Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Introductory Training
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Course Objectives
Differences between linear and nonlinear analysis When to use nonlinear analysis Different types of nonlinearities Nonlinear analysis capabilities available in NEi Nastran Basics of a nonlinear solution strategy Basic user interface for nonlinear analysis
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Most problems can usually be considered linear because they are loaded in their linear elastic, small deflection range.
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Nonlinear Behavior Many of the inherent assumptions of linear analysis may not be valid
Adjacent parts may make or break contact Elastic materials may become plastic, or the material may not have a linear stress-strain relation at any stress level Part of the structure may lose stiffness because of buckling or material failure Displacements and rotations may become large enough that equilibrium equations must be written in the deformed configuration Large rotations cause pressure loads to change in direction, and also to change in magnitude if there is a change in area to which they are applied
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The effects may be combined The degree of nonlinearity may be mild or severe
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Linear Versus Nonlinear Structural Analysis (Cont.) NEi Nastran Nonlinear Solution Sequences
SOL 106 or NONLINEAR STATIC:
Nonlinear static analysis (geometric, material, buckling, surface contact, and constraint changes)
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Theoretical Background
Nonlinear static analysis is implemented in NEi Nastran as an iterative process where the path dependent problem is broken down into several linear steps. The equilibrium equations in incremental form can be written as:
where, KT D R
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[K ]{ D} = { R}
T
is the global tangent stiffness matrix is the global incremental displacement vector is the global incremental load vector
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The global tangent stiffness matrix [KT] is a function of the global displacements {D} because the problem is nonlinear The current global displacement vector is the sum of the preceding {D}s
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User interface:
NLPARM is the solution strategy for nonlinear static analysis TSTEPNL is the solution strategy for nonlinear transient analysis SPC and SPCD specify displacement increments
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User Interface for Nonlinear Analysis Nonlinear Model is compatible with linear analysis
The same nonlinear static model can be run linear static by just changing the solution type
Analysis types
Solution Character Variable LINEAR BUCKLING NONLINEAR STATIC NONLINEAR TRANSIENT RESPONSE NONLINEAR STEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER NONLINEAR TRANSIENT HEAT TRANSFER PRESTRESS STATIC LINEAR PRESTRESS MODAL LINEAR PRESTRESS FREQUENCY RESPONSE LINEAR PRESTRESS TRANSIENT RESPONSE NONLINEAR PRESTRESS MODAL NONLINEAR PRESTRESS FREQUENCY RESPONSE NONLINEAR PRESTRESS TRANSIENT RESPONSE
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Solution Number 105 106 129 153 159 181 182 183 184 185 186 187
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20 increments
5 increments
Load Step
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Selectable in Subcases
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Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis Most nonlinear statics problems can be setup the same as for linear statics (geometry, boundary conditions, loading, etc.) As a minimum, all subcases must reference an NLPARM Bulk Data entry via the NLPARM Case Control Command
The NLPARM entry controls the nonlinear iteration parameters (increment size, number of increments, output control, etc.)
Care must be used when selecting the search procedures on the NLPARM Bulk Data entry You may override nearly all iteration control restrictions
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Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis PARAM, LGDISP controls large displacement effects, follower forces, and differential stiffness effects.
LGDISP Setting ON or 1 OFF or 0 or 1 2 3
Follower Forces
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Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.) For contact solutions, CGAP elements may be specified
Gap elements can be used with all loads, boundary conditions, elements and types of nonlinearity supported Contact planes do not rotate as a function of displacement The user-specified stiffnesses (KA, KB, and KT on the PGAP Bulk Data entry) must be carefully selected when the nonadaptive form is used (TMAX 0.0 on the PGAP Bulk Data entry) An optimal selection of values is usually a compromise between accuracy (penetration) and numerical performance
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Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.) Constraints apply only to the non-rotated displacements at a grid point
Multipoint constraints and rigid elements may cause problems if the connected grid points undergo large motions Note that replacement of the constraints with overly stiff elements may result in convergence problems
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Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.) Large deformations of elements may cause nonequilibrium loading effects
All elements are assumed to have constant length, area, and volume Large displacement effects are controlled using the LGDISP parameter
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Both methods assume small angle theory on each load update; sufficient increments will be needed to ensure this. Rotation Vector may be better if large rotations are expected
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Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.) The use of CQUADR and CTRIAR elements are preferred over the use of PARAM, K6ROT when large displacements effects are turned on (PARAM, LGDISP, ON) If PARAM, K6ROT is set to a value greater than zero, only the work convergence criteria (W) on the NLPARM Bulk Data entry should be used
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Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.) Models should be simple and relatively small initially to gain insight into behavior and verify the approach taken A linear static solution should be run first to verify boundary conditions and loading Material nonlinearity can be turned off by commenting out all MATS1 Bulk Data entries Large displacement and follower force effects can be turned off by setting PARAM, LGDISP to OFF (-1)
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Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.) Convergence Control on NLPARM entry
CONV Convergence criteria, one of the following character values: U, P, or W, or any combination. Character PW Error tolerance for displacement (U) criterion. Real > 0.0 1.0E-2 Error tolerance for load (P) criterion. Real > 0.0 1.0E-3 Error tolerance for work (W) criterion. Real > 0.0 1.0E-5
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Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.) Loading control on NLPARM entry
NINC - the number of Load Increments, there is no default and an entry is required MAXITER - Limit on number of iterations for each Load Increment. The default is 30. If the solution does not converge in MAXITER iterations, action taken depends on the BISECT parameter. BISECT is ON, the load increment is bisected and the analysis is repeated. If the load increment cannot be bisected (i.e. MAXBIS is attained), execution terminates with a fatal error. BISECT is OFF (default), the analysis is continued to the next load increment. The number of bisections for a load increment is limited to MAXBIS. Default is 5. If the solution diverges, the stiffness is updated on the first divergence and the load is bisected on the second divergence. The load increment is bisected if the incremental rotation for any degree of freedom exceeds the value specified by RTOLB. Default is 20 degrees.
