Electro-Magnetic Waves 01

1. When any charge particle is stationary it is the source of electric field.

2. When any charge particle moves with the constant velocity it will be the source of constant electric field &
magnetic field which are perpendicular to each other .
3. When any charge particle moves with any acceleration the electric field and magnetic field produced by it
will change in space with time. So the fields produced by accelerated charge particle are oscillating fields. The
oscillations in electric field and magnetic field propagates in space. They are called electro magnetic waves.
Any wave consisting of / made of mutually perpendicular electric field and magnetic field, Oscillations
propagating in space are called electro magnetic waves .
4. Changing magnetic field produces electric field and changing electric field produces magnetic field.
5. Change in electric field and magnetic field take place simultaneously and the fields get their maximum
value(E
o
& B
o
) at the same place and at the same time.
6. The electro magnetic waves do not require any material medium for propagation they can propagate in
vacuum also.
7. Velocity of electro magnetic waves in free space
s m/ 10 3
1
v
8
0 0

8. Graphical representation of electro magnetic waves.
E & B are vibrating along y & z axis and wave is going along x axis.
9. Electro magnetic waves are transverse in nature
10. For the value of E & B in free space
C
B
E

,
_

11. The energy in electro magnetic wave is divided equally in electric field and magnetic field. (on the average)
12. In vacuum average electric energy density is
2
0
2
E
and average magnetic energy density is
0
2
2
B

13. The electric field is responsible for optical effect in electro magnetic waves.
14. In oscillating L - C circuit charge oscillates across the plates of C so above circuit is the source of electro
magnetic waves having frequency equal to the frequency of oscillation of charge on the plates.

Maxwells displacement current P & Q are plates of capacitor C
1
and C
2
are two loops
According to amperes circuital law
I l d B
C

1
0
.


for loop c
1
I l d B
C

1
0
.

...(1)
As current through c
2
is zero
so for loop c
2

2
0 .
C
l d B

...(2)

1 2
. .
C C
l d B l d B

is not correct Maxwell pointed out that this contradiction arises because of the assumed
discontinuity in current between the plates of capacitor. According to Maxwell during charging of the plates of
condenser, changing electric field exist in the space between the plates of capacitor. This changing electric field
is equivalent to the current. The current corresponding to changing electric field is called displacement current
There will be magnetic effect due to this current also.
Thus during charging of capacitor there is a conduction current I in the connecting wires and a displacement
current I
d
in the region between the plates of capacitor. Hence current is continuous in complete circuit.
This displacement current
dt
d
E

0 d
I
Where
0
= Permittivity of air /vacuum.
E
= Electric flux between the plates of capacitor
Thus Amperes circuital law is modified as
) ( .
1
0 d
C
I I l d B +

02
1
]
1

+
1
0 0
.
C
E
dt
d
I l d B



Prove that I
d
= I [displacement current = Conduction current]
Let the amount of charge on the plates of capacitor is q at any time then electric field between the plates at the
time will be E
A
q
E
0

A = Area of plates of capacitor.

dt
dq
A dt
dE
0
1

I
A

0
1

I = current at the time in the connecting wire.

dt
dE
A I
0

By definition of displacement current

dt
d
I
E
d

0
A E
E


dt
dE
A I
d 0

so,
I I
d

As conduction current is in the wire and produces the magnetic field at the surface of wire much larger than the
field produced by an equal displacement current at the edge of plates of capacitor. The cause for it is that I is
confined to the wire but I
d
is spread out over the entire surface area of plates of capacitor.
Maxwells equations Maxwell formulated the basic laws of electricity and magnetism in the form of four
fundamental equations known as Maxwells equations.
The equations have the same relation to electro magnetism as Newtons laws of motion do to mechanics.
1.
0
.

q
s d E

2.
0 .

s d B

2. (a) Any volume enclosed by a surface will be having equal and opposite magnetic poles leading to a net
magnetic pole strength zero. Free magnetic pole do not exist.
(b) Magnetic lines of force are closed curves.
3.

dt
d
l d E
B

,
_

dt
d
e

(3) Faradays law of electro magnetic induction signifies that an electric field is produced by a changing
magnetic field.
4.
1
]
1

+
dt
d
I l d B
E

0 0
.

