SECTION 02200 EARTHWORK 00000000PART 1 - GENERAL 1.1. SECTION INCLUDES A. 1.2.

Excavation, filling, and compacting as well as site grading as shown on Drawings and as specified herein.

REFERENCES A. ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM D 422 ASTM D 698 Particle Size Analysis of Soils Test Methods for Moisture-Density Relations of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures Using 5.5-lb (2.49-kg) Rammer and 12-inch (305-mm) Drop Density of Soil-in-Place by the Sand-Cone Method Moisture-Density Relations of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures Using 10-lb (4.54-kg) Rammer and 18-in. (457-mm) Drop Density and Unit Weight of Soil-in-Place by the Rubber Balloon Method Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil, Rock and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures Classification of Soils For Engineering Purposes Density of Soil in Place by the Drive-Cylinder Method Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils Maximum Index Density of Soils Using Vibratory Table ASTM E 548 B. Standard Guide for General Criteria Used for Evaluating Laboratory

ASTM D 1556 ASTM D 1557

ASTM D 2167 ASTM D 2216 ASTM D 2487 ASTM D 2937 ASTM D 4318 ASTM D 4253

AASHTO - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials AASHTO M 145 AASHTO M 147 AASHTO T 180 Classification of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures For Highway Construction Purposes Materials for Aggregate and Soil-Aggregate Subbase, Base and Surface Courses Moisture-Density Relations of soils using a 10 lb (4.54 kg)
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Rammer and an 18 inch (457 mm) Drop AASHTO T 191 C. Test Method for In-Place Density of Compacted Base Courses Containing Large Sizes of Coarse Aggregate

MOC Ministry of Communication, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia General Specification of Road and Bridge Construction

1.3.

SUBMITTALS A. Test Reports (Excavating, Filling and Grading): 1. Submit copies of the following reports: a. b. c. B. Test reports on soil material conforming to the requirements specified under Quality Assurance. Field density test reports. One optimum moisture-density relationship curve for each type of soil to be used for fill or backfill.

Excavations over 1.5 m in depth will be sheeted and shored. Submit drawings and calculations for the design of the sheeting and shoring.

1.4.

QUALITY ASSURANCE A. Codes and Standards: Perform excavation work in compliance with applicable requirements of Uniform Building Code (UBC) and other governing authorities, codes and standards having jurisdiction. Testing Services: Employ a qualified independent testing laboratory approved by the Engineer to perform tests specified herein during earthwork operations as well as the additional tests performed to determine the quality of work, if requested by the Engineer at no extra cost. Perform each test in conformance with the following: C. Compaction Curve: Conform to ASTM D 1557 Liquid Limit: Conform to ASTM D 4318 Plastic Limit: Conform to ASTM D 4318 In-Situ Moisture Content: Conform to ASTM D 2216 Particle-Size Analysis: Conform to ASTM D 422 Soil Classification: Conform to ASTM D 2487

B.

Quality Testing Compliances: Based on reports of the testing and inspection, if the subgrade, fill, or backfill does not meet the specified requirements these materials shall be considered defective and shall be rejected. Excavate rejected materials and provide new acceptable materials replacing the rejected materials and recompact the new materials as specified. Retest the re-compacted materials and repeat the procedure as necessary until the specified compaction is obtained. Recommendations of Report for Geo-Technical Studies for the Project shall be followed.

D.

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1.5.

JOB CONDITIONS A. Site Information: Data on indicated subsurface conditions are not intended as representations or warranties of accuracy or continuity between soil bore holes. It should be expressly understood that the Engineer would not be responsible for interpretations or conclusions drawn therefrom by Contractor. Data are made available for the convenience of Contractor. Additional test borings and other exploratory operations may be made by Contractor at no cost to Owner. Noise and Dust Control: Utilize reasonable and necessary means to abate dust, dirt rising, and undue noise. Perform necessary sprinkling and wetting of construction site to prevent dust from spreading. Existing Utilities: 1. 2. Locate existing underground utilities in areas of work. If utilities are to remain in place, provide adequate means of protection during earthwork operations. Should uncharted or incorrectly charted, piping or other utilities be encountered during excavation; consult the corresponding utility company for directions. Cooperate with the Engineer and utility companies in keeping the respective services and facilities in operation. Repair damaged utilities to the satisfaction of the authorized utility company.

B.

C.

D.

Use of Explosives: 1. The use of explosives shall not be permitted.

E.

Protection of Persons and Property: 1. Barricade open excavations occurring as part of this work and post with warning lights. Operate warning lights as recommended by the authorities having jurisdiction. Protect structures, utilities, sidewalks, pavements, and other facilities from damage caused by settlement, lateral movement, undermining, washout and other hazards created by earthwork operations.

2.

F.

0Existing Conditions: Prior to commencing work at site, verify agreement of existing conditions with indicated conditions. Notify the Engineer in writing of discrepancies found. Start of work without notification constitutes acceptance of conditions, with no extra cost.