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Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.) Stiffness Update Control on NLPARM entry
The stiffness update strategy is selected in the KMETHOD field, from the following options: AUTO - the program automatically selects the most efficient strategy based on convergence rates. At each step the number of iterations required to converge is estimated. Stiffness is updated, if (i) the estimated number of iterations to converge exceeds MAXITER (ii) the solution diverges. See Remark 7 and 9 for diverging solutions. SEMI - for each load increment the program (i) performs a single iteration based upon the new load (ii) updates the stiffness matrix (iii) resumes the normal AUTO options ITER (i) KSTEP <= MAXITER the program updates the stiffness matrix at every KSTEP iterations and on convergence (ii) KSTEP > MAXITER, the stiffness matrix is never updated (iii) KSTEP = 1, Newton-Raphson iteration strategy is obtained (iv) KSTEP = MAXITER Modified Newton-Raphson iteration strategy is obtained For AUTO and SEMI options, the stiffness matrix is updated on convergence if KSTEP is less than the number of iterations that were required for convergence with the current stiffness.
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Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.) Stiffness Update Control on NLPARM entry
Newton-Raphson iteration strategy
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Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.) Line Search Control on NLPARM entry
Used to accelerate Newton method iterations The line search is performed as required if MAXLS > 0, default is 4 The line search procedure scales the displacement increment to minimize the energy error The procedure is skipped if the absolute value of the relative energy error is less than the value specified by LSTOL. (default 0.5). This avoids wasting computational effort by allowing an approximate local solution.
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Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.) Analysis Completion status
If all the requested criteria (combination of U, P, and/or W) are satisfied upon convergence within their tolerances (EPSU, EPSP, and EPSW) at full loading, a solution is found The solution is assumed to diverge when NDIV >= MAXDIV. The default is 3. If the solution diverges and the load increment can not be further bisected (i.e., MAXBIS is attained), execution terminates with a fatal error. If the BISECT parameter is set to OFF (default), the analysis is continued to the next load increment. The analysis will be completed if a specified displacement value (TDV) at grid point TDG in direction TDC is reached or exceeded. Displacements are in the displacement coordinate system of the TDG grid point and can be translational or rotational.
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Both compatibility and equilibrium are satisfied in a deformed configuration Effects of initial stress (differential stiffness) are included Follower force effect can be included Examples include: cable, net, thin shells, tires, water hose, etc. User interface:
PARAM, LGDISP, ON (or 1) Follower forces are available for : FORCE1, MOMENT1, PLOAD1, PLOAD2, PLOAD4, GRAV, RFORCE, TEMP, TEMPD, TEMPP1, and TEMPRB
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Linear Solution
10 X-Displacement (in.)
Nonlinear Solution
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Material Nonlinearity
Element stiffness matrix is not constant Two reasons for variable stiffness:
Stress-strain relationship is nonlinear but strains are small (e.g., yielding structure)
User Interface: MATS1
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Linear Versus Nonlinear Structural Analysis (Cont.) Types of Nonlinear Analysis (Cont.)
Material nonlinear analysis:
Element constitutive relationship is nonlinear. Element may yield. Element forces are no longer equal to stiffness times displacements ({f} [k]{u})
The stress concentration in the notch results in local plastic deformation and permanent set.
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Material Nonlinearity
Example of a stress concentration The model represents an elliptical shape cut out
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Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis Material nonlinear solutions require a MATS1 Bulk Data entry be specified for elements that have nonlinear material properties
Both linear and nonlinear materials may be specified in the same solution. Material nonlinear properties can be used with all loads, boundary conditions, elements and types of nonlinearity supported. Beam, bar, and rod elements support material nonlinearity only in the axial direction. Better performance may be achieved when using quad elements and elasto-plastic materials if PARAM, QUADINODE is set to OFF and PARAM, SHELLRNODE is set to ON.
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Yield Stress
2*Yield Stress
Unloading
Stress1 - Stress1
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kinematic
Original
Isotropic
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Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.) Isotropic hardening shows no Bauschinger effect (which is that yielding occurs at a reduced stress when load is cycled, due to internal residual stresses) Kinematic hardening shows Bauschinger effect Combined hardening - isotropic and kinematic hardening combined as a compromise
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where E is the elastic modulus and ET is the slope of the uniaxial stress-strain curve in the plastic region.
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Material Nonlinearity Exercise: Use the model defined in plate_pull_nl.nas as a starting point for investigating the plastic behavior of the section.
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Connects one node on one part to another node on another part Nodes must line up so gap element is normal to contact surface Configuration is not updated
yelement
Grid Point GB
VB UB WB UA
xelement
VA
Grid Point GA
WA zelement
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Connects multiple nodes on one part to multiple nodes on another part All nodes must be in a user defined plane which motion is restricted to (2-dimensional) Nodes are not required to line up Configuration is updated
z
Slave Line
Master Line
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Surface Contact
Surface Contact
Connects multiple nodes on one part to multiple nodes on another part Permits motion in any direction Nodes are not required to line up Configuration is updated
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Nonlinear Surface Contact This section looks at the usage of nonlinear surface contact using the general 3D surface contact capability.
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Creating the contact property and defining the contact pair for surface to surface contact in NEi Nastran Creating Enforced Displacement loads to bring the Clip into contact with the Base Defining the nonlinear load time stepping parameters Setting contact parameters in the NEi Nastran Editor to aid in convergence Analyzing the model with NEi Nastran's Advanced Nonlinear Solution (SOL 106 Viewing the multi-set animation of the analysis sets to understand the contact between the objects
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contact segments are created a contact property is defined a "contact pair" is created to define the contact relationship between the two segments
Contact segments must be created using the Model, Contact, Segment/Surface command If the contact surface is a geometric surface in the database then the selection of the contact segment is straightforward. The surface is simple picked.
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Press Fit Analysis Using Contact and Initial Strain (Cont.) Procedure
Stage 1
The inner cylinder model is created in isolation from the outer cylinder A linear analysis is carried with enforced displacement applied to compress the inner cylinder, shrinking it radially This creates a strain state in the inner cylinder, which is now at the correct radius to fit into the outer cylinder The strain state is written out to an auxiliary bdf file
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Press Fit Analysis Using Contact and Initial Strain (Cont.) Procedure (cont.)
Stage 2
A full model of the inner and outer model is created. The inner cylinder is modeled in its shrunken state. A contact surface is set up between the two cylinders The initial strains from the previous analysis are applied to the inner cylinder of the interference fit model A nonlinear analysis is carried out and the equilibrium stress and strain state is found The interference forces between the two cylinders can be plotted
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Press Fit Analysis Using Contact and Initial Strain (Cont.) Other Methods
Thermal Shrink Fit
This technique uses a material with a coefficient of thermal expansion defined for either the inner or outer cylinder. The model is then soaked at an arbitrary temperature to create strains in the cylinder, a negative coefficient can be used, or a negative temperature difference depending on which object is shrunk or expanded to create the interference. The main difficulty with this method that the actual thermal deformation must be calibrated against the temperature difference, and then the analysis rerun to get the required interference.
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Press Fit Analysis Using Contact and Initial Strain (Cont.) Other Methods (cont.)
Initial Penetration Method
This method allows an initial penetration to be set in the contact definition. However the interferences can only be very small, otherwise excessive forces will be developed by the penalty stiffness. This method is being researched for future enhancement.
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Press Fit Analysis Using Contact and Initial Strain (Cont.) The Linear Initial Strain Model
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Press Fit Analysis Using Contact and Initial Strain (Cont.) The Linear Initial Strain Model (cont.)
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Press Fit Analysis Using Contact and Initial Strain (Cont.) The Nonlinear Full Model
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Press Fit Analysis Using Contact and Initial Strain (Cont.) The Nonlinear Full Model (cont.)
