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Design, Analysis, and Simulation

NEi Nastran Nonlinear Analysis

Introductory Training

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

NEi Proprietary

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Course Objectives

Differences between linear and nonlinear analysis When to use nonlinear analysis Different types of nonlinearities Nonlinear analysis capabilities available in NEi Nastran Basics of a nonlinear solution strategy Basic user interface for nonlinear analysis

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

NEi Proprietary

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Linear Versus Nonlinear Structural Analysis Linear Analysis


Kinematic relationship is linear and displacements are small Element compatibility and constitutive relationships are linear and the stiffness matrix does not change. There is no yielding and strains are small. Equilibrium is satisfied in the undeformed configuration Boundary conditions do not change The force transformation matrix is the transpose of the displacement transformation matrix

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

NEi Proprietary

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Linear Versus Nonlinear Structural Analysis (Cont.) It follows that:


Loads are independent of deformation Displacements are directly proportional to the loads Results for different loads can be superimposed

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

NEi Proprietary

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Linear Behavior In linear static analysis we assume:


Displacements and rotations are small Supports do not settle Stress is directly proportional to strain Loads maintain their original directions as the structure deforms

Most problems can usually be considered linear because they are loaded in their linear elastic, small deflection range.

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

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Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Behavior Many of the inherent assumptions of linear analysis may not be valid
Adjacent parts may make or break contact Elastic materials may become plastic, or the material may not have a linear stress-strain relation at any stress level Part of the structure may lose stiffness because of buckling or material failure Displacements and rotations may become large enough that equilibrium equations must be written in the deformed configuration Large rotations cause pressure loads to change in direction, and also to change in magnitude if there is a change in area to which they are applied
21-Jan-13 Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2 NEi Proprietary 6

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Behavior (Cont.) Many types of behavior may be referred to as nonlinear


Materials that change properties as they are loaded
Elastic to plastic transition in metals

Displacements which cause loads to alter their distribution or magnitude


Transition from internal bending to membrane behavior in thin panels under pressure loading Changing line of action of external load as structure deforms

Gaps which may open or close

The effects may be combined The degree of nonlinearity may be mild or severe
21-Jan-13 Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2 NEi Proprietary 7

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Linear Versus Nonlinear Structural Analysis (Cont.) NEi Nastran Nonlinear Solution Sequences
SOL 106 or NONLINEAR STATIC:
Nonlinear static analysis (geometric, material, buckling, surface contact, and constraint changes)

SOL 129 or NONLINEAR TRANSIENT RESPONSE:


Nonlinear transient analysis (geometric, material, and surface contact). No constraint changes are allowed.

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

NEi Proprietary

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Section 2 Theoretical Background

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

NEi Proprietary

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Theoretical Background

Nonlinear static analysis is implemented in NEi Nastran as an iterative process where the path dependent problem is broken down into several linear steps. The equilibrium equations in incremental form can be written as:
where, KT D R
21-Jan-13

[K ]{ D} = { R}
T

is the global tangent stiffness matrix is the global incremental displacement vector is the global incremental load vector
Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2 NEi Proprietary 10

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Theoretical Background (Cont.)

The global tangent stiffness matrix [KT] is a function of the global displacements {D} because the problem is nonlinear The current global displacement vector is the sum of the preceding {D}s

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

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11

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Theoretical Background (Cont.)

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

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12

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Basics of a Nonlinear Solution Strategy A nonlinear strategy:


Set up loading in increments Control iterations for each increment A solution is obtained when the convergence criteria is satisfied (load, displacement and work are options)

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

NEi Proprietary

13

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Basics of a Nonlinear Solution Strategy (Cont.) In NEi Nastran:


A number of different advancing schemes are available A number of different iteration schemes are available A number of different convergence criteria are available

User interface:
NLPARM is the solution strategy for nonlinear static analysis TSTEPNL is the solution strategy for nonlinear transient analysis SPC and SPCD specify displacement increments

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

NEi Proprietary

14

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

User Interface for Nonlinear Analysis Nonlinear Model is compatible with linear analysis
The same nonlinear static model can be run linear static by just changing the solution type

Analysis types
Solution Character Variable LINEAR BUCKLING NONLINEAR STATIC NONLINEAR TRANSIENT RESPONSE NONLINEAR STEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER NONLINEAR TRANSIENT HEAT TRANSFER PRESTRESS STATIC LINEAR PRESTRESS MODAL LINEAR PRESTRESS FREQUENCY RESPONSE LINEAR PRESTRESS TRANSIENT RESPONSE NONLINEAR PRESTRESS MODAL NONLINEAR PRESTRESS FREQUENCY RESPONSE NONLINEAR PRESTRESS TRANSIENT RESPONSE
21-Jan-13 Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2 NEi Proprietary

Solution Number 105 106 129 153 159 181 182 183 184 185 186 187
15

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

User Interface for Nonlinear Analysis (Cont.) Subcase Structure


Subcases are additive, unlike linear analysis Allows different loads and boundary conditions to be applied in a specific sequence to the structure Different nonlinear iteration parameters (NLPARM) may be specified for each subcase allowing further control Allows changes in output requests

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

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16

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

User Interface for Nonlinear Analysis (Cont.) Subcase Structure


Subcase 2 Subcase 1 Load Gentle increase in load faster increase in load

20 increments

5 increments

Load Step

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

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17

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

User Interface for Nonlinear Analysis (Cont.) Bulk Data classification


Geometric data Element data Material data Boundary conditions Loads and enforced motion Solution strategy

Selectable in Subcases

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

NEi Proprietary

18

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis Most nonlinear statics problems can be setup the same as for linear statics (geometry, boundary conditions, loading, etc.) As a minimum, all subcases must reference an NLPARM Bulk Data entry via the NLPARM Case Control Command
The NLPARM entry controls the nonlinear iteration parameters (increment size, number of increments, output control, etc.)
Care must be used when selecting the search procedures on the NLPARM Bulk Data entry You may override nearly all iteration control restrictions

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

NEi Proprietary

19

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis PARAM, LGDISP controls large displacement effects, follower forces, and differential stiffness effects.
LGDISP Setting ON or 1 OFF or 0 or 1 2 3

Large Displacement/Rotation with Differential Stiffness

Follower Forces

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

NEi Proprietary

20

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.) Nonlinear usage


All loads types All boundary conditions types All elements (except CSHEAR) All element physical properties (except PCOMP -no material nonlinearity) All material properties that are supported in linear statics analysis are supported in nonlinear statics

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

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21

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.) For contact solutions, CGAP elements may be specified
Gap elements can be used with all loads, boundary conditions, elements and types of nonlinearity supported Contact planes do not rotate as a function of displacement The user-specified stiffnesses (KA, KB, and KT on the PGAP Bulk Data entry) must be carefully selected when the nonadaptive form is used (TMAX 0.0 on the PGAP Bulk Data entry) An optimal selection of values is usually a compromise between accuracy (penetration) and numerical performance

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

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22

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.) Follower forces


Follow the deformed geometry Are generated automatically when using:
Element pressures (PLOAD1, PLOAD2, and PLOAD4) Element temperatures (TEMP, TEMPD, TEMPP1, and TEMPRB) Acceleration loads (GRAV and RFORCE) Grid point forces and moments (FORCE1 and MOMENT1)

Follower force effects are controlled using the LGDISP parameter

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

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23

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.) Constraints apply only to the non-rotated displacements at a grid point
Multipoint constraints and rigid elements may cause problems if the connected grid points undergo large motions Note that replacement of the constraints with overly stiff elements may result in convergence problems

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

NEi Proprietary

24

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.) Large deformations of elements may cause nonequilibrium loading effects
All elements are assumed to have constant length, area, and volume Large displacement effects are controlled using the LGDISP parameter

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

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25

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.)


In large displacement analysis there are two different approaches for the angular motions: gimbal angle and rotation vector
Gimbal angle approach: angular motions are treated as three ordered rotations about the x, y, and z-axes. Requested by specifying PARAM, LANGLE, 1 (default) Rotation vector approach: the three angular motions are treated as a vector. The rotation is about the rotation axis and the magnitude of rotation is equal to the amplitude of the rotation vector. Requested by specifying PARAM, LANGLE, 2

Both methods assume small angle theory on each load update; sufficient increments will be needed to ensure this. Rotation Vector may be better if large rotations are expected

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

NEi Proprietary

26

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.) The use of CQUADR and CTRIAR elements are preferred over the use of PARAM, K6ROT when large displacements effects are turned on (PARAM, LGDISP, ON) If PARAM, K6ROT is set to a value greater than zero, only the work convergence criteria (W) on the NLPARM Bulk Data entry should be used

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

NEi Proprietary

27

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.) Models should be simple and relatively small initially to gain insight into behavior and verify the approach taken A linear static solution should be run first to verify boundary conditions and loading Material nonlinearity can be turned off by commenting out all MATS1 Bulk Data entries Large displacement and follower force effects can be turned off by setting PARAM, LGDISP to OFF (-1)

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

NEi Proprietary

28

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.) Convergence


Energy (i.e. work done) is a good choice, contains Out of Balance Force and Change in Displacement terms However, a small error in one term may cancel out a large error in the other Likely result if DOFs in error have very large or very small stiffness So independent convergence checks on Displacement and Load are needed Load dominates hardening, displacement dominates softening All terms in convergence tests are dimensionless
21-Jan-13 Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2 NEi Proprietary 29

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.) Convergence Control on NLPARM entry
CONV Convergence criteria, one of the following character values: U, P, or W, or any combination. Character PW Error tolerance for displacement (U) criterion. Real > 0.0 1.0E-2 Error tolerance for load (P) criterion. Real > 0.0 1.0E-3 Error tolerance for work (W) criterion. Real > 0.0 1.0E-5

EPSU EPSP EPSW

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

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30

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.) Loading control on NLPARM entry
NINC - the number of Load Increments, there is no default and an entry is required MAXITER - Limit on number of iterations for each Load Increment. The default is 30. If the solution does not converge in MAXITER iterations, action taken depends on the BISECT parameter. BISECT is ON, the load increment is bisected and the analysis is repeated. If the load increment cannot be bisected (i.e. MAXBIS is attained), execution terminates with a fatal error. BISECT is OFF (default), the analysis is continued to the next load increment. The number of bisections for a load increment is limited to MAXBIS. Default is 5. If the solution diverges, the stiffness is updated on the first divergence and the load is bisected on the second divergence. The load increment is bisected if the incremental rotation for any degree of freedom exceeds the value specified by RTOLB. Default is 20 degrees.

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

NEi Proprietary

31

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.) Stiffness Update Control on NLPARM entry
The stiffness update strategy is selected in the KMETHOD field, from the following options: AUTO - the program automatically selects the most efficient strategy based on convergence rates. At each step the number of iterations required to converge is estimated. Stiffness is updated, if (i) the estimated number of iterations to converge exceeds MAXITER (ii) the solution diverges. See Remark 7 and 9 for diverging solutions. SEMI - for each load increment the program (i) performs a single iteration based upon the new load (ii) updates the stiffness matrix (iii) resumes the normal AUTO options ITER (i) KSTEP <= MAXITER the program updates the stiffness matrix at every KSTEP iterations and on convergence (ii) KSTEP > MAXITER, the stiffness matrix is never updated (iii) KSTEP = 1, Newton-Raphson iteration strategy is obtained (iv) KSTEP = MAXITER Modified Newton-Raphson iteration strategy is obtained For AUTO and SEMI options, the stiffness matrix is updated on convergence if KSTEP is less than the number of iterations that were required for convergence with the current stiffness.
21-Jan-13 Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2 NEi Proprietary 32

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.) Stiffness Update Control on NLPARM entry
Newton-Raphson iteration strategy

Modified Newton-Raphson iteration strategy

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

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33

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.) Line Search Control on NLPARM entry
Used to accelerate Newton method iterations The line search is performed as required if MAXLS > 0, default is 4 The line search procedure scales the displacement increment to minimize the energy error The procedure is skipped if the absolute value of the relative energy error is less than the value specified by LSTOL. (default 0.5). This avoids wasting computational effort by allowing an approximate local solution.

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

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34

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.) Analysis Completion status
If all the requested criteria (combination of U, P, and/or W) are satisfied upon convergence within their tolerances (EPSU, EPSP, and EPSW) at full loading, a solution is found The solution is assumed to diverge when NDIV >= MAXDIV. The default is 3. If the solution diverges and the load increment can not be further bisected (i.e., MAXBIS is attained), execution terminates with a fatal error. If the BISECT parameter is set to OFF (default), the analysis is continued to the next load increment. The analysis will be completed if a specified displacement value (TDV) at grid point TDG in direction TDC is reached or exceeded. Displacements are in the displacement coordinate system of the TDG grid point and can be translational or rotational.
21-Jan-13 Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2 NEi Proprietary 35

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Section 3 Types of Nonlinearity

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

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36

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Analysis Capabilities


Geometric Nonlinearity
Large displacements and rotations
The displacement transformation matrix is no longer constant

Both compatibility and equilibrium are satisfied in a deformed configuration Effects of initial stress (differential stiffness) are included Follower force effect can be included Examples include: cable, net, thin shells, tires, water hose, etc. User interface:
PARAM, LGDISP, ON (or 1) Follower forces are available for : FORCE1, MOMENT1, PLOAD1, PLOAD2, PLOAD4, GRAV, RFORCE, TEMP, TEMPD, TEMPP1, and TEMPRB

21-Jan-13

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37

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Structural Analysis Types of Nonlinear Analysis


Geometric nonlinear analysis
The kinematic relationship is nonlinear. The displacements and rotations are large. Equilibrium is satisfied in the deformed configuration.
14 12

Linear Solution

10 X-Displacement (in.)

Nonlinear Solution

0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Load Factor 0.8 1 1.2

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38

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Analysis Capabilities

Material Nonlinearity
Element stiffness matrix is not constant Two reasons for variable stiffness:
Stress-strain relationship is nonlinear but strains are small (e.g., yielding structure)
User Interface: MATS1

Strains are large (e.g., rubber materials) - Not supported

21-Jan-13

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39

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Linear Versus Nonlinear Structural Analysis (Cont.) Types of Nonlinear Analysis (Cont.)
Material nonlinear analysis:
Element constitutive relationship is nonlinear. Element may yield. Element forces are no longer equal to stiffness times displacements ({f} [k]{u})

The stress concentration in the notch results in local plastic deformation and permanent set.

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40

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Analysis Capabilities Material Nonlinearity


Example of a spinal implant where the tapering screw is analyzed to predict yield and failure

21-Jan-13

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41

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Material Nonlinearity
Example of a stress concentration The model represents an elliptical shape cut out

21-Jan-13

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Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Material Nonlinearity (Cont.)


A very fine mesh is needed to capture plastic growth Each element becomes plastic as soon as all gauss points see a Von Mises stress exceeding yield This will cause discontinuities in a poor mesh

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Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Material Nonlinearity (Cont.)


This is an example of a fine mesh and a very smooth growth in plastic behavior shown by the effective strain here

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Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Material Nonlinearity (Cont.)


The graph below shows the axial stress across the section. The yielded region is following the elastic plastic material slope, slowly accumulating stress.

Yielded Section, showing slow rise of stress in bilinear region

Axial Stress (PSI)

Distance across section (ins)


21-Jan-13 Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2 NEi Proprietary 45

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Material Nonlinearity (Cont.)


The poor mesh here is difficult for the analysis to create a realistic plastic zone. Growth is dictated by the mesh.

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Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Material Nonlinearity (Cont.)


The sharp kink in the edge, due to poor meshing and geometry control, has resulted in a local stress concentration which trips the plastic growth unrealistically

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47

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis Material nonlinear solutions require a MATS1 Bulk Data entry be specified for elements that have nonlinear material properties
Both linear and nonlinear materials may be specified in the same solution. Material nonlinear properties can be used with all loads, boundary conditions, elements and types of nonlinearity supported. Beam, bar, and rod elements support material nonlinearity only in the axial direction. Better performance may be achieved when using quad elements and elasto-plastic materials if PARAM, QUADINODE is set to OFF and PARAM, SHELLRNODE is set to ON.
21-Jan-13 Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2 NEi Proprietary 48

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.)


MATS1 Bulk Data
Work hardening slope (slope of stress vs. plastic strain) in units of stress. For more than a single slope in the plastic range, the stress-strain data must be supplied on a TABLES1 entry referenced by TID, and this field must be blank. Yield function criterion, selected by one of the following values 1 = von Mises (default) 2 = Tresca 3 = Mohr-Coulomb 4 = Drucker-Prager Hardening rule, selected by one of the following values 1 = Isotropic (default) 2 = Kinematic 3 = Combined isotropic and kinematic hardening
21-Jan-13 Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2 NEi Proprietary 49

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.)


MATS1 Bulk Data
1 = Isotropic hardening (default) 2 = Kinematic hardening 3 = Combined isotropic and kinematic hardening
Stress Stress1 Terminology Stress1 Loading

Yield Stress

2*Yield Stress

Strain Kinematic Combined Isotropic


21-Jan-13

Unloading

Stress1 - Stress1

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50

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.)


MATS1 Bulk Data 1 = Isotropic hardening (default) 2 = Kinematic hardening

kinematic

Original

Isotropic

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51

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.) Isotropic hardening shows no Bauschinger effect (which is that yielding occurs at a reduced stress when load is cycled, due to internal residual stresses) Kinematic hardening shows Bauschinger effect Combined hardening - isotropic and kinematic hardening combined as a compromise

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52

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.)


MATS1 Bulk Data
Type of material nonlinearity, one of the following character values:
NLELAST for nonlinear elastic PLASTIC for elastoplastic

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53

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.)


MATS1 Bulk Data
NLELAST for nonlinear elastic
If TYPE = NLELAST, then MID may refer to a MAT1 entry only. The TID in field three must be specified. The stress-strain data given in the TABLES1 entry will be used to determine the stress for a given value of strain. If specified, the values H, YF, and LIMIT will be ignored in this case. The full stress-stress curve (- infin < x < infin) may be defined in the first and the third quadrant to accommodate different uniaxial compression data. If the curve is defined only in the first quadrant, then the curve must start at the origin (X1 = 0.0, Y1 = 0.0) and the compression properties will be assumed identical to tension properties.
stress vs strain curve
80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

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Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.)


MATS1 Bulk Data
PLASTIC for elastoplastic
If TYPE = PLASTIC, either the table identification TID or the work hardening slope H may be specified, but not both. If the TID is omitted, the work hardening slope H must be specified unless the material is perfectly plastic. The plasticity modulus (H) is related to the tangential modulus (ET) by
ET

where E is the elastic modulus and ET is the slope of the uniaxial stress-strain curve in the plastic region.

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Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Guidelines for Setting Up a Nonlinear Static Analysis (Cont.)


MATS1 Bulk Data
PLASTIC for elastoplastic
If TYPE = PLASTIC, the curve must be defined in the first quadrant. The first point must be at origin (X1 = 0, Y1 = 0) and the second point (X2, Y2) must be at the initial yield point (Y1 or 2c) specified on the MATS1 entry. The slope of the line joining the origin to the yield stress must be equal to the valued of E. Also, TID may not reference a TABLEST entry.

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Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Material Nonlinearity Exercise: Use the model defined in plate_pull_nl.nas as a starting point for investigating the plastic behavior of the section.

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57

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Analysis Capabilities (Cont.) Temperature-Dependent Material Properties


Linear elastic materials
User interface: MATT1, MATT2, MATT8, and MATT9

Nonlinear elastic materials


MATS1, TABLES1, TABLEST

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58

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Analysis Capabilities (Cont.) Linear Buckling Analysis


Displacement is still small User Interface: EIGRL Bulk Data entry, METHOD Case Control command, and SOL 105

Nonlinear Buckling Analysis


Large Displacement effects, can be combined with Material non-linearity User Interface: EIGRL Bulk Data entry, METHOD Case Control command, and SOL 106

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59

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Analysis Capabilities (Cont.) Types of Nonlinear Analysis (Cont.)


Buckling Analysis:
Force Transformation matrix is not the transpose of the displacement transformation matrix. Equilibrium is satisfied in the perturbed state.

Buckled shape of a thin-walled cylinder under uniform compression.

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60

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Analysis Capabilities (Cont.) Contact Analysis


Treated by gap, 3-D slideline, and contact surface elements Example: O-rings, rubber springs in the auto and aerospace industry, auto or bicycle brakes, bolted joints, bearings, pins, stoppers, etc. User interface:
CGAP and PGAP Bulk Data entries for gaps BCONP, BLSEG, BWIDTH, BFRIC, and BOUTPUT for slideline BSCONP and BSSEG for contact surfaces (V8.1 and higher)

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61

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Analysis Capabilities (Cont.) Types of Nonlinear Analysis (Cont.)


Contact Analysis:
Gap closure and opening Relative sliding of different components Welded

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Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Gap Element Gap element


Connects one node on one part to another node on another part Nodes must line up so gap element is normal to contact surface Configuration is not updated

yelement
Grid Point GB

VB UB WB UA

xelement

VA

Grid Point GA

WA zelement

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63

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Slide Line Element Slide Line element

Connects multiple nodes on one part to multiple nodes on another part All nodes must be in a user defined plane which motion is restricted to (2-dimensional) Nodes are not required to line up Configuration is updated
z

k-th Slave Segment

k-1 k k+1 l-1 l l+1

Slave Line

Master Line

l-th Master Segment

Slideline Plane Vector Direction

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Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Surface Contact
Surface Contact

Connects multiple nodes on one part to multiple nodes on another part Permits motion in any direction Nodes are not required to line up Configuration is updated

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65

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Surface Contact This section looks at the usage of nonlinear surface contact using the general 3D surface contact capability.

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66

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Surface Contact (Cont.)


Example 1
The contact definition will be demonstrated by a clip made of solid elements coming into contact with a fixed base and moving through a range of motion based on enforced displacements using surface to surface contact. The analysis process includes:

Creating the contact property and defining the contact pair for surface to surface contact in NEi Nastran Creating Enforced Displacement loads to bring the Clip into contact with the Base Defining the nonlinear load time stepping parameters Setting contact parameters in the NEi Nastran Editor to aid in convergence Analyzing the model with NEi Nastran's Advanced Nonlinear Solution (SOL 106 Viewing the multi-set animation of the analysis sets to understand the contact between the objects
Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2 NEi Proprietary 67

21-Jan-13

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Surface Contact (Cont.)


Creating the Contact Conditions In order for surface to surface contact to occur during analysis with NEi Nastran Advanced Nonlinear Method (SOL 106), the following tasks are required.

contact segments are created a contact property is defined a "contact pair" is created to define the contact relationship between the two segments

Contact segments must be created using the Model, Contact, Segment/Surface command If the contact surface is a geometric surface in the database then the selection of the contact segment is straightforward. The surface is simple picked.
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Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Surface Contact (Cont.)

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Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

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69

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Surface Contact (Cont.)


In this example the contact surfaces must be picked from element faces, as no surface geometry exisits

21-Jan-13

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70

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Surface Contact (Cont.)

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Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

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71

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Surface Contact (Cont.)

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

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72

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Surface Contact (Cont.)

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73

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Surface Contact (Cont.)


Contact Property Definition
The NEi Nastran Option is chosen The friction coefficient is set if required Usually symmetric Contact is used

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74

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Surface Contact (Cont.)

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75

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Surface Contact (Cont.)

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76

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Surface Contact (Cont.)


The .NAS file can be viewed in the Editor to see how the model is translated The Nonlinear strategy setup is seen here

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77

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Surface Contact (Cont.)


Each Segment is defined via a BSSEG entry, here there are two. These are linked via the BSCONP entry

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78

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Surface Contact (Cont.)


The action of the slider is seen here

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79

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Surface Contact (Cont.) Exercise: Contact Surface


The two files have been provided Either carry out the analysis using the .nas file, or setup in the NEiModeler using the .MOD file

21-Jan-13

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

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80

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Press Fit Analysis Using Contact and Initial Strain


This section looks at a technique to simulate the stresses and strains developed when an interference or press fit is used in a structure

21-Jan-13

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81

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Press Fit Analysis Using Contact and Initial Strain (Cont.) Procedure
Stage 1

The inner cylinder model is created in isolation from the outer cylinder A linear analysis is carried with enforced displacement applied to compress the inner cylinder, shrinking it radially This creates a strain state in the inner cylinder, which is now at the correct radius to fit into the outer cylinder The strain state is written out to an auxiliary bdf file

21-Jan-13

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82

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Press Fit Analysis Using Contact and Initial Strain (Cont.) Procedure (cont.)
Stage 2

A full model of the inner and outer model is created. The inner cylinder is modeled in its shrunken state. A contact surface is set up between the two cylinders The initial strains from the previous analysis are applied to the inner cylinder of the interference fit model A nonlinear analysis is carried out and the equilibrium stress and strain state is found The interference forces between the two cylinders can be plotted

21-Jan-13

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83

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Press Fit Analysis Using Contact and Initial Strain (Cont.) Other Methods
Thermal Shrink Fit

This technique uses a material with a coefficient of thermal expansion defined for either the inner or outer cylinder. The model is then soaked at an arbitrary temperature to create strains in the cylinder, a negative coefficient can be used, or a negative temperature difference depending on which object is shrunk or expanded to create the interference. The main difficulty with this method that the actual thermal deformation must be calibrated against the temperature difference, and then the analysis rerun to get the required interference.

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84

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Press Fit Analysis Using Contact and Initial Strain (Cont.) Other Methods (cont.)
Initial Penetration Method

This method allows an initial penetration to be set in the contact definition. However the interferences can only be very small, otherwise excessive forces will be developed by the penalty stiffness. This method is being researched for future enhancement.

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85

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Press Fit Analysis Using Contact and Initial Strain (Cont.) The Linear Initial Strain Model

21-Jan-13

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86

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Press Fit Analysis Using Contact and Initial Strain (Cont.) The Linear Initial Strain Model (cont.)

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87

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Press Fit Analysis Using Contact and Initial Strain (Cont.)


The Linear Initial Strain Model (cont.)
Set the parameter TRSLSTRNDATA to ON under the Output Control Directives in NEi Nastran Editor This parameter instructs NEi Nastran to generate a bdf file of the strain data from the initial strain analysis

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88

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Press Fit Analysis Using Contact and Initial Strain (Cont.) The Nonlinear Full Model

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89

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Press Fit Analysis Using Contact and Initial Strain (Cont.) The Nonlinear Full Model (cont.)

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90

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Press Fit Analysis Using Contact and Initial Strain (Cont.)


The Nonlinear Full Model (cont.)
Set SLINEMAXACTDIST to AUTO to limit the contact searching logic to local searches

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91

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Press Fit Analysis Using Contact and Initial Strain (Cont.) The Nonlinear Full Model (cont.)

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92

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Press Fit Analysis Using Contact and Initial Strain (Cont.)

21-Jan-13

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93

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Press Fit Analysis Using Contact and Initial Strain (Cont.)

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94

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Press Fit Analysis Using Contact and Initial Strain (Cont.)


Exercise: Shrink Fit
The two files have been provided, please carry out the analyses

Alternatively, you can set up the model from scratch using these properties: Inner cylinder dimensions: Outer cylinder dimensions:
- Inner radius: 2.5 - Outer radius: 6 - Aluminum: (common material) - E = 10700KSI - = 0.33
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- Inner radius: 6 - Outer radius: 12 - Radial interference: 0.1

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95

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Automatic Surface Contact in NEi Nastran


This section looks at a technique internal to the NEi Nastran solver that provides automatic contact recognition and creation

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96

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Automatic Surface Contact in NEi Nastran (Cont.)


Background
A powerful new feature in V9 that allows:

Automatic surface contact generation (ASCG) between discontinuous bodies Ideally suited for models in which the contact areas are initially touching and where little sliding is expected The user input is a minimum Which elements should be considered for each contact pair generated (the default is all solid and shell elements in the model) The near tolerance for objects to be considered in contact with each other The type of contact to be generated (i.e., general, welded, bi-directional sliding, or rough)

User Input

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97

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Automatic Surface Contact in NEi Nastran (Cont.)


Procedure
Analysis Phase 1

A region of elements is established based on these parameters. The default would be all solid and shell elements in the model. The external surfaces of these elements are identified. For shells it would be the entire element. For solids it would be any exterior surface. The second phase then looks for grid points that are positioned on or near and above (within the user defined tolerance) of each surface. The third phase eliminates invalid contact scenarios by considering surface normals. Note: It is important that surfaces that are to be welded are not offset and that shell normals are oriented properly.

Analysis Phase 2

Analysis Phase 3

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98

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Automatic Surface Contact in NEi Nastran (Cont.) Procedure (cont.)


NEi Nastran uses two methods for setting up ASCG which are both described below:

Case Control Command Format or Model Parameter Format

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99

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Automatic Surface Contact in NEi Nastran (Cont.)


Case Control Command Format
CONTACTGEN, PTYPE, SET ID, SFACT, FSTIF, MU, MAXAD, W0, TMAX PTYPE is the contact type (default = 2):

1 = general 2 = weld 3 = bi-directional slide 4 = rough

SET ID is an existing or generated element output set id (default = all elements) SFACT is the stiffness scaling factor for penetration (default = 1.0). FSTIF is the transverse stiffness for stick MU is the friction coefficient (default = 0.0) MAXAD is the maximum normal activation distance (default is 1.0E-4 x model reference dimension). - This is described in detail on the next slide. W0 is the closed position tolerance (default = 0.0). TMAX is the maximum allowable penetration for displacement based penalty stiffness updating.
21-Jan-13 Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2 NEi Proprietary 100

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Automatic Surface Contact in NEi Nastran (Cont.)


Case Control Command Format (cont.)
CONTACTGEN, PTYPE, SET ID, SFACT, FSTIF, MU, MAXAD, W0, TMAX MAXAD is the contact surface normal tolerance for generating a contact segment/element

A recommended value is a distance approximately 10% larger than the largest gap you want to be recognized as contact (or welded) Note that this parameter is optional (although recommended) and if omitted will be internally calculated by NEi Nastran The default value is calculated by first creating a bounding box for the entire model and then evaluating the distance between the largest diagonal in the box (from one corner to another) This reference dimension is then multiplied by 1.0E-04 to get the MAXAD value used. User specified values are actual distance and are not normalized. For some models (i.e., very large, very small, or with large gaps) the default MAXAD value may not be well suited, therefore it is recommended the analyst define this explicitly.

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101

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Automatic Surface Contact in NEi Nastran (Cont.) Model Parameter Format


PARAM, CONTACTGEN, PTYPE PARAM, CONTACTTOL, MAXAD
Where:

PTYPE is the contact type: 1=general, 2=weld, 3=bi-directional slide, 4=rough (default = 2). MAXAD is the maximum normal activation distance (default is 1.0E-4 x model reference dimension).

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102

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Automatic Surface Contact in NEi Nastran (Cont.)


Example 1
The first example is an 11 part assembly of a lens mount . Due to complexities in geometry only some parts were able to be easily hex meshed, so a hybrid model was built with linear hex elements and parabolic tet elements. Since all the parts were meshed independently, areas of interest could be meshed with finer detail.

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103

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Automatic Surface Contact in NEi Nastran (Cont.)


Example 1 (cont.)
The part was setup with a body load of 10gs in the lateral direction with the based fully fixed. A linear static analysis was performed. ASCG was added by means of one case control command into the model as: CONTACTGEN, 2 This will invoke ASCG in NEi Nastran and setup the contact regions as Type 2; welds. The picture shows the (scaled) deformation results of the model using the ASCG feature.

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104

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Automatic Surface Contact in NEi Nastran (Cont.)