(4) Changing electric field produces a current or say a magnetic field so I &
dt
d
E

are the source of magnetic

field.
The term
dt
d
E

0 0
will be very-very less till
dt
d
E

is not very large i.e. electric field must change rapidly

because
2 2 17
0 0
/ 10 1 . 1 m s

which is very less

03
5. Lorentz force
) ( B V E q F

+

Experimental verification of existence and propagation of electro magnetic waves :
Hertz Experiment :-

1. A and B two plates square in shape having more area will work as capacitor of low capacity. Distance
between the plates is 60cm.
2. The plates A & B are connected to highly polished brass sphere P
1
& P
2
by copper wires; the spheres are
at a distance of 2cm. The spheres are connected at high potential difference.
3. Due to high potential difference between P
1
& P
2
electric discharge takes place. The oscillatory electric
discharge is having high frequency which depends on the capacity C of the capacitor and L of wires
connected.
C L
n

2
1
4. if resistance of circuit is zero then n is frequency of oscillation of charge. The oscillation of charge are
like oscillation of pendulum in which potential energy changes into kinetic energy and then kinetic
energy into potential energy. Similarly in the oscillation of charge magnetic energy changes into electric
energy, so the circuit is said to be oscillatory electric circuit.
5. When P
1
& P
2
are at high potential difference the insulation of air breaks and sparking takes place. When
P
1
is positive & P
2
is negative then electric lines of force are from P
1
to P
2
and due to ionisation of air
between P
1
& P
2
there will be current. The current will produce magnetic field and circular magnetic
lines of force are produced.
6. As potential difference between P
1
& P
2
changes its direction,the direction of electric field and magnetic
field both changes. The potential difference between P
1
& P
2
changes its direction very rapidly so
regional pulse / disturbance propagates. The lines of force are helical or circular in the form of ring. The
electrical ring is in vertical plane where as magnetic ring is in horizontal plane. These two rings form a
combined ring which propagates with the velocity of light and form electro magnetic waves.
7. For the detection of electro magnetic waves Hertz formed circular ring R having radius 35cm. and two
spheres P
3
& P
4
which are metallic and polished and they are kept at a distance so that sparking can take
place. P
3
& P
4
behave like capacitor of small capacity and loop R will be like a small induction coil. By
changing the distance of P
3
& P
4
capacity of capacitor formed is charged. The detector circuit was kept
several metres away from transmitter. The frequency of detector circuit was adjusted so that its natural
frequency becomes equal to the frequency emitted by transmitter. In this condition there was sparking
between P
3
& P
4
spheres.
8. The sparking between P
3
& P
4
was maximum if the plane of ring R is parallel to the line joining P
1
& P
2
.
Is this experiment electro magnetic waves were detected up to 20 metres and wave length of the waves
was of the order of 1m.
J.C. Bose Experiment :- In 1895 J.C. Bose succeeded in producing electro magnetic waves of shorter wave
length of the order of 5mm. to 25 mm. These waves are called micro waves.
Marconis Experiment :- In 1896 he modified the Hertzs experiment
1. In place of a plate A a long wire known as antenna / aerial is connected and B plate was kept in side
earth.
2. By this change electro magnetic waves were sent up to few kilometers.
04
Transverse nature of Electro Magnetic wave: -
The Electro Magnetic Wave are transverse in nature, electric and magnetic field vector are perpendicular
to the direction of propagation of wave. In simple words we can say that value of component of field vectors in
the direction of propagation of wave will be zero.
To prove the transverse nature of Electro Magnetic Wave, we take a plane wave going along X axis wave front
is in Y-Z plane. According to properties of wave front the value of electric field & magnetic field will be
constant in Y-Z plane but according to properties of waves the value of fields in the direction of propagation
(x axis) will change with position and time
Consider any parallelopiped A B C D E F G O having sides along X, Y, & Z-axis. Let the component of electric
field vector are E
x
, E
y
& E
z
. The components E
y
& E
z
are in the wave front so their value will not depend on Y
& Z. For transverse nature we have to prove that Ex = 0.
According to Gauss theorem the net charge in the parallelopiped is zero so

= 0

0 . . . . . . + + + +

EPCF OABG
CBGF
OADE OGFE ABCD
A d E A d E A d E A d E A d E A d E

A E A d E
A E A d E
X
OGFE
X
ABCD

+

.
.

As
E

does not change with Y and Z axis so the flux through the faces normal toY and Z axies will be equal
and opposite and will cancel . So contribution of 3
rd
,4
th
,5
th
,and 6
th
integrals will be zero.

0 + + A E A E A E A E A E A E
Z Z Y Y X X

X X
E E
So value component of E along X-axis must be constant and that is possible if the component is zero.
So electric field is perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Similarly we can prove for magnetic field also
) sin(
0
) (
0
0
0
c
x
t B B B
B
c
x
t Sin E E E
E
z
x
Y
X

EARTHS ATMOSPHERE
The gaseous envelope covering earth is called earths atmosphere. It consist of N
2
78.03%, O
2
20.99%, Argon
0.93%, CO
2
0.03%, H
2
0.01%, Neon 0.0018%, Helium 0.0005%, and water vapours and dust particles.
The different parts of atmosphere are having different behaviour. Three main effects are
1. Green house effect
2. Ozone layer as a safety cover
3. Reflection of radio waves by ionosphere
Green house effect Earths atmosphere transmits the visible radiations of Sun but reflects the infra red
radiations. The CO
2
is good absorber of infra red radiations due to which the temperature of atmosphere
increases. If percentage of CO
2
increases then the temperature will increase more. The effect of increase of
temperature of atmosphere is said to be Green house effect.
In the cold regions, we form Green house to survive the plants. This house is made of glass which absorbs the
sun radiations and they are trapped in the house due to reflection of walls. The percentage of CO
2
increases due
to pollution in hundred years. This has increased by 13%, so temperature of earth has increased 0.55C. Due to
increase of temperature of earth the ice will melt more at poles, so level of sea will rise. To maintain the
percentage of CO
2
forest conservation and a forestation is useful.
Ozone layer: - O
3
is the allotrope of O
2
. The change is due to solar radiation
3O
2


Radiation
2O
3
From the earth surface between the height 20km to 40km. O
3
is maximum so this layer is called O
3
layer.
O
3
layer absorbs the ultra violet radiations which are harmful to every beings and plants. So O
3
layer works as
safely cover for us in 1980 it was discovered that there is a hole in this layer the cause of this hole is Chloro
Fluro Carbon (CFC) which is used in Zet engines. A.C. and refrigerators. CFC changes the O
3
in to O
2
.
05
The earths atmosphere extends to about 300 Km above the earth surface. The atmosphere is
divided in four layers.
EXOSPHERE
400 km 400C d
4
= d/10
10
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
I
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
Ionosphere Good Conductor
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
KENNELLY HEAVISIDE LAYER
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
THERMOSPHER
80 km -90C d
3
= d/10
5
Mesosphere

50 Km
Stratosphere
10C
OZONE LAYER
20 Km d
2
= d/1000
12 km -50C d
1
= d/10
Troposphere Poor Conductor
Temp = 15C density of air d = 1.29kg/m
3

TRASMISSION OF RADIO WAVES AT LONG DISTANCE WITH THE HELP OF IONO SPHERE
1. Radio waves are electro magnetic wave having frequency 30 K Hz to 300 M Hz or wavelength is 1 m to
10000 m.
2. Audio frequency signals like music, speech etc. are also transmitted with the help of radio waves. Sound
waves are changed to electrical signals by micro phone and then the waves is superposed on the Radio
waves of high frequency, The radios waves are said to be carrier waves and process is known as
modulation.
3. The modulated wave is amplified and then emitted in atmosphere or sky using antenna.
The propagation of these modulated wave from emitter to receiver is said to be transmission of radio
waves. The process is done in two ways.
1. By ground or surface waves propagation.
2. By sky waves propagation.
1. Ground wave propagation In this propagation radio waves are transmitted with the help of
earth surface from emitter to receiver. As the earth surface absorbs the radio waves particularly of high
frequency so radio wave of low frequency are used in this propagation and they will not go for a very
long distance maximum to 500 K.m. . Jaipur, Jodhpur, Ajmer, Alwar, Udaipur,are the medium waves
radio station .
2. Sky wave propagation In the ionosphere there are electrons and ions of gases of low density.
The density of these ionized particles increases with height and Refractive Index decreases. As the
modulated waves are emitted at a particular angle they are having total internal reflection by ionosphere
and the waves return back to earth surface and then received by receiver. The reflection of these waves
by ionosphere depends on several factors, Frequency of wave, time (Day/Night) weather.