3G Evolution

Chapter:

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access

Deepak Dasalukunte Department of Electrical and Information Technology
16-Apr-2009 3G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband 1

Outline
Overview
Shared channel transmission Channel dependent scheduling Rate control Hybrid ARQ and soft combining

Details/Finer details of HSPA

Channels downlink/uplink, data/control... MAC-hs and physical layer processing
Scheduling Rate control Hybrid ARQ with soft combining In-sequence delivery to higher layers from MAC CQI/ downlink quality Uplink and Downlink control signalling

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Part I : Overview
Major extension of WCDMA radio interface Enhancing WCDMA packet data performance and capabilities
Higher peak data rates Reduced latency Increased capacity

Achieved through
Channel dependent scheduling Higher order modulation Rate conrol Hybrid ARQ and soft combining

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3G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband

Shared channel transmission

Resources in a cell are common to user and shared dynamically
Downlink radio resources Channelization codes
Configurable: 1-15 Remaining: control and other purposes

Transmit power

Allocation depending on requirement. Power remaining after serving other channels is allocated to HS-DSCH 2ms TTI (transmit time interval):
reduces overall latency also exploited by rate control and channel dependent scheduling

More SCHs and CCHs later

Figure courtesy: 3G evolution: HSPA and LTE for mobile broadband by Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall et. al

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3G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband

Recap from chapter 7

Channel dependent scheduling
Scheduler decides which user at a given time instance gets the resource effective channel variations as seen by NodeB is better. Larger gains with larger channel variations and larger number of users

Rate control and higher order modulation

QPSK, 16QAM Higher bandwidth utilization in better channels Data rate varies every TTI (2ms)

Hybrid ARQ and soft combining

Incremental redundancy Chase combining

Discussed in this chapter:

Parameters to be used
Channelization codes, modulation schemes, coding rates, transport block sizes etc.

when and what to use in a particular situation Implementation details: specifications, actual numbers and examples
Figure courtesy: 3G evolution: HSPA and LTE for mobile broadband by Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall et. al

16-Apr-2009

3G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband

Architecture
HSDPA techniques: adaptation to variations in radio conditions
Should be placed close to the radio interface NodeB

Minimize architectural changes

Simplifies HSPA introduction in already deployed networks Cells not upgraded to HSPA can co-exist

A new MAC sub layer in NodeB: MAC-hs At network side HSDPA introduction implies
Enhancements to RNC MAC-hs layer in NodeB

UE can move out of the cell supporting HSDPA and vice versa.
Uninterrupted service to user (lower data rate) Switch user to deidcated channel in non-HSDPA cell To enter HSDPA cell: UE should be HSDPA-capable
Figure courtesy: 3G evolution: HSPA and LTE for mobile broadband by Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall et. al

16-Apr-2009

3G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband

Part II: Details/Finer details of HSDPA

Channels downlink/uplink, data/control... MAC-hs and physical layer processing Scheduling, rate control Hybrid ARQ with soft combining

Finer details:
In-sequence delivery to higher layers CQI/ downlink quality Uplink and Downlink control signaling

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3G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband

Channels: Shared/Dedicated, Uplink/Downlink,

HS-DSCH: transport channel, supports
Shared channel transmission Channel dependent scheduling Rate control Hybrid-ARQ with soft combining
NodeB

Other channels
Control signaling Circuit switched services

UE

Resource sharing mainly in time domain

Exploit channel dependent scheduling advantages Code domain also possible with channelization codes

Constant Tx power with HS-DSCH 2ms TTI result of tradeoff between

Obtaining small end user delay Reduce control signaling overhead
Figure courtesy: 3G evolution: HSPA and LTE for mobile broadband by Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall et. al

16-Apr-2009

3G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband

Channels: Shared/Dedicated, Uplink/Downlink, (2)

HS-SCCH(Shared Control CH): control signaling for DSCH
Notifies
code tree used Modulation scheme Block size

All users receive this, to find out if they have been scheduled or not.

HS-DPDCH: uplink user data. HS-DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control CH): Uplink control signaling
ACK/NAK CQI: Downlink channel conditions fed back to NodeB
for channel dependent scheduling and rate control

DPCH (Dedicated Physical CH): power control commands (NodeBUE)

Can also be used for user data f-DPCH (fractional): reduce consumption of downlink channelization codes.

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3G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband

MACMAC-hs and PHY layer processing

Changes in MAC-hs, reflects some changes in PHY layer MAC-hs
Scheduling Priority handling Transport-format selection (block size) Hybrid-ARQ mechanism MAC PHY

PHY layer
Rate 1/3 turbo coding Rate matching (RM) to obtain code rate selected by rate control mechanism
Puncturing/repetition

RM as a part of hybrid-ARQ
Generate different redundancy versions -IR

Constellation rearrangement if 16-QAM is used.

Figure courtesy: 3G evolution: HSPA and LTE for mobile broadband by Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall et. al

16-Apr-2009

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MACMAC-hs: Scheduling
Implementation is not specified Information required for scheduling
Instantaneous channel conditions at UE Buffer status and priorities of data flow

Channel Quality Indicator(CQI) 5 bits of information fed back to nodeBs (HS-DPCCH)

Calculated at UE using the received pilot symbols Converted to transport block size, also accounting Rx performance
For same channel, a more advanced UE receiver reports higher CQI

Important signals are put on higher priority level in the scheduler

Radio resource control signaling information about change of cell. Streaming services also can tolerate only a marginal delay

For this a priority queue is included which the scheduler makes use of.

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MACMAC-hs: Rate control

Adjusting data rate to match channel conditions
Modulation Channel coding rate

MAC-hs sets transport format independently Transport block:

254 different possibilities 63 values per channelization code and modulation scheme 13 27952 bits coding rate: 1/3 to 1

The block size also depends on the traffic situation

Better channel conditions implies larger block size Relatively smaller block size enough at low traffic conditions

Figure courtesy: 3G evolution: HSPA and LTE for mobile broadband by Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall et. al

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HybridHybrid-ARQ with soft combining

Faster compared to RLC based retransmissions No signaling between nodeB and RNC RLC (higher layer within MAC) configured with infrequent status reports 1 transport block per TTI and entire block re-transmitted
Lesser uplink signalling

Short TTI ensures static channel during transmission of one transport block Incremental redundancy during re-transmissions is achieved through the rate matching block in PHY Soft combining happens through new data indicator for the same transmitted block

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HybridHybrid-ARQ with soft combining (2)

One hybrid-ARQ entity with multiple hybrid-ARQ processes
To allow continuous transmission No. of processes is configurable Configured according to roundtrip time b/w nodeB and UE Up to 8 processes configurable, typical is 6 as it provides 2.8ms of processing time for nodeB Each process has its own soft buffer in UE Soft buffer in UE configured by nodeB by downlink signaling Transport blocks out of sequence:
reordering before passing it to RLC

Figure courtesy: 3G evolution: HSPA and LTE for mobile broadband by Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall et. al

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Changes in PHY layer due to MACMAC-hs

MAC-hs
Scheduling Rate control modulation scheme selection Transport-format selection block size using no. of channelization codes and modulation scheme Hybrid-ARQ mechanism multiple Hybrid-ARQ processes

PHY layer
Rate matching (RM) to obtain code rate selected by rate control mechanism
Puncturing/repetition

RM as a part of hybrid-ARQ
Generate different redundancy versions -IR

Constellation rearrangement if 16-QAM is used.

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HybridHybrid-ARQ : PHY layer processing

Rate matching:
Corresponds rate control and hybrid-ARQ in MAC

Rate chosen by MAC-hs layer independently Output bits from Turbo coder different RM works in 2 stages
1st stage: limits to match soft buffer in UE 2nd stage: to match physical channel block size
Depends on modulation and channelization code Help in generating different sets of coded bits (r,s)
s: systematic bits, r: retransmission

Rate matching block

(size=7000) (size=3840)

Example:
MAC-hs configures block size = 3840 (QPSK, 4 channelization codes) Transport block to be transmitter = 2404 UE soft buffer size for one hybrid-ARQ process is 7000

Figure courtesy: 3G evolution: HSPA and LTE for mobile broadband by Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall et . al

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HybridHybrid-ARQ : PHY layer processing (2)