Example 2
The hitch assembly is a 6 part assembly A linear analysis is performed with the back end fixed and a 10,000 lb load applied to the pin holes By taking advantage of the bi-directional slide contact capability of NEi Nastran, this part can be analyzed with good accuracy in a linear static analysis All contacting areas will be bi-directional slides except for the nut/bolt interface. Since we want that area to be fully welded (to simulate the nuts engaged in the threads) we can simply create two sets (groups in the NEi Nastran Modeler which would be exported as sets). The first set contains the nuts and bolts The second set contains all the parts except the lower shafts of the bolts (where the nut would screw on)
21-Jan-13 Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2 NEi Proprietary 105

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Automatic Surface Contact in NEi Nastran (Cont.) Example 2


After exporting the model, two case control commands are added: CONTACTGEN, 2, 1

This specifies ASCG to create welded contact for the elements in set 1 (nuts and bolts) This specifies ASCG to create bi-directional slides for the elements in set 2 (hitch and tube)

CONTACTGEN, 3, 2

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106

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Automatic Surface Contact in NEi Nastran (Cont.)


Example 2 (cont.)
As you can see from below, the displacements show sliding between the two main bodies like you would see in a nonlinear freecontact analysis.

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107

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Automatic Surface Contact in NEi Nastran (Cont.)


Example 3
The lug assembly as seen in below contains 3 individual parts, namely, the lug, stud, and nut (modeled as an annular ring). There is a 1000 lb force applied in the negative Y direction. Due to the loading involved, there will be separation between the stud and lug. Because of this, a nonlinear analysis must be performed. There are two approaches that can be taken in generating the contact

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108

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Automatic Surface Contact in NEi Nastran (Cont.)


Example 3 (cont.)
Method 1: Weld and Free Contact

The first approach would be to setup the Stud and Nut as one set, and define that region as a weld for the ASCG. The other area would be the Stud to Lug contact and the Nut to Lug contact. That region would be created as set 2, and defined as free contact for the ASCG. The other (easier) approach would be to define all the areas of contact as Rough Contact (PTYPE = 4 for the ASCG). Rough contact ensures no sliding between the contact surfaces, yet allows contact areas to open or separate. With the loading in mind and assuming little sliding will occur between the lug-stud and nut-lug interfaces, this method should provide accurate results.

Method 2: Rough Contact

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109

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Automatic Surface Contact in NEi Nastran (Cont.)


Example 3 (cont.)
For this example the second approach was used. A single line in the case control was added for the ASCG as follows: CONTACTGEN, 4 As you can see from the results, separation between the lug and stud is visible as we would expect in a real world application

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110

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Automatic Surface Contact in NEi Nastran (Cont.) Example 3 (cont.)


This view shows clearly the action of the rough contact type

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111

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Automatic Surface Contact in NEi Nastran (Cont.) Contact Verification


It is good practice to verify that the generated surface contact is in-line with what was intended Setting output directive TRSLMODLDATA to ON will generate a .BDF file (with the same name as the analysis file). This .bdf file will contain all the information that the .nas file has, but in addition it will have the surface contact that was created in the ASCG. This .bdf file can be imported into the NEi Nastran Modeler (File-Import-Analysis Model). After import, the quick options can be used to turn off all entities except for the contact

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112

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Automatic Surface Contact in NEi Nastran (Cont.) Contact Verification (cont.)

Stud to Nut contact

Lug to Nut contact

Stud to Lug contact

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113

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Automatic Surface Contact in NEi Nastran (Cont.) Exercise: ASCG


The two files provided contain the geometry and mesh for two of the examples discussed

Experiment with different contact types using ASCG. You may need to coarsen the mesh depending on the performance of your PC.

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114

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Contact Element Features


Feature
Sliding past elements in one direction Sliding past elements in multiple directions General 2-D arbitrary mesh contact General 3-D arbitrary mesh contact Frictional effects Adaptive stiffness update Requires an initial penalty estimate Requires an element coordinate system definition Requires element normals to be properly oriented

Gap

Slide Line

Surface Contact

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115

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Analysis Capabilities (Cont.) Tension Only Cable


Tension Only Example: Masts, power lines, suspension bridges, etc. User interface:

CCABLE and PCABLE Bulk Data entries for gaps

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116

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Analysis Capabilities (Cont.) Tension Only Cable (cont.)

Initial load

second load

Third load

Non aligned load Non aligned load


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Cable adopts line of action


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Cable breaks, Stiffness set very low


117

Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Analysis Capabilities (Cont.)


Tension Only Cable
Compressive loads are reacted with a very small stiffness for solution stability No differential stiffness in tension

Modeled like a CROD element


No orientation vector required Default inertia based area of a circular cross-section, user can override value

Can specify Initial Conditions


Slack, Tension

Can specify an ultimate stress above which the cable snaps

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118

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Analysis Capabilities (Cont.) Types of Nonlinear Analysis (cont.)


Boundary conditions may change

Constraints may be added and removed as load is applied or removed.

It follows that:

Displacements are not directly proportional to the loads. Results for different loads cannot be superimposed.

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119

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Analysis Capabilities (Cont.) Boundary Changes


User Interface: SPC, SPCD, and MPC Bulk Data entries and Case Control commands

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120

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Analysis Capabilities (Cont.) Types of Nonlinear Analysis (cont.)


Follower forces:
Loads are a function of displacements.

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121

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Analysis Capabilities (Cont.) Types of Nonlinear Analysis (cont.)


Transient Nonlinear Analysis
Transient analysis includes dynamic effects such as inertia and damping Analyzed by a step-by-step integration of an equation of motion

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122

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Transient Analysis This section looks at the methods used to set up and carry out a nonlinear transient analysis

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123

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Transient Analysis (Cont.)


Why Nonlinear Transient?
In most cases a linear transient analysis will give us the required solution In general it is always better to try to represent a structure with a linear idealization if feasible However there are cases where this is not possible

A gap may be present between adjacent surfaces acting as a snubber The structure itself may have a components that clash The structure may exhibit plastic behavior The motions may be large displacement The structure may be dropped onto a surface The structure may be impacted by another object

The last two cases represent a true impact which needs a 3D contact surface in most cases
21-Jan-13 Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2 NEi Proprietary 124

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Transient Analysis (Cont.)


Example Impacting Cylinder on Plate
The example is a simple thin walled cylinder hitting the face of a plate at right angles, so that the faces meet flat to each other This is often taken as a worst case scenario for rod type structures in that the impulse is of very short duration with no energy dissipation due to rotation First Stage Understanding of the normal modes of the structure

This is a very important and often overlooked stage. We need to know the linear response characteristics of the structure to get some idea of what the actual nonlinear frequencies and mode shapes are going to be. It can never be an exact representation, but it gets us in the right ball park for several key input parameters

Frequency range of interest Size of time-step Duration of analysis

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125

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Transient Analysis (Cont.)


First Stage Understanding of the normal modes of the structure
A free free normal modes analysis is carried out on the cylinder for the first 20 natural frequencies. As expected there are 6 rigid body modes. But we do not find an extensional mode. We would expect this to be a typical response for the flat face impact. The modes seen are end belling, radial deflections and a first bending mode.
MODE EIGENVALUE RADIANS CYCLES NUMBER (Hz) 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0.00 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 6 0.00 0.00 0.00 7 3752796.00 1937.21 308.32 8 3754280.00 1937.60 308.38 9 19254400.00 4387.98 698.37 10 19254970.00 4388.05 698.38 11 22489740.00 4742.33 754.77 12 23895570.00 4888.31 778.00 13 24954870.00 4995.49 795.06 14 24959290.00 4995.93 795.13 15 25609600.00 5060.59 805.42 16 25613300.00 5060.96 805.48 17 42504160.00 6519.52 1037.61 18 42537150.00 6522.05 1038.02 19 48346360.00 6953.15 1106.63 20 48358700.00 6954.04 1106.77

End Belling

!st Bending

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126

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Transient Analysis (Cont.)


First Stage Understanding of the normal modes of the structure (cont.)
We now need to consider the cylinder at the moment it makes contact. We can approximate this condition by fixing the base rim of the cylinder. Running 50 modes, and looking at the Modal effective Mass clearly shows a dominant axial mode at 1364 Hz, with some low contributing modes.

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127

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Transient Analysis (Cont.)

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128

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Transient Analysis (Cont.)


Example Impacting Cylinder on Plate (cont.)
Second Stage Using the information obtained The next slides show how the following are estimated:

Frequency range of interest Size of time-step Duration of analysis

The transient nonlinear analysis is then carried out

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129

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Transient Analysis (Cont.)


Note on Initial Velocity Conditions
In this example we will use an initial approach velocity of 120 in/s This is set up in Femap as a load set. All the nodes on the cylinder are given this initial velocity. However in the Analysis set up it is referred to as the Initial Conditions set. A dummy Loads set is needed to allow the analysis to execute. We have used a constant 1g gravity load applied to the cylinder in this case.

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130

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Transient Analysis (Cont.)

Work Sheet for time step calculation


Using the half the time period from the analysis gives a very similar result to the assumption of a longitudinal shock wave
Frequency , Mode 18 1364 Hz

Time Period 1/f 0.000733138 Secs Half Wave response 0.000366569 Secs 100 data points/ cycle 3.66569E-06 secs time step estimation - based on shock wave in rigid structure speed of sound in steel = sqrt(E/rho) E 2.90E+07 in/s rho 7.33E-04 lb mass 198,885.93 in/s length 36 in time to travel up cyl 1.81E-04 sec add return wave 0.000362 sec equiv freq = 1381.15 Hz 100 data points/cycle 3.62017E-06 secs

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131

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Transient Analysis (Cont.) Work Sheet for contact force calculation
Using assumptions of rigid body impact and knowing the contact duration the contact force can be calculated

Rigid Body Momentum Calculations mass m velocity v momentum m*v change in momentum 2*m*v contact period t impulse = change in momentum pt reaction force p

0.091 120 10.92 21.84 0.000362 21.84 1.21E+05

lb m in/s lb m in/s lb m in/s s lb m in/s lb f

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132

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Transient Analysis (Cont.)


Comparison between Rigid Body Assumptions and actual results
The contact duration matches exactly, but there is a local chattering mode affecting the reaction force. There is also a very sharp initial force.
total reaction
1.60E+06 1.40E+06 1.20E+06 1.00E+06 8.00E+05 6.00E+05 4.00E+05 2.00E+05 0.00E+00 0.00E+00

fine run rigid body dynamics

force lbs

1.00E-04

2.00E-04

3.00E-04

4.00E-04

5.00E-04

6.00E-04

time
21-Jan-13 Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2 NEi Proprietary 133

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Transient Analysis (Cont.)


Very Early Contact Time 7.2e-6 secs
The stress wave has traveled a short distance up the cylinder. Ahead of the stress wave there is no response.

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134

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Transient Analysis (Cont.)


Contact time 1.392e-4 secs
The stress wave has nearly reached the free end of the cylinder. Evidence of a higher frequency content is shown in the banding of the stress levels.

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135

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Transient Analysis (Cont.)


Contact time 2.442E-4 secs
The stress wave has reflected from the free end and is nearly at the contact surface on its return. It meets the contact surface at 3.62E-4 seconds, at which point the cylinder rebounds.

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136

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Transient Analysis (Cont.)


Contact time 3.559E-4 secs
The stress wave has met the contact surface at 3.62E-4 seconds, the cylinder has rebounded. The wave is being reflected back up the cylinder.

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137

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Transient Analysis (Cont.)


Evidence of a higher frequency longitudinal oscillation during contact
These points are in a vertical line up the cylinder. They show the chattering higher order axial mode which is causing the intermittent contact.

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138

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Transient Analysis (Cont.)


Overall phases of the impact
An initial contact with chattering, then a rebound, then strikes from the belling mode before clearance is achieved

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139

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Transient Analysis (Cont.)


Belling Mode
Late strikes are made by the face as it oscillates and is not clear of the block

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140

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Transient Analysis (Cont.)

Belling Mode (cont.)


Late strikes are made by the face as it oscillates and is not clear of the block

Strike is made, Contact stresses seen

Separation

Bell Mode oscillates

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141

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Transient Analysis (Cont.)

Initial Response
High peak is probably caused by excessive penalty stiffness force. Time step is too coarse.

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142

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Transient Analysis (Cont.)

Initial Response (cont.)


High peak reduced and smoother response with finer Time step of 1.0E-7 secs

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143

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Transient Analysis (Cont.)

Recommendations
Capture peak value and initial response with 20 Time step of 1.0E-7 secs = 0.002e-4 secs Capture contact and high frequency chatter with 190 Time step 2.0e-6 = 3.800e-4 secs 3.62e-4 is rebound time Capture further separation with 30 Time Step of 2e-5 = 6.000e-4 secs Total event duration = 9.802e-4 secs

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144

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Transient Analysis (Cont.)

Contact Response
Time steps greater than 1.0E-7 secs alias the response, but this may not be important

21-Jan-13

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145

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Transient Analysis (Cont.)

Exercise Transient Impact


The Nastran file has been provided, please carry out the analyses, setting up the load steps as required. Alternatively use the Femap .MOD file which contains the geometry only.

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146

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Section 4 Example Problems

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147

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Problem No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Title Cantilever Beam non-linear analysis vs linear analysis Non-linear Plate analysis Non-linear Plate analysis with contact using gaps Non-linear Plate with large Rotation Material Non-linearity Multiple Loadings Cable element analysis 3d Hertz Contact on a roller using gaps 3d Hertz Contact on a roller using slidelines 3d Hertz Contact on a roller using contacts Solid Plate with hole Material Non-linearity

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148

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 1 - Simple Cantilever Beam


Using Femap and NEi Nastran
Mesh the above model with a 2 x 5 quad element mesh Setup the Nonlinear Analysis for 10 load increments, intermediate output, and AUTO stiffness update method Compare the nonlinear displacement at Point C with linear theory Compare the normal-x stress at Points A and B with linear theory

Point A

Material is 7075-T651 Aluminum Thickness is 0.1

500.0

Point B

2.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 10.0

Linear Static Theoretical Results: Displacement at Point C = 0.257 in. Normal-x stress at Point B = 33.75 ksi Normal-x stress at Point A = 75.0 ksi
149

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Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 1 - Simple Cantilever Beam (Cont.)

1. Create the Material property Model >Material; in the Define Isotropic Material window, click on the Load button; select 7075-T651 Al Plate .25-.5 and click OK. Click Cancel (or hit Esc) to close this window.

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150

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 1 - Simple Cantilever Beam (Cont.)


2. Create the Physical Property Model > Property in the Define Property PLATE Element Type window, click on the Elem/Property Type button; Pick Plate and click OK. Fill in the data as shown below and click OK. Click Cancel (or hit Esc) to close this window.

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151

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 1 - Simple Cantilever Beam (Cont.)


3. Create Geometry

Geometry > Surface > Corners; enter the points according to the table below. Click OK (or hit Enter) after each point. Click Cancel (or hit Esc) after the last point to close the window

X Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 Point 4


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Y 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0

Z 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 10.0 10.0 0.0

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152

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 1 - Simple Cantilever Beam (Cont.)


4. Create Mesh Control Mesh > Mesh Control > Size Along Curve; click on the left and right edges of the model; click OK in the Entity Selection Select Curve(s) to Set Mesh Size window; enter 2 for the Number of Elements; click OK. Click on the upper and lower edges of the beam in the graphics window; click OK in the Entity Selection Select Curve(s) to Set Mesh Size window; Enter 5 for the Number of Elements; click OK; click Cancel (or hit Esc) to close Your model should now look similar to the one shown:

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153

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 1 - Simple Cantilever Beam (Cont.)


5. Create Mesh

Mesh > Geometry > Surface; click on the rectangle in the graphics window; click OK in the Entity Selection Select Surfaces to Mesh window; Select Plate Properties from the Property drop-down box; click OK

6. Create Constraint

Model > Constraint > Nodal; type Fixed Left End in the Title box of the Create or Activate Constraint Set window; click OK; click on the three nodes on the left edge of the beam; click OK; click Fixed in the Create Nodal Constraints/DOF window; click OK; click Cancel

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154

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 1 - Simple Cantilever Beam (Cont.)

7. Create load

Model > Load > Nodal; type 500 lbs. in the Title box of the Create or Activate Load Set window, click OK; pick the node at the middle of the right hand edge on the beam model, click OK; make sure Force is highlighted and enter 500 in the FY box; click OK; click Cancel

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155

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 1 - Simple Cantilever Beam (Cont.)


7. Create load (cont) Setting up Nonlinear Analysis for 10 load increments by going to Model > Load > Nonlinear Analysis. Change Solution Type to Static, Type in 10 for Number of Increments, 1..Yes for Intermediate Output, 1..AUTO for Stiffness Update Method

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156

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 1 - Simple Cantilever Beam (Cont.)


Save the model, (File > Save As). Type Example1 for the filename. File > Analyze; type in the same name you used for the Femap file (which is displayed in the title bar) and click on Write In the NASTRAN Analysis Control window select 10..Nonlinear Static from the Analysis Type drop-down menu; since no other options need to be specified click OK

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157

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 1 - Simple Cantilever Beam (Cont.)

NEi Nastran will now solve the problem Click the Continue button in the NEi Nastran Termination Status window View > Select; (or hit F5) pick Deform as the Deformed Style; pick Contour as the Contour Style; Click on the Deformed and Contour Data button and select 1..SUBC 1, NEi Nastran for the output set. Choose: 1..TOTAL TRANSLATION for deformation 7420..SHELL NORMAL-X1 for the contour.

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158

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 1 - Simple Cantilever Beam (Cont.)

The plot below shows the deformation and stresses of the beam. In the bottom right corner change the entity query button to Node. Now by moving the mouse cursor over the nodes you will get a pop-up window displaying information about that node. You can then compare these values to the theoretical values from the linear static analysis.

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159

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 2 Nonlinear Loading


Using Example 1 we change the loading to out of plane
Delete existing point loading and add uniform surface pressure Re-run the nonlinear static analysis

Pressure = 4.0 psi

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160

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 2 Nonlinear Loading (Cont.)


Open Example 1.mod from the previous exercise. Delete > Output >Set to delete the previous output set from Example 1. In the Entity Selection - Select Output Sets(s) to Delete dialog box Click Select All. Click OK to Confirm Delete of the output set.

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161

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 2 Nonlinear Loading (Cont.)

To delete the existing pressure load, go to Delete > Model > Load Set.. Click Select All in the Entity Selection Select Load Set(s) to Delete window Click OK in the Confirm Delete dialog box Model > Load > Elemental type 4 psi. in the Title box of the Create or Activate Load Set window click OK. Click Select All in the Entity Selection Enter Element(s) to Select dialog Click OK. Make sure Pressure is highlighted and enter 4 in the Pressure box, click OK.

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162

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 2 Nonlinear Loading (Cont.)


Model > Load > Elemental type 4 psi. in the Title box of the Create or Activate Load Set window click OK. Click Select All in the Entity Selection - Enter Element(s) to Select dialog Click OK. Make sure Pressure is highlighted and enter 4 in the Pressure box, click OK.

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163

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 2 Nonlinear Loading (Cont.)

The Face Selection for Elemental Loads window appears Pick Adjacent Faces for Method and make sure your cursor is on the Face box. Click on one of the element face of your model.

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164

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 2 Nonlinear Loading (Cont.)

The finished analysis model should look like this:

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165

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 2 Nonlinear Loading (Cont.)

Model > Load >Nonlinear Analysis. Set up Nonlinear Analysis for 10 load increments Change Solution Type to Static, Type in 10 for Number of Increments, 1..Yes for Intermediate Output 1..AUTO for Stiffness Update Method.

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166

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 2 Nonlinear Loading (Cont.)


Save the model File > Save As Type Example 2 for the filename. Run the analysis File > Analyze; type in the same name you used for the Femap file (which is displayed in the title bar) click on Write In the NASTRAN Analysis Control window select 10..Nonlinear Static from the Analysis Type drop-down menu; since no other options need to be specified click OK

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167

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 2 Nonlinear Loading (Cont.)


NEi Nastran will now solve the problem Click the Continue button in the NEi Nastran Termination Status window View > Select; (or hit F5) pick Deform as the Deformed Style; pick Contour as the Contour Style; Click on the Deformed and Contour Data button select 1..SUBC 1, NEi Nastran for the output set. Choose 1..TOTAL TRANSLATION for deformation 7433..SHELL VON MISES1 for the contour.

In the bottom right corner change the entity query button to Node. Now by moving the mouse cursor over the nodes you will get a pop-up window displaying information about that node. You can then compare these values to the theoretical values from the linear static analysis.
21-Jan-13 Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2 NEi Proprietary

The plot below shows the deformation and stresses of the beam.
168

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 3 Contact
Using Example 2
Add a contact element as shown at: y=0.0 and y=1.5 Re-run the analysis with 20 load increments Plot the tip deflection versus load increment Animate the results

5.0

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169

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 3 Contact (Cont.)


Open Example 2.mod from the previous exercise. Delete > Output > Set to delete the previous output set from Example 2. When the Entity Selection Select Output Sets(s) to Delete dialog box appears, click Select All. Click OK to Confirm Delete of the output set.

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170

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 3 Contact (Cont.)

Copy the nodes along the x = 5 in the z = -1.5 direction. Go to Mesh > Copy > Node. When the Entity Selection Select Node(s) to Copy dialog box appears, select the three nodes as shown in the following image. Click OK.

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171

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 3 Contact (Cont.)

Click OK when the Generation Options window opens When the Vector Locate Select Vector to Copy Along dialog box appears enter (0,0,0) for the Base and (0,0.-1.5) for the Tip.

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172

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 3 Contact (Cont.)


To create the gap element property, Select Model > Property. When the Define Property window appears, enter GAP as the Title. In the Element/ Property typeselect Gap. Enter 10000 for Compression Stiffness.

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173

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 3 Contact (Cont.)


To create Gap Element, go to Model > Element. When the Define GAP Element Enter Nodes or Select with Cursor dialog appears, select one of the nodes at x = 5 and its corresponding partner in the z = -1.5, change the Property to the Gap property that we just created. Click the Vector(On) button. The Vector Locate - Define Element Orientation Vector window opens Set the Base to be at (0,0,0) and the Tip to be at (1,0,0).

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174

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 3 Contact (Cont.)

Continue to define the Gap elements for the other two sets of nodes The model should appear as shown select Model > Constraint > Nodal to restraint the 3 nodes that we have just created. Fix these in all directions using the Create Nodal Constraint/DOF dialog box.

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175

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 3 Contact (Cont.)

Set up Nonlinear Analysis for 20 load increments by going to Model > Load > Nonlinear Analysis. Change Solution Type to Static, Type in 20 for Number of Increments, 1..Yes for Intermediate Output, 1..AUTO for Stiffness Update Method.

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176

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 3 Contact (Cont.)

Save the model, File > Save As. Type Example 3 for the filename. File > Analyze; type in the same name you used for the Femap file (which is displayed in the title bar) and click on Write In the NASTRAN Analysis Control window select 10..Nonlinear Static from the Analysis Type drop-down menu; since no other options need to be specified click OK

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177

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 3 Contact (Cont.)


NEi Nastran will now solve the problem Click the Continue button in the NEi Nastran Termination Status window View > Select; (or hit F5) pick Deform as the Deformed Style; pick Contour as the Contour Style; Click on the Deformed and Contour Data button and select 1..SUBC 1, NEi Nastran for the output set. 1..TOTAL TRANSLATION for deformation 7433..SHELL VON MISES1 for the contour.

Turn on the Entity Query option in the bottom right corner to NODE. Move your cursor so you identify one of the nodes on the tip. Remember that ID so you can later use it to graph against load increment.
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The plot below shows the deformation and stresses of the beam.
178

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 3 Contact (Cont.)


Plot the tip deflection versus load increment. Press F5 or go into View/SelectPick XY vs Set Value in the XY Style. Click on the XY Databutton. When the Select XY Curve Data window opens, select Output Set 1..INCR 1, LOAD=5.000E-02, 4..T3 TRANSLATION as Output Vector and type in the Node ID you identified earlier in the Node Output Location Your graph should look like the following:

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179

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 3 Contact (Cont.)

In the bottom right corner change the entity query button to Node. Now by moving the mouse cursor over the nodes you will get a pop-up window displaying information about that node. You can then compare these values to the theoretical values from the linear static analysis. Animate the Results. Press F5 to bring up the View Select window. Change Model Style to Draw Model, AnimateMultiSet in Deform Style and Contour for Contour Style. Make sure your Output Set is at the first Set Value in the Select PostProcessing Data.

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180

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 4 Large Rotations


Using Example 2
Delete the pressure loading and add opposing 50 lb point loads as shown below Change PARAM,LANGLE to 2 and compare the tip rotation versus load increment
Note: In Femap the last page of the Advanced menu on Export has a checkbox for LANGLE. Clicking on this box changes PARAM, LANGLE to 2

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181

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 4 Large Rotations (Cont.)


1. 2. Open Example 2.mod. Delete > Output > Set to delete the previous output set from Example 2. When the Entity Selection - Select Output Sets(s) to Delete dialog box appears Click Select All. Click OK to Confirm Delete of the output set

3.

4. 5.

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182

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 4 Large Rotations (Cont.)


To delete the existing point load, go to Delete > Model > Load Set. Click Select All when the Entity Selection Select Load Set(s) to Delete window appears. Click OK when the Confirm Delete dialog box opens

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183

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 4 Large Rotations (Cont.)


Model > Load > Nodal type 50 lb Point Load. in the Title box of the Create or Activate Load Set window, click OK. Select one of the tip corner node of the plate when the Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select dialog appears. Click OK. Make sure Force is highlighted and enter -50 in the FZ box, click OK.

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184

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 4 Large Rotations (Cont.)

When the Entity Selection Enter Node(s) to Select dialog reappears, select the opposite node and assign 50 in the FZ direction. The model should appear as such:

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185

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 4 Large Rotations (Cont.)

Setting up Nonlinear Analysis for 10 load increments by going to Model > Load > Nonlinear Analysis. Change Solution Type to Static, Type in 10 for Number of Increments, 1..Yes for Intermediate Output, 1..AUTO for Stiffness Update Method.

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186

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 4 Large Rotations (Cont.)


Save the model, File > Save As Type Example 3 for the filename. File > Analyze; type in the same name you used for the Femap file (which is displayed in the title bar) and click on Write In the NASTRAN Analysis Control window select 10..Nonlinear Static from the Analysis Type drop-down menu. You will need to go into the Advanced..option to set up a large displacement analysis. Click the Advanced.. button, the NASTRAN Executive Control and Solution Control will appear Click OK and OK to proceed to the NASTRAN BULK DATA section

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187

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 4 Large Rotations (Cont.)

Check LANGLE in the PARAM section Checking this option will change the PARAM, LANGLE to 2. Click OK. The analysis will either be launched from Femap now, or written to the NEi Nastran Editor, depending on your settings

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188

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 4 Large Rotations (Cont.)

View > Select; (or hit F5) pick Deform as the Deformed Style; pick Contour as the Contour Style; Click on the Deformed and Contour Data button and select 1..SUBC 1, NE/NASTRAN for the output set. Choose 1..TOTAL TRANSLATION for deformation and 7433..SHELL VON MISES-1 for the contour. In the bottom right corner change the entity query button to Node. Now by moving the mouse cursor over the nodes you will get a pop-up window displaying information about that node.You can then compare these values to the theoretical values from the linear static analysis.
21-Jan-13 Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2 NEi Proprietary

The plot on the next slide shows the deformation and stresses of the beam.
189

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 4 Large Rotations (Cont.)

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190

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 4 Large Rotations (Cont.)

Animate the Results. Press F5 to bring up the View Select window. Change Model Style to Draw Model, Animate-MultiSet in Deform Style and Contour for Contour Style. Make sure your Output Set is at the first Set Value in the Select PostProcessing Data.

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191

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 4 Large Rotations (Cont.)

Plot the tip Rotation versus load increment. Turn on the Entity Query option in the bottom right corner to NODE. Move your cursor so you identify one of the nodes on the tip Remember that ID so you can later use it to graph against load increment. Press F5 or go into View/SelectPick XY vs Set Value in the XY Style. Click on the XY Databutton. When the Select XY Curve Data window opens, select Output Set 1..INCR 1, LOAD=5.000E-02, 4..T3 TRANSLATION as Output Vector and type in the Node ID you identified earlier in the Node Output Location
21-Jan-13 Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2 NEi Proprietary 192

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 4 Large Rotations (Cont.)

1.

Your graph should look like the following .

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193

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 5 Material Nonlinearity


Using Example 1
Change the point load to 350 lbs Add nonlinear properties to the material as shown Turn off large displacement effects (PARAM,LGDISP,OFF) Rerun the model and plot Equivalent Stress

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194

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 5 Material Nonlinearity (Cont.)

Open Example 1.mod from the previous exercise. Delete > Output > Set to delete the previous output set from Example 1. When the Entity Selection - Select Output Sets(s) to Delete dialog box appears, click Select All. 1. Click OK to Confirm Delete of the output set

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195

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 5 Material Nonlinearity (Cont.)

Fixing Tz, Rx, Ry for all Nodes Model > Constraint > Nodalclick Select All when the Entity Selection - Select Node(s) to Select dialog box appears. Check TZ, RX, RY in the DOF field in the Create Nodal Constraint/DOF window. 1. Click No when the Femap window opens to combine the constraints into one constraint set.

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196

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 5 Material Nonlinearity (Cont.)

1. The combine constraint should look like the following:

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197

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 5 Material Nonlinearity (Cont.)

Function Definition Functions allow you to input tables of parameters that are used to describe loading, material, or property behavior. In this section, we will define Stress vs. Strain Function that will later be used in the material properties.

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198

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 5 Material Nonlinearity (Cont.)


From the Femap Main Menu select Model then choose Function When the Function Definition dialog box appears. Type NASTRAN TABLES in the Title box. Select 13. Stress vs. Strain in the pull down Type field. Enter 0 in both the X and Y field of the Data Entry. Click the More button to add more entries.
X 0.001 0.0025 0.005 0.009 0.017 0.03
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Y 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000


Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2 NEi Proprietary

Enter the rest of the values in the following table. Make sure you click More on the last set of values. Once you have entered all the values, click OK and Cancel when another Function Definition dialog box appears

199

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 5 Material Nonlinearity (Cont.)

1.

2.

ID Title Youngs Modulus E Poissons Ratio nu Mass Density


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100 Mat 1e7 0.3 0.1


Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2

To change Material properties to nonlinear, go to Modify > Edit > MaterialWhen the Entity Selection Select Material(s) to Edit dialog box appears, click Select All. In the Define Isotropic Material window. In the Define Isotropic Material dialog box, enter these values Click the Nonlinear>> button. When the Define Nonlinear Material appears, click on the Plastic for Nonlinear Type. In the Nonlinear Properties box, select 1..NASTRAN TABLES in the pull down menu as Function Dependence. In the Yield Function box, select 0..von Mises for Yield Criterion and enter 10000 for Initial Yield Stress. Click OK , OK , and Cancel when the Define Isotropic Material reappears.

NEi Proprietary

200

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 5 Material Nonlinearity (Cont.)

1.

Setting up Nonlinear Analysis for 10 load increments by going to Model > Load > Nonlinear Analysis. Change Solution Type to Static, Type in 10 for Number of Increments, 1..Yes for Intermediate Output, and 1..AUTO for Stiffness Update Method.

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201

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 5 Material Nonlinearity (Cont.)

1.

Setting up Nonlinear Analysis for 20 load increments by going to Model > Load > Nonlinear Analysis. Change Solution Type to Static, Type in 20 for Number of Increments, 1..Yes for Intermediate Output, and 1..AUTO for Stiffness Update Method.