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Press Fit Analysis Using Contact and Initial Strain (Cont.) The Nonlinear Full Model (cont.)
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Alternatively, you can set up the model from scratch using these properties: Inner cylinder dimensions: Outer cylinder dimensions:
- Inner radius: 2.5 - Outer radius: 6 - Aluminum: (common material) - E = 10700KSI - = 0.33
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Automatic surface contact generation (ASCG) between discontinuous bodies Ideally suited for models in which the contact areas are initially touching and where little sliding is expected The user input is a minimum Which elements should be considered for each contact pair generated (the default is all solid and shell elements in the model) The near tolerance for objects to be considered in contact with each other The type of contact to be generated (i.e., general, welded, bi-directional sliding, or rough)
User Input
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A region of elements is established based on these parameters. The default would be all solid and shell elements in the model. The external surfaces of these elements are identified. For shells it would be the entire element. For solids it would be any exterior surface. The second phase then looks for grid points that are positioned on or near and above (within the user defined tolerance) of each surface. The third phase eliminates invalid contact scenarios by considering surface normals. Note: It is important that surfaces that are to be welded are not offset and that shell normals are oriented properly.
Analysis Phase 2
Analysis Phase 3
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SET ID is an existing or generated element output set id (default = all elements) SFACT is the stiffness scaling factor for penetration (default = 1.0). FSTIF is the transverse stiffness for stick MU is the friction coefficient (default = 0.0) MAXAD is the maximum normal activation distance (default is 1.0E-4 x model reference dimension). - This is described in detail on the next slide. W0 is the closed position tolerance (default = 0.0). TMAX is the maximum allowable penetration for displacement based penalty stiffness updating.
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A recommended value is a distance approximately 10% larger than the largest gap you want to be recognized as contact (or welded) Note that this parameter is optional (although recommended) and if omitted will be internally calculated by NEi Nastran The default value is calculated by first creating a bounding box for the entire model and then evaluating the distance between the largest diagonal in the box (from one corner to another) This reference dimension is then multiplied by 1.0E-04 to get the MAXAD value used. User specified values are actual distance and are not normalized. For some models (i.e., very large, very small, or with large gaps) the default MAXAD value may not be well suited, therefore it is recommended the analyst define this explicitly.
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PTYPE is the contact type: 1=general, 2=weld, 3=bi-directional slide, 4=rough (default = 2). MAXAD is the maximum normal activation distance (default is 1.0E-4 x model reference dimension).
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This specifies ASCG to create welded contact for the elements in set 1 (nuts and bolts) This specifies ASCG to create bi-directional slides for the elements in set 2 (hitch and tube)
CONTACTGEN, 3, 2
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The first approach would be to setup the Stud and Nut as one set, and define that region as a weld for the ASCG. The other area would be the Stud to Lug contact and the Nut to Lug contact. That region would be created as set 2, and defined as free contact for the ASCG. The other (easier) approach would be to define all the areas of contact as Rough Contact (PTYPE = 4 for the ASCG). Rough contact ensures no sliding between the contact surfaces, yet allows contact areas to open or separate. With the loading in mind and assuming little sliding will occur between the lug-stud and nut-lug interfaces, this method should provide accurate results.
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Experiment with different contact types using ASCG. You may need to coarsen the mesh depending on the performance of your PC.
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Gap
Slide Line
Surface Contact
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Initial load
second load
Third load
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It follows that:
Displacements are not directly proportional to the loads. Results for different loads cannot be superimposed.
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Nonlinear Transient Analysis This section looks at the methods used to set up and carry out a nonlinear transient analysis
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A gap may be present between adjacent surfaces acting as a snubber The structure itself may have a components that clash The structure may exhibit plastic behavior The motions may be large displacement The structure may be dropped onto a surface The structure may be impacted by another object
The last two cases represent a true impact which needs a 3D contact surface in most cases
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This is a very important and often overlooked stage. We need to know the linear response characteristics of the structure to get some idea of what the actual nonlinear frequencies and mode shapes are going to be. It can never be an exact representation, but it gets us in the right ball park for several key input parameters
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End Belling
!st Bending
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Time Period 1/f 0.000733138 Secs Half Wave response 0.000366569 Secs 100 data points/ cycle 3.66569E-06 secs time step estimation - based on shock wave in rigid structure speed of sound in steel = sqrt(E/rho) E 2.90E+07 in/s rho 7.33E-04 lb mass 198,885.93 in/s length 36 in time to travel up cyl 1.81E-04 sec add return wave 0.000362 sec equiv freq = 1381.15 Hz 100 data points/cycle 3.62017E-06 secs
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Nonlinear Transient Analysis (Cont.) Work Sheet for contact force calculation
Using assumptions of rigid body impact and knowing the contact duration the contact force can be calculated
Rigid Body Momentum Calculations mass m velocity v momentum m*v change in momentum 2*m*v contact period t impulse = change in momentum pt reaction force p
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force lbs
1.00E-04
2.00E-04
3.00E-04
4.00E-04
5.00E-04
6.00E-04
time
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Separation
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Initial Response
High peak is probably caused by excessive penalty stiffness force. Time step is too coarse.
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Recommendations
Capture peak value and initial response with 20 Time step of 1.0E-7 secs = 0.002e-4 secs Capture contact and high frequency chatter with 190 Time step 2.0e-6 = 3.800e-4 secs 3.62e-4 is rebound time Capture further separation with 30 Time Step of 2e-5 = 6.000e-4 secs Total event duration = 9.802e-4 secs
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Contact Response
Time steps greater than 1.0E-7 secs alias the response, but this may not be important
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Problem No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Title Cantilever Beam non-linear analysis vs linear analysis Non-linear Plate analysis Non-linear Plate analysis with contact using gaps Non-linear Plate with large Rotation Material Non-linearity Multiple Loadings Cable element analysis 3d Hertz Contact on a roller using gaps 3d Hertz Contact on a roller using slidelines 3d Hertz Contact on a roller using contacts Solid Plate with hole Material Non-linearity
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Point A
500.0
Point B
Linear Static Theoretical Results: Displacement at Point C = 0.257 in. Normal-x stress at Point B = 33.75 ksi Normal-x stress at Point A = 75.0 ksi
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1. Create the Material property Model >Material; in the Define Isotropic Material window, click on the Load button; select 7075-T651 Al Plate .25-.5 and click OK. Click Cancel (or hit Esc) to close this window.
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Geometry > Surface > Corners; enter the points according to the table below. Click OK (or hit Enter) after each point. Click Cancel (or hit Esc) after the last point to close the window
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Mesh > Geometry > Surface; click on the rectangle in the graphics window; click OK in the Entity Selection Select Surfaces to Mesh window; Select Plate Properties from the Property drop-down box; click OK
6. Create Constraint
Model > Constraint > Nodal; type Fixed Left End in the Title box of the Create or Activate Constraint Set window; click OK; click on the three nodes on the left edge of the beam; click OK; click Fixed in the Create Nodal Constraints/DOF window; click OK; click Cancel
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7. Create load
Model > Load > Nodal; type 500 lbs. in the Title box of the Create or Activate Load Set window, click OK; pick the node at the middle of the right hand edge on the beam model, click OK; make sure Force is highlighted and enter 500 in the FY box; click OK; click Cancel
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NEi Nastran will now solve the problem Click the Continue button in the NEi Nastran Termination Status window View > Select; (or hit F5) pick Deform as the Deformed Style; pick Contour as the Contour Style; Click on the Deformed and Contour Data button and select 1..SUBC 1, NEi Nastran for the output set. Choose: 1..TOTAL TRANSLATION for deformation 7420..SHELL NORMAL-X1 for the contour.
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The plot below shows the deformation and stresses of the beam. In the bottom right corner change the entity query button to Node. Now by moving the mouse cursor over the nodes you will get a pop-up window displaying information about that node. You can then compare these values to the theoretical values from the linear static analysis.
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To delete the existing pressure load, go to Delete > Model > Load Set.. Click Select All in the Entity Selection Select Load Set(s) to Delete window Click OK in the Confirm Delete dialog box Model > Load > Elemental type 4 psi. in the Title box of the Create or Activate Load Set window click OK. Click Select All in the Entity Selection Enter Element(s) to Select dialog Click OK. Make sure Pressure is highlighted and enter 4 in the Pressure box, click OK.
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The Face Selection for Elemental Loads window appears Pick Adjacent Faces for Method and make sure your cursor is on the Face box. Click on one of the element face of your model.
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Model > Load >Nonlinear Analysis. Set up Nonlinear Analysis for 10 load increments Change Solution Type to Static, Type in 10 for Number of Increments, 1..Yes for Intermediate Output 1..AUTO for Stiffness Update Method.
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In the bottom right corner change the entity query button to Node. Now by moving the mouse cursor over the nodes you will get a pop-up window displaying information about that node. You can then compare these values to the theoretical values from the linear static analysis.
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The plot below shows the deformation and stresses of the beam.
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Example 3 Contact
Using Example 2
Add a contact element as shown at: y=0.0 and y=1.5 Re-run the analysis with 20 load increments Plot the tip deflection versus load increment Animate the results
5.0
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Copy the nodes along the x = 5 in the z = -1.5 direction. Go to Mesh > Copy > Node. When the Entity Selection Select Node(s) to Copy dialog box appears, select the three nodes as shown in the following image. Click OK.
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Click OK when the Generation Options window opens When the Vector Locate Select Vector to Copy Along dialog box appears enter (0,0,0) for the Base and (0,0.-1.5) for the Tip.
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Continue to define the Gap elements for the other two sets of nodes The model should appear as shown select Model > Constraint > Nodal to restraint the 3 nodes that we have just created. Fix these in all directions using the Create Nodal Constraint/DOF dialog box.
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Set up Nonlinear Analysis for 20 load increments by going to Model > Load > Nonlinear Analysis. Change Solution Type to Static, Type in 20 for Number of Increments, 1..Yes for Intermediate Output, 1..AUTO for Stiffness Update Method.
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Save the model, File > Save As. Type Example 3 for the filename. File > Analyze; type in the same name you used for the Femap file (which is displayed in the title bar) and click on Write In the NASTRAN Analysis Control window select 10..Nonlinear Static from the Analysis Type drop-down menu; since no other options need to be specified click OK
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Turn on the Entity Query option in the bottom right corner to NODE. Move your cursor so you identify one of the nodes on the tip. Remember that ID so you can later use it to graph against load increment.
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The plot below shows the deformation and stresses of the beam.
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In the bottom right corner change the entity query button to Node. Now by moving the mouse cursor over the nodes you will get a pop-up window displaying information about that node. You can then compare these values to the theoretical values from the linear static analysis. Animate the Results. Press F5 to bring up the View Select window. Change Model Style to Draw Model, AnimateMultiSet in Deform Style and Contour for Contour Style. Make sure your Output Set is at the first Set Value in the Select PostProcessing Data.
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3.
4. 5.
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When the Entity Selection Enter Node(s) to Select dialog reappears, select the opposite node and assign 50 in the FZ direction. The model should appear as such:
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Setting up Nonlinear Analysis for 10 load increments by going to Model > Load > Nonlinear Analysis. Change Solution Type to Static, Type in 10 for Number of Increments, 1..Yes for Intermediate Output, 1..AUTO for Stiffness Update Method.
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Check LANGLE in the PARAM section Checking this option will change the PARAM, LANGLE to 2. Click OK. The analysis will either be launched from Femap now, or written to the NEi Nastran Editor, depending on your settings
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View > Select; (or hit F5) pick Deform as the Deformed Style; pick Contour as the Contour Style; Click on the Deformed and Contour Data button and select 1..SUBC 1, NE/NASTRAN for the output set. Choose 1..TOTAL TRANSLATION for deformation and 7433..SHELL VON MISES-1 for the contour. In the bottom right corner change the entity query button to Node. Now by moving the mouse cursor over the nodes you will get a pop-up window displaying information about that node.You can then compare these values to the theoretical values from the linear static analysis.
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The plot on the next slide shows the deformation and stresses of the beam.
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Animate the Results. Press F5 to bring up the View Select window. Change Model Style to Draw Model, Animate-MultiSet in Deform Style and Contour for Contour Style. Make sure your Output Set is at the first Set Value in the Select PostProcessing Data.
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Plot the tip Rotation versus load increment. Turn on the Entity Query option in the bottom right corner to NODE. Move your cursor so you identify one of the nodes on the tip Remember that ID so you can later use it to graph against load increment. Press F5 or go into View/SelectPick XY vs Set Value in the XY Style. Click on the XY Databutton. When the Select XY Curve Data window opens, select Output Set 1..INCR 1, LOAD=5.000E-02, 4..T3 TRANSLATION as Output Vector and type in the Node ID you identified earlier in the Node Output Location
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1.
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Open Example 1.mod from the previous exercise. Delete > Output > Set to delete the previous output set from Example 1. When the Entity Selection - Select Output Sets(s) to Delete dialog box appears, click Select All. 1. Click OK to Confirm Delete of the output set
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Fixing Tz, Rx, Ry for all Nodes Model > Constraint > Nodalclick Select All when the Entity Selection - Select Node(s) to Select dialog box appears. Check TZ, RX, RY in the DOF field in the Create Nodal Constraint/DOF window. 1. Click No when the Femap window opens to combine the constraints into one constraint set.
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Function Definition Functions allow you to input tables of parameters that are used to describe loading, material, or property behavior. In this section, we will define Stress vs. Strain Function that will later be used in the material properties.
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Enter the rest of the values in the following table. Make sure you click More on the last set of values. Once you have entered all the values, click OK and Cancel when another Function Definition dialog box appears
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1.