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PART 2 - PRODUCTS 2.1. SOIL MATERIALS A. 1. Backfill and Fill Materials: Suitable Materials:

a.

Materials classified according to ASTM D 2487 as GW, GP, GM, SM, SW and SP, or a combination of these group symbols; free of rock or gravel larger than 75 mm in any dimension, debris, waste, frozen materials, vegetation, and other deleterious matter. Roadways: Materials conforming to AASHTO M 145 Class A-1, A-2 or A-3.

b. 2.

Unsuitable Materials: a. b. Materials conforming to ASTM D 2487 class CH, CL, MH, PT, OH and OL, or a combination of these group symbols. Unsatisfactory soils also include satisfactory soils not maintained within 2 percent of optimum moisture content at time of compaction.

3.

Fill materials shall be free of rock or gravel larger than 75 mm in any dimension, debris, waste, organic material and other deleterious matter. The fine content (silt and clay size particles passing US # 200 sieve which is equivalent to a particle diameter of 75 micron) should be less than 15 % by weight. Fill materials shall have a grading with 100% passing the 3/8 inch (9.5 mm) sieve. Follow the recommendations of Report for Geo-Technical Studies.

B.

Acceptable Topsoil: Acceptable topsoil includes selectively excavated topsoil material that is representative of local soils that produce heavy growths of crops, grass, or other vegetation, and is reasonably free from underlying subsoil, clay lumps, weeds, litter, brush, matted roots, toxic substances, or any material harmful to plant growth or which would hinder grading, planting, or maintenance operations. Topsoil shall not contain more than 5 percent by volume of stones or other such objects larger than 25 mm in any dimension for field-seeded areas and 12 mm in any dimension for lawn seeded areas. Borrow Material: Where suitable materials are not available in sufficient quantities from required excavations, approved materials shall be obtained from approved sources outside the limits of project at the Contractor's expense. Borrow material shall comply with the requirements specified for Backfill and Fill Materials. Borrow material shall be subject to the Engineer's approval based on the test reports performed as described herein. Drainage Fill: Washed, narrowly graded mixture of crushed stone, or crushed or uncrushed gravel; ASTM D 448; coarse-aggregate grading Size 57; with 100 percent passing a 1-1/2- inch (38-mm) sieve and 0 to 5 percent passing a No. 8 (2.36-mm) sieve. Thickness of drainage layer shall be as shown on drawings.

C.

D.

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E.

Sub-Base Materials: AASHTO M 147 Grade B or MOC Grade B, naturally or artificially graded mixture of natural or crushed gravel, crushed stone, crushed slag, and natural or crushed sand.

2.2.

EXCAVATED MATERIALS A. Excavated materials shall not be used for fill under structures and pavements, unless indicated otherwise in Geotechnical Report. Follow the recommendations of Report for Geo-Technical Studies. Excavated materials may be used for general fill after removing oversize stones, unless indicated otherwise in Geotechnical Report.

PART 3 - EXECUTION 3.1. EXCAVATION A. Excavate materials of whatever nature encountered to the lines and grades as shown. Excavation includes removal and disposal of obstructions on ground surface, underground structures and other materials encountered. Unauthorized Excavation: Consists of the removal of materials beyond indicated subgrade elevations or dimensions without specific direction of the Engineer. Unauthorized excavation shall be at the Contractor's expense. 1. Under footings, foundation bases, or retaining walls, fill unauthorized excavation by extending the indicated bottom elevation of the footing or base to the excavation bottom without altering required top elevation. Elsewhere, backfill and compact unauthorized excavations as specified for authorized excavations unless otherwise directed by the Engineer.

B.

2. C.

Additional Excavation: When excavation has reached required subgrade elevations, the Engineer will make an inspection of conditions. 1. If unsuitable bearing materials are encountered at the required subgrade elevations, carry excavations deeper 300 mm and replace the excavated material with specified sub-base materials and as directed by the Engineer. In areas of unsuitable material (sabhka) where over excavating to 300 mm does not remove the unsuitable bearing material, excavate down as required and construct a working platform using specified sub-base materials for 300 mm in depth then use rockfill material. Bring backfill to 300 mm below the finished subgrade shown on Drawings in layers not exceeding 200 mm in depth. Continue backfilling to subgrade elevation or to final elevation using specified backfill material as shown on Drawings.

2.

D.

Stability of Excavations: Slope sides of excavations to comply with the following: 1. 2. 3. Slopes of cuts in natural; 1:1 Slopes of compacted fill; 1-1/2:1 Slopes of uncompacted fill; 2:1

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Shore and brace where sloping is not possible because of space restrictions or stability of material excavated. Maintain sides and slopes of excavations in a safe condition until completion of backfilling. E. Shoring and Bracing: Designing, providing and maintaining the suitable shoring and bracing system that will support the loads imposed shall be the Contractor's responsibility. Proposed shoring and bracing system shall be subject to approval of the Engineer. Provide materials for shoring and bracing in good serviceable condition. 1. 2. 3. F. Provide shoring system adequately anchored and braced to resist earth and hydroscopic pressures. Establish requirements for trench shoring and bracing to comply with safe operating procedures. Maintain shoring and bracing in excavations. Carry down shoring and bracing as excavation progresses.

Dewatering: Provide adequate dewatering system in order to prevent surface water and subsurface or ground water from flowing into excavations and from flooding Project site and the surrounding area: 1. Designing, providing and maintaining comprehensive dewatering system throughout excavation and backfilling works. Proposed dewatering system shall be subject to approval of the Engineer. However, such approval shall not relieve Contractor from his responsibility towards the dewatering system. In case, Contractor's proposed dewatering system fails or does not perform efficiently, Contractor shall immediately replace the system at no extra cost to Owner. Do not allow water to accumulate in excavations. Remove water to prevent softening of foundation bottoms, undercutting footings and soil changes detrimental to stability of subgrades and foundations. Provide and maintain pumps, well points, sumps, suction and discharge lines, and other dewatering system components necessary to convey water away from excavations. Dewatering system shall run 24 hours a day during excavation and backfilling works. Contractor shall provide standby power generators for running the dewatering system, non-stop, in case of power failures. Convey water removed from excavations and rain water to collecting or run-off areas, and eventually transport the water off site. Comply with the requirements of Baladia and other local authorities having jurisdiction regarding the safe disposal of water removed from excavations and rain water. Establish and maintain temporary drainage ditches and other diversions outside excavation limits for each structure. Do not use trench excavations as temporary drainage ditches.

2.

3.

G.

Material Storage: Stockpile suitable excavated material until required for backfill or fill. Locate and retain soil materials away from edge of excavations. Dispose off excess soil material and waste materials. Excavation for Structures:

H.

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1.

Conform to elevations and dimensions shown within a tolerance plus or minus 50 mm and extending a sufficient distance from footings and foundations to permit placing and removal of concrete formwork, installation of services and other construction as well as for inspection. In excavating for footings and foundations, take care not to disturb bottom of excavation. Trim bottoms to required lines and grades to leave solid base to receive concrete.

2.

I. 3.2.

Excavation for Trenches: Conform to the requirements of Section 02225 TRENCHING AND BACKFILLING.

BACKFILL AND FILL A. General: Place soil material in layers to the required subgrade elevations, for each area classification listed below, using materials as specified above. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. General Fill: Use satisfactory borrow material. Under Structures: Use satisfactory borrow material. Under Grassed Areas: Use satisfactory excavated or borrow material. Under Walkways and Pavements: Use subbase material, satisfactory excavated or borrow material, or a combination. Under Steps: Use subbase material. Under Building Slabs: Use drainage fill material. Under Equipment: Use subbase materials where required over rock bearing surface and for correction of unauthorized excavation. Shape excavation bottom to fit bottom 90 degrees of cylinder. Trenches for Piping and Conduits: Conform to the requirements of Section 02225 - TRENCHING AND BACKFILLING.

8. B.

Backfill excavations as promptly as work permits, but not until the completion of the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Acceptance of construction below finish grade including, where applicable, dampproofing, water-proofing and perimeter insulation. Inspection, testing, approval and recording locations of underground utilities have been performed and recorded. Removal of concrete formwork. Removal of trash and debris from excavation. Or temporary horizontal bracing is in place on horizontally supported walls.

3.3.

PLACEMENT AND COMPACTION A. Ground Surface Preparation: Remove vegetation, debris, unsatisfactory soil
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materials, obstructions, and deleterious materials from ground surface prior to placement of fills. Plow strip, or break up sloped surfaces steeper than 1 vertical to 4 horizontal so that fill material will bond with existing surface to depth of 300 mm and compact to required depth as directed by the Engineer. B. Place backfill and fill materials in layers not more than 200 mm in loose depth for material compacted by heavy compaction equipment and not more than 100 mm in loose depth for material compacted by hand-operated tampers. Before compaction, moisten or aerate each layer as necessary to provide optimum moisture content. Compact each layer to required percentage of maximum dry density or relative dry density for each area classification. Do not place backfill or fill material on surfaces that are muddy. Place backfill and fill materials evenly adjacent to structures, piping, or conduit to required elevations. Prevent wedging action of backfill against structures or displacement of piping or conduit by carrying material uniformly around structure, piping, or conduit to approximately same elevation in each lift. Control soil and fill compaction, providing minimum percentage of density specified for each area classification indicated below. Correct improperly compacted areas or lifts as directed by the Engineer if soil density tests indicate inadequate compaction. Percentage of Maximum Density Requirements: Compact soil to not less than the following percentages of maximum density, in accordance with ASTM D 1557: 1. Under structures, building slabs and steps, and pavements, compact top 300 mm of subgrade and each layer of backfill or fill material at 95 percent maximum density. Under lawn or unpaved areas, