. are turning to wastewater reclamation and reuse to conserve the limited good quality freshwater supplies and to meet the ever growing demand of water. The reclaimed wastewater can be put to variety of applications such as landscaping and agricultural, toilet (including urinal) flushing, industrial cooling and processing, groundwater recharging, wetland habitat creation etc.

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