2.
To change Material properties to nonlinear, go to Modify > Edit > MaterialWhen the Entity Selection Select Material(s) to Edit dialog box appears, click Select All. In the Define Isotropic Material window. In the Define Isotropic Material dialog box, enter these values Click the Nonlinear>> button. When the Define Nonlinear Material appears, click on the Plastic for Nonlinear Type. In the Nonlinear Properties box, select 1..NASTRAN TABLES in the pull down menu as Function Dependence. In the Yield Function box, select 0..von Mises for Yield Criterion and enter 10000 for Initial Yield Stress. Click OK , OK , and Cancel when the Define Isotropic Material reappears.
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1.
Setting up Nonlinear Analysis for 10 load increments by going to Model > Load > Nonlinear Analysis. Change Solution Type to Static, Type in 10 for Number of Increments, 1..Yes for Intermediate Output, and 1..AUTO for Stiffness Update Method.
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1.
Setting up Nonlinear Analysis for 20 load increments by going to Model > Load > Nonlinear Analysis. Change Solution Type to Static, Type in 20 for Number of Increments, 1..Yes for Intermediate Output, and 1..AUTO for Stiffness Update Method.
Save the model, (File > Save As). Type Example 5 for the filename. File > Analyze; type in the same name you used for the Femap file (which is displayed in the title bar) and click on Write
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1.
In the NASTRAN Analysis Control window select 10..Nonlinear Static from the Analysis Type drop-down menu; uncheck the Large Disp in the Additional Info option. Click OK.
NE/Nastran will now solve the problem Click the Continue button in the NE/Nastran Termination Status window
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1.
You can plot Effective Strain if you change your Output Vector to 7488..SHELL EFF STRAINP1. Your results should look like the following:
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Subcase 1 2 3
Number of Increments 1 10 20
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1.
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Creating Subcase 1 Model > Load > Nodal Type 200 lb with 1 increment for the title in Create or Activate Load Set dialog box. Select the middle node as shown in the following picture to apply the load when the Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select dialog box opens.
Enter -200 in the FY box when the Create Loads on Nodes window appears
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Creating Subcase 2 Model > Load > Set. Type 2 in the ID box and 500 lb with 10 increments for the title in Create or Activate Load Set dialog box. Select the middle node as shown in the following picture to apply the load when the Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select dialog box opens
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Click Analyzetype Example 6 as the File Name when the Write Model to Nastran window appears. NEi Nastran will now solve the problem Click the Continue button in the NEi Nastran Termination Status window
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View > Select; (or hit F5) pick Deform as the Deformed Style; pick Contour as the Contour Style; Click on the Deformed and Contour Data button and select 1..SUBC 1, NEi Nastran for the output set. Choose 1..TOTAL TRANSLATION for deformation and 7432..SHELL EQV STRESS-1 for the contour. The plot below shows the exaggerated deformation and equivalent stresses of the
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1.
Change your XY Curve Data Output Vector to 7488..SHELL EFF STRAIN-P1 to plot your load increment against the Effective Strain. The graph should look like the following:
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Animate the Results. Press F5 to bring up the View Select window. Change Model Style to Draw Model, AnimateMultiSet in Deform Style and Contour for Contour Style. Make sure your Output Set is at the first Set Value in the Select PostProcessing Data.
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Example 7 Nonlinear Cable Element This example considers a cable which is moved from its original position under an applied loading. The cable aligns itself with the line of action of the load.
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1. Create a material property Load in the AISC steel properties 2. Create a physical property Select Elem/Property Type as a ROD element Check the Cable box Enter values for: Initial Tension - 0.0 Initial Slack - 0.0 Allowable tensile Stress 20000 Area Moment of Inertia .01 In the main selection area enter Area 3. Create a line mesh Create a geometric line 100 units in length along the y axis Create a mesh of 10 elements along the line using the material and physical properties set up. 4. Constrain the top end Fix the top end fully
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5. Create the Load Sets Create a Set for each of 4 loading cases Named: Nastran 1 Nastran 2 Nastran 3 Nastran 4
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The loading is applied in the line of action initially and then the eccentricity is introduced slowly. It is important to follow this process to allow the Cable elements to develop sufficient axial geometric stiffness for stability
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9. Run the analysis file Select the .NAS file in a windows view, the NE Nastran Editor will be invoked Notice the layout of the SUBCASE entries in the input file Hit F5 to launch the analysis
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Backwards
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Advanced Example 8 3-d Hertz Nonlinear Analysis Using Gap Elements (Cont.)
Import the geometry Select File/Import/Geometry
Imported Geometry
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Advanced Example 8 3-d Hertz Nonlinear Analysis Using Gap Elements (Cont.)