Constraints on r and s in 2nd stage of RM more details
Initial transmission: s=1 and code rate<1 for good performance s=1 and r=0 for all re-transmission attempts Same set of bits in re-transmission: chase combining s=1 and r=0 initial Tx; s=0 and r>0 in re-Tx: incremental redundancy More possibilities using s and r

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Interleaving and constellation rearrangement

Systematic bits more important than parity bits in Turbo decoding While using 16QAM
Systematic bits mapped to more reliable positions in 16 QAM symbol Two interleaver scheme

QPSK
Single interleaver

16QAM with hybrid-ARQ with chase combining

Performance gain with constellation rearrangement + re-transmissions Gains not significant with incremental redundancy

Constellation rearrangement:
bit manipulations/reordering Essentially selecting one out of 4 constellations for 16QAM ?? Which is which is not evident (supposedly color coded)
Figure courtesy: 3G evolution: HSPA and LTE for mobile broadband by Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall et. al

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Mobility
Change of serving cell
RRC signaling

Measurements from UE reported to RNC RNC reassigns the UE to corresponding NodeBs Several measurement mechanisms Measurement event 1D is one such
Common pilot strength from neighboring cell is reported to be stronger than current cell

Reconfiguration of UE
Synchronous
Pre-defined activation time, all nodes involved switch at this time Packet losses during handover, taken care of by RLC protocol

Asynchronous
Involved nodes reconfigure as soon as they receive the message Can result in data loss, due to delays in one of the nodes not updating quickly
Figure courtesy: 3G evolution: HSPA and LTE for mobile broadband by Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall et. al

16-Apr-2009

3G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband

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Downlink control signaling: HSHS-SCCH; FF-DPCH

UE to properly despread, demodulate, and decode HS-DSCH data Every HS-DSCH TTI, one HS-SCCH carries PHY layer signaling Several SCCHs in parallel can exist
UE should be able to decode 4 HS-SCCHs in parallel

HS-SCCH carries
Transport format
Channelization code Modulation scheme Transport block size info

Hybrid ARQ
Hybrid ARQ process # Redundancy version New data indicator

UE ID that identifies which UE the HS-SCCH is intended

Power control commands for UE

Adjust uplink transmission power When UE is moving towards/away from the NodeB
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Uplink control signaling: HSHS-DPCCH

Hybrid-ARQ protocol For NodeB to get instantaenous channel conditions Separate physical channel using channelization code One bit for ACK/NAK
Repetition coded to 10 bits to fit first slot of HS-DPCCH sub-frame Possibility to repeat ACK/NAK in 10 subsequent ACK/NAK slots
Cannot receive HS-DSCH in those consecutive TTIs But can be helpful in soft handover situations / very large cells

Much more protocol specific information related to control signaling

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Other topics
In-sequence delivery
Multiple hybrid-ARQ processes does not ensure delivery of packets in sequence. Reordering required as the upper layer assumes in-sequence delivery. Reordering queue: store all data blocks until all data blocks with lower sequence number have been delivered. Timer based mechanism to determine lost data blocks.

Resource control for HS-DSCH

Parts of Radio resource management handled by NodeB RNC can set max Tx power for NodeB to use for HSDPA related transmissions Admission control: allowing a new user enter the cell (Tx power availability)

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Others topics (2)

UE categories
used by network to select a configuration Soft buffer memory (14 400-172 800 soft bits) Capability to de-spread physical channels (5,10,15)

Data flow
Flow of user data in different layers

MAC-hs header
Reordering of higher layer (MAC-d) PDUs

CQI and other means to assess the downlink quality

Tables showing what each UE category supports and so on

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Chapter summary
Channels: data/control, uplink/downlink... for signaling and data New MAC-hs sub layer introduced in NodeB
Scheduling Rate control:
modulation schemes block size choice through CQI feed back

Hybrid-ARQ with soft combining Control signaling

PHY layer
Rate control from MAC-hs resulted in rate matching
Puncturing/repetition to match UE soft buffer, transmit block size

Hybrid-ARQ: rate matching also used here for incremental redundancy and chase combining

Reordering due to multiple hybrid-ARQ processes Mobility: handover

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Questions?

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