Save the model, (File > Save As). Type Example 5 for the filename. File > Analyze; type in the same name you used for the Femap file (which is displayed in the title bar) and click on Write

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202

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 5 Material Nonlinearity (Cont.)

1.

In the NASTRAN Analysis Control window select 10..Nonlinear Static from the Analysis Type drop-down menu; uncheck the Large Disp in the Additional Info option. Click OK.

NE/Nastran will now solve the problem Click the Continue button in the NE/Nastran Termination Status window

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203

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 5 Material Nonlinearity (Cont.)


View > Select; (or hit F5) pick Deform as the Deformed Style; pick Contour as the Contour Style; Click on the Deformed and Contour Data button and select 1..SUBC 1, NE/NASTRAN for the output set. Choose 1..TOTAL TRANSLATION for deformation and 7432..SHELL EQV STRESS-1 for the contour. The plot below shows the exaggerated deformation and equivalent stress of the beam.

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204

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 5 Material Nonlinearity (Cont.)


Plot the Equivalent Stresses versus load increment for the left corner element. Turn on the Entity Query option in the bottom right corner to ELEMENT. Move your cursor so you identify one of the element on the fixed end. Remember that ID so you can later use it to graph against load increment. Press F5 or go into View/SelectPick XY vs Set Value in the XY Style. Click on the XY Databutton. When the Select XY Curve Data window opens, select Output Set 1..INCR 1, LOAD=5.000E02, 7088..SHELL EQV STRESS-1 as Output Vector and type in the Element ID you identified earlier in the Element Output Location.
21-Jan-13 Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2 NEi Proprietary 205

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 5 Material Nonlinearity (Cont.)

Your graph should look like the following:

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206

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 5 Material Nonlinearity (Cont.)

1.

You can plot Effective Strain if you change your Output Vector to 7488..SHELL EFF STRAINP1. Your results should look like the following:

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207

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 6 Multiple Loading


Using Example 5 Delete the existing load set and setup 3 Subcases as shown in the table below Rerun the model and plot Equivalent Stress at full load and fully unloaded

Subcase 1 2 3

Number of Increments 1 10 20

End Load 200 350 0

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208

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 6 Multiple Loading (Cont.)


Open Example 5.mod from the previous exercise. Delete > Output > Set to delete the previous output set from Example 5. When the Entity Selection - Select Output Sets(s) to Delete dialog box appears, click Select All. 1. Click OK to Confirm Delete of the output set. Delete > Model > Load Set to delete the original load. Click Select All when the Entity Selection - Select Load Set(s) to Delete.

1.

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209

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 6 Multiple Loading (Cont.)

Creating Subcase 1 Model > Load > Nodal Type 200 lb with 1 increment for the title in Create or Activate Load Set dialog box. Select the middle node as shown in the following picture to apply the load when the Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select dialog box opens.

Enter -200 in the FY box when the Create Loads on Nodes window appears

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210

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 6 Multiple Loading (Cont.)


1. Setting up Nonlinear Analysis for 1 load increments by going to Model > Load > Nonlinear Analysis. Change Solution Type to Static, Type in 1 for Number of Increments, 1..Yes for Intermediate Output, and 1..AUTO for Stiffness Update Method.

Creating Subcase 2 Model > Load > Set. Type 2 in the ID box and 500 lb with 10 increments for the title in Create or Activate Load Set dialog box. Select the middle node as shown in the following picture to apply the load when the Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select dialog box opens

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211

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 6 Multiple Loading (Cont.)


When you create a new load set, this new load set will be activated. So whatever loading condition you create from this point on will be under this load set. Model > Load > NodalSelect the middle node again to apply the load when the Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select dialog box opens. Enter -500 in the FY box when the Create Loads on Nodes window appears. 1. You will need to set up Nonlinear Analysis for this load set. Model > Load > Nonlinear Analysis. Change Solution Type to Static, Type in 10 for Number of Increments, 1..Yes for Intermediate Output, and 1..AUTO for Stiffness Update Method
212

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Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 6 Multiple Loading (Cont.)


Creating Subcase 3 Model > Load > Set. Type 3 in the ID field and 0 lb with 20 increments for the Title in Create or Activate Load Set dialog box. Since this set is unloading, we don't need to create a load. The program will automatically assume 0 load. Model > Load > Nonlinear Analysis. Change Solution Type to Static, Type in 20 for Number of Increments, 1..Yes for Intermediate Output, and 1..AUTO for Stiffness Update Method Change the FY value to -350 in the Create Loads on Nodes (Node 14) Setting up Nonlinear Analysis for 20 load increments by going to Model > Load > Nonlinear Analysis. Change Solution Type to Static, Type in 20 for Number of Increments, 1..Yes for Intermediate Output, and 1..AUTO for Stiffness Update Method. Save the model, (File > Save As). Type Example 6 for the filename.

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213

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 6 Multiple Loading (Cont.)


Setting Up Subcases for Analysis Model > Analysisthe Analysis Set Manager (Active: None) window appears, click the New button. When the Analysis Set window opens, type Multiple Loading as the Title. Change the Analysis Type to 10..Nonlinear Static. Click OK. 1. You have just created an Analysis Set. Now, highlight the No Cases Defined and click New Type Subcase 1 for the Title in the Analysis Case and click Next

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214

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 6 Multiple Loading (Cont.)


In the Boundary Conditions window, select 1..Fixed Left End for the Constraint, 1..200 lb with 1 increment for Loads. Click OK. Repeat steps 21-23 to create the next subcase. Change the Title in the Analysis Case to Subcase 3. Select 3..0 lb with 20 increments for the Load. The final Analysis Set Manager should look like the following:

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215

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 6 Multiple Loading (Cont.)

Click Analyzetype Example 6 as the File Name when the Write Model to Nastran window appears. NEi Nastran will now solve the problem Click the Continue button in the NEi Nastran Termination Status window

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216

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 6 Multiple Loading (Cont.)

View > Select; (or hit F5) pick Deform as the Deformed Style; pick Contour as the Contour Style; Click on the Deformed and Contour Data button and select 1..SUBC 1, NEi Nastran for the output set. Choose 1..TOTAL TRANSLATION for deformation and 7432..SHELL EQV STRESS-1 for the contour. The plot below shows the exaggerated deformation and equivalent stresses of the

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217

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 6 Multiple Loading (Cont.)


Plot the Equivalent Stresses versus load increment for the left corner element. Turn on the Entity Query option in the bottom right corner to ELEMENT. Move your cursor so you identify one of the elements on the fixed end. Remember that ID so you can later use it to graph against load increment. Press F5 or go into View/SelectPick XY vs Set Value in the XY Style. Click on the XY Databutton. 1. When the Select XY Curve Data window opens, select Output Set 1..INCR 1, LOAD=1.000E+00, 7432..SHELL EQV STRESS-1 as Output Vector and type in the Element ID you identified earlier in the Element Output Location.

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218

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 6 Multiple Loading (Cont.)

Your graph should look like the following:

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219

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 6 Multiple Loading (Cont.)

1.

Change your XY Curve Data Output Vector to 7488..SHELL EFF STRAIN-P1 to plot your load increment against the Effective Strain. The graph should look like the following:

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220

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 6 Multiple Loading (Cont.)

Animate the Results. Press F5 to bring up the View Select window. Change Model Style to Draw Model, AnimateMultiSet in Deform Style and Contour for Contour Style. Make sure your Output Set is at the first Set Value in the Select PostProcessing Data.

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221

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 7 Nonlinear Cable Element This example considers a cable which is moved from its original position under an applied loading. The cable aligns itself with the line of action of the load.

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222

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 7 Nonlinear Cable Element (Cont.)

1. Create a material property Load in the AISC steel properties 2. Create a physical property Select Elem/Property Type as a ROD element Check the Cable box Enter values for: Initial Tension - 0.0 Initial Slack - 0.0 Allowable tensile Stress 20000 Area Moment of Inertia .01 In the main selection area enter Area 3. Create a line mesh Create a geometric line 100 units in length along the y axis Create a mesh of 10 elements along the line using the material and physical properties set up. 4. Constrain the top end Fix the top end fully

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223

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 7 Nonlinear Cable Element (Cont.)

5. Create the Load Sets Create a Set for each of 4 loading cases Named: Nastran 1 Nastran 2 Nastran 3 Nastran 4

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224

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 7 Nonlinear Cable Element (Cont.)


6. Define the Load Sets to be NonLinear For each Load Set : Check the Static box to Define it to be Static non-linear Set the Non-Linear Loading parameters Number of Increments - 25 Intermediate Output control - Yes Leave the remainder of the settings as default

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225

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 7 Nonlinear Cable Element (Cont.)


7. Define the Loading Set each Load Set active in turn: Select Load/Nodal Select the bottom grid to load Input Loading vector of [0,-1000,0] for the first Load Set

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226

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 7 Nonlinear Cable Element (Cont.)


7. Define the Loading (cont) Input Loading vectors of [0,-2000,0] [500,-5000,0] [2500,-2500,0] for the next three Load Sets

The loading is applied in the line of action initially and then the eccentricity is introduced slowly. It is important to follow this process to allow the Cable elements to develop sufficient axial geometric stiffness for stability

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227

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 7 Nonlinear Cable Element (Cont.)


8. Write out the analysis file Select File/Export/Analysis Model Choose NE/Nastran Define .NAS filename

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228

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 7 Nonlinear Cable Element (Cont.)


8. Write out the analysis file (cont) In case Control: Define Subcase ID as 1 Input Title as Initial Pull Check that Nastran 1 Load Set is picked Select Write Case button Subcase 1 confirmation will appear Repeat the process for the next 2 cases, making sure that the correct Load Set is selected and that the Title is updated For the final case proceed as above, but select OK, rather than Write Case

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229

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 7 Nonlinear Cable Element (Cont.)

9. Run the analysis file Select the .NAS file in a windows view, the NE Nastran Editor will be invoked Notice the layout of the SUBCASE entries in the input file Hit F5 to launch the analysis

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230

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 7 Nonlinear Cable Element (Cont.)


10. Import the results Return to the Femap screen Select Import/Analysis Results Type is NE/Nastran Select the relevant FNO file

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231

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 7 Nonlinear Cable Element (Cont.)


11. Display the results Hit F5 to open View select Set Deform and Contour radio buttons on Select Deformed and Contour data In the Select Postprocessing Data subform select: Output Set choose the first subcase Output Vector choose the following Deformation 1. Total Translation Contour - 3464. Cable Stress You can step through each load step using the Icons shown Forwards

Backwards

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232

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Example 7 Nonlinear Cable Element (Cont.)


The results are shown for increasing loading. The cable moves into the line of action of the load. The cable stress finally exceeds the limit set and the cable fails.

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233

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 8 3-d Hertz Nonlinear Analysis Using Gap Elements


In this problem we import 2d geometry into Femap and create a 3d FE Mesh for the roller and the base. Gap Elements are placed between the roller and the base and a non-linear analysis is carried out

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234

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 8 3-d Hertz Nonlinear Analysis Using Gap Elements (Cont.)
Import the geometry Select File/Import/Geometry

Imported Geometry

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235

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 8 3-d Hertz Nonlinear Analysis Using Gap Elements (Cont.)
Prepare a 1d mesh along the top edge Select Mesh/Mesh Control/Size along curve Set Number of Elements to 5 Set bias factor to 5

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236

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 8 3-d Hertz Nonlinear Analysis Using Gap Elements (Cont.)
Create 5 elements along one of the top curves (with a mesh bias of 5), then revolve that curve with 30 elements to form the half circle.

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237

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 8 3-d Hertz Nonlinear Analysis Using Gap Elements (Cont.)
Create a boundary surface for the bottom rectangle, mesh seed the sides with 6 elements, and the length with 20 elements. Setup a mapped four corner mesh as shown in the above picture.

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238

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 8 3-d Hertz Nonlinear Analysis Using Gap Elements (Cont.)

Your mesh should appear like the one above.

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239

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 8 3-d Hertz Nonlinear Analysis Using Gap Elements (Cont.)

Extrude all the elements in the zdir to a distance of -0.5.

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240

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 8 3-d Hertz Nonlinear Analysis Using Gap Elements (Cont.)
Generate a GAP property with the values in the above picture. Create 10 GAP elements that connect the circle to the rectangle as shown in the above picture. The element orientation should be in the x-dir.

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241

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 8 3-d Hertz Nonlinear Analysis Using Gap Elements (Cont.)

Constrain all nodes in the TZ direction, and the four bottom corner nodes in the TX,TY,TZ directions.

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242

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 8 3-d Hertz Nonlinear Analysis Using Gap Elements (Cont.)

Create a 0.1 inch enforced displacement on the top of the half circle.

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243

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 8 3-d Hertz Nonlinear Analysis Using Gap Elements (Cont.)

Create a second load set with the same load as the first load set, but with an additional 1000 lb load in the x-dir.

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244

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 8 3-d Hertz Nonlinear Analysis Using Gap Elements (Cont.)
Setup your nonlinear analysis settings for both load sets as in the above picture. In the analysis set manager, create a set that contains 2 subcases with the respective load sets.

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245

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 8 3-d Hertz Nonlinear Analysis Using Gap Elements (Cont.)

After you run the analysis, you results should be similar to the picture above.

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246

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 9 Surface to Surface Contact

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247

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 9 Surface to Surface Contact (Cont.)


This Start by creating two lines that are 5 long as in the above picture. You may want to create two layers at this time for each of the curves.

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248

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 9 Surface to Surface Contact (Cont.)


Mesh the lines and then revolve one of these 90 deg. And the other 360 deg. As in the above picture. You may use any material you want.

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249

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 9 Surface to Surface Contact (Cont.)


Revolve the 90 deg. Plate mesh into a solid mesh as illustrated above.

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250

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 9 Surface to Surface Contact (Cont.)


Merge coincident nodes for each of the parts. Next, setup surface contact segments for each of the parts. This is where using layers comes in handy. Hint: In the contact segment dialogue box click on multiple and use the adjacent faces method. Use the CTRL and SHIFT keys to box/circle pick the elements.

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251

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 9 Surface to Surface Contact (Cont.)


Constrain the bottom plate so that it is fixed around its edge. Fix the top of the half-sphere as well.

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252

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 9 Surface to Surface Contact (Cont.)


The reason we fix the top surface in the y-dir. As well is that we will be applying an enforced displacement of -0.2 in the y-dir. An enforced displacement is really just a special type of constraint, and Femap needs it to be constrained in this direction. Next, setup the nonlinear analysis options as above.

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253

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 9 Surface to Surface Contact (Cont.)


Go to File-Analyze, and when the NEi Nastran Editor loads up, click on the Nonlinear Solution Processor Parameters and set SLINEMAXACTDIST=AUTO, this will greatly reduce the amount of contact segments that are generated (thus speeding up the analysis), but can only be used for analyses that do not involve large amounts of sliding.

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Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 9 Surface to Surface Contact (Cont.)


The final result should look like the results above. This contour is for the shell elements only.

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255

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 9 Surface to Surface Contact (Cont.)


Using the layers again, we can get a clear picture of the solid von misses stresses on the half-sphere.

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256

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 10 Slide Line


Using Femap and NEi Nastran
Open a model that already contains loads and boundary conditions Create Slide Line properties and elements between the two solids Move the top solid down 0.015 in. so it touches the bottom solid Setup the Nonlinear Analysis for 10 load increments for 2 subcases, intermediate output, and AUTO stiffness update method Animate the results
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Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 10 Slide Line (Cont.)

File > Open


1. Browse to C:\Training Files 2. Select 3d_hertz-model.mod

You will see a model with two loads of 1000 lb and enforced displacement of 0.01 in.
21-Jan-13 Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2 NEi Proprietary 258

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 10 Slide Line (Cont.)

Model > Property


1. 2. 3. 4.

Type Slide Line in the Title Field Click the Element/Property/Type.. Select Slide Line as the element type Leave everything as 0 and click OK

Leaving all the values to zero allows the program to calculate them during the analysis
21-Jan-13 Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2 NEi Proprietary 259

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 10 Slide Line (Cont.)

Turning on Node ID
1. Press F6 to bring up View Options 2. Select Node in the Labels, Entities and

Color 3. In the Label Mode, select 1..ID 4. Click OK Creating slide line elements is quite tedious and confusing, turning on Node ID will help this process.

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Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 10 Slide Line (Cont.)

Zooming in on the contact region


1. Use the box zoom icon to get a good

view like in this image. 2. You can clearly see the node IDs

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Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 10 Slide Line (Cont.)

Model > Element


1. Select 10..Slide Line Property in the pull down menu 2. Click on the Master Nodesbutton

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Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 10 Slide Line (Cont.)

Selecting the nodes for Slide Line Elements


1. The order of node selection is very crucial in this process. you will need to

pick the nodes in the numerical as shown in the image. The Master File > order Open Nodes will be the nodes from the bottom part. 1. Browse to C:\Training Files 2. Select the nodes in order from node ID 677 to node ID 669. Click OK. 2. Select 3d_hertz-model.mod

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Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 10 Slide Line (Cont.)

Selecting Slave Nodes


1. When the Define SLIDE LINE Element Enter Nodes or Select with cursor

reappears, click the Slave Nodes...button File > Open 2. Notice that the Master Nodesbutton has the (On) note which means the 1. Browse to C:\Training Files nodes have been selected 2. Select 3d_hertz-model.mod

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Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 10 Slide Line (Cont.)

Selecting Slave Nodes


1. Select the nodes in order from node ID 565 to node ID 517. Click OK and OK. 2. Once completed, you will see a couple of white lines connecting several nodes

File > Open


1. Browse to C:\Training Files 2. Select 3d_hertz-model.mod
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 10 Slide Line (Cont.)

Rotate the model to the other side 1. Use the Dynamic Rotation to rotate your model to the other side to get a good view. 2. Click on the Master Nodebutton. 3. Select the nodes in order from node ID 880 to node ID 840. Click OK.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

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Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 10 Slide Line (Cont.)

Selecting Slave Nodes


1. Select the nodes in order from node ID 980 to node ID 972. Click OK and OK. 2. Once completed, you will see a couple of white lines connecting several nodes

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Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 10 Slide Line (Cont.)

Entity Query
1. To view the Slide Line elements, go to the bottom corner and turn on Entity

Query and select the slide line element. 2. Once completed, turn Off the Entity Query.

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268

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 10 Slide Line (Cont.)

Turning off Node IDs


1. 2. 3. 4.

Press F6 to bring up View Options Select Node in the Labels, Entities and Color In the Label Mode, select 0..No Label Click OK

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269

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 10 Slide Line (Cont.)

View Rotate and Zoom


1. Press F8 to open the View Rotate window. Select XY top. 2. Use Box Zoom icon to zoom in on the entire model. 3. Get a good view so we can move the top down 0.015 in

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270

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 10 Slide Line (Cont.)

Modify > Move By > Node


1. You will need to move all the nodes from the top portion.

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271

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 10 Slide Line (Cont.)

Box Selecting the top part


1. Click the Pick^ button 2. Box select the top part. Make sure you dont select

any nodes from the bottom part

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272

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 10 Slide Line (Cont.)

Defining the Vector


1. Pick any node along the Y-axis of the top part. 2. Type -0.015 in the Y of the Tip. Click OK 3. Press Ctrl G to regenerate the model.

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273

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 10 Slide Line (Cont.)

Setting up Subcases
1. The model already has subcases from

the previous exercise. So you will not need to set this up. Basically, the first subcase will pull the part down, and the second subcase will push the part to the right. 1. Model > Analysis 2. Click Analyze

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Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 10 Slide Line (Cont.)

Write Model to NASTRAN


1. Type in Slide Line in the File Name

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Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 10 Slide Line (Cont.)

Running the Analysis


1. Press F5 if your analysis doesnt automatically run.

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276

Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 10 Slide Line (Cont.)

Viewing Results
1. 2. 3. 4.

Press F5 to open the view Select Select Deform in Deformed Styled Select Contour in Contour Style Click on Deformed and Contour Data

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Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 10 Slide Line (Cont.)

Selecting Output Set and Vectors


1. Pick 1..INCR 1, LOAD=1.000E+1 FOR Output Set 2. Select TOTAL TRANSLATION as deformation 3. Select 60031..Solid VON MISES

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Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Advanced Example 10 Slide Line (Cont.)

Final Results should look like the following.

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Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Analysis of bar with a hole

Dimensions in m Thickness, t = .01m Material Properties E = 178.5 GPa Nu = 0.3 Et = 10.0 GPa Xt = 183.4 MPa Isotropic Hardening
21-Jan-13

Load P 100.0E3 N on right hand end Constraint Left hand end held so that no stress raisers occur

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Design, Analysis, and Simulation

Nonlinear Analysis of bar with a hole Different Methods to try


TET10 mesh of full model HEX8 mesh of quarter model using extrude method HEX8 mesh of quarter model using solid slice method

Questions
How do we get a smooth stress on the Left Hand Side? What is the variation in peak stress with the different meshing methods? Does a typical displacement result match the material properties? How does the stress distribution around the hole compare with a linear solution?
21-Jan-13 Nonlinear Analysis Course NE-T2 NEi Proprietary 281

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