Prepare a 1d mesh along the top edge Select Mesh/Mesh Control/Size along curve Set Number of Elements to 5 Set bias factor to 5
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Advanced Example 8 3-d Hertz Nonlinear Analysis Using Gap Elements (Cont.)
Create 5 elements along one of the top curves (with a mesh bias of 5), then revolve that curve with 30 elements to form the half circle.
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Advanced Example 8 3-d Hertz Nonlinear Analysis Using Gap Elements (Cont.)
Create a boundary surface for the bottom rectangle, mesh seed the sides with 6 elements, and the length with 20 elements. Setup a mapped four corner mesh as shown in the above picture.
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Advanced Example 8 3-d Hertz Nonlinear Analysis Using Gap Elements (Cont.)
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Advanced Example 8 3-d Hertz Nonlinear Analysis Using Gap Elements (Cont.)
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Advanced Example 8 3-d Hertz Nonlinear Analysis Using Gap Elements (Cont.)
Generate a GAP property with the values in the above picture. Create 10 GAP elements that connect the circle to the rectangle as shown in the above picture. The element orientation should be in the x-dir.
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Advanced Example 8 3-d Hertz Nonlinear Analysis Using Gap Elements (Cont.)
Constrain all nodes in the TZ direction, and the four bottom corner nodes in the TX,TY,TZ directions.
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Advanced Example 8 3-d Hertz Nonlinear Analysis Using Gap Elements (Cont.)
Create a 0.1 inch enforced displacement on the top of the half circle.
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Advanced Example 8 3-d Hertz Nonlinear Analysis Using Gap Elements (Cont.)
Create a second load set with the same load as the first load set, but with an additional 1000 lb load in the x-dir.
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Advanced Example 8 3-d Hertz Nonlinear Analysis Using Gap Elements (Cont.)
Setup your nonlinear analysis settings for both load sets as in the above picture. In the analysis set manager, create a set that contains 2 subcases with the respective load sets.
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Advanced Example 8 3-d Hertz Nonlinear Analysis Using Gap Elements (Cont.)
After you run the analysis, you results should be similar to the picture above.
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You will see a model with two loads of 1000 lb and enforced displacement of 0.01 in.
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Type Slide Line in the Title Field Click the Element/Property/Type.. Select Slide Line as the element type Leave everything as 0 and click OK
Leaving all the values to zero allows the program to calculate them during the analysis
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Turning on Node ID
1. Press F6 to bring up View Options 2. Select Node in the Labels, Entities and
Color 3. In the Label Mode, select 1..ID 4. Click OK Creating slide line elements is quite tedious and confusing, turning on Node ID will help this process.
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view like in this image. 2. You can clearly see the node IDs
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pick the nodes in the numerical as shown in the image. The Master File > order Open Nodes will be the nodes from the bottom part. 1. Browse to C:\Training Files 2. Select the nodes in order from node ID 677 to node ID 669. Click OK. 2. Select 3d_hertz-model.mod
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reappears, click the Slave Nodes...button File > Open 2. Notice that the Master Nodesbutton has the (On) note which means the 1. Browse to C:\Training Files nodes have been selected 2. Select 3d_hertz-model.mod
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Rotate the model to the other side 1. Use the Dynamic Rotation to rotate your model to the other side to get a good view. 2. Click on the Master Nodebutton. 3. Select the nodes in order from node ID 880 to node ID 840. Click OK.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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Entity Query
1. To view the Slide Line elements, go to the bottom corner and turn on Entity
Query and select the slide line element. 2. Once completed, turn Off the Entity Query.
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Press F6 to bring up View Options Select Node in the Labels, Entities and Color In the Label Mode, select 0..No Label Click OK
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Setting up Subcases
1. The model already has subcases from
the previous exercise. So you will not need to set this up. Basically, the first subcase will pull the part down, and the second subcase will push the part to the right. 1. Model > Analysis 2. Click Analyze
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Viewing Results
1. 2. 3. 4.
Press F5 to open the view Select Select Deform in Deformed Styled Select Contour in Contour Style Click on Deformed and Contour Data
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Dimensions in m Thickness, t = .01m Material Properties E = 178.5 GPa Nu = 0.3 Et = 10.0 GPa Xt = 183.4 MPa Isotropic Hardening
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Load P 100.0E3 N on right hand end Constraint Left hand end held so that no stress raisers occur
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Questions
How do we get a smooth stress on the Left Hand Side? What is the variation in peak stress with the different meshing methods? Does a typical displacement result match the material properties? How does the stress distribution around the hole compare with a linear solution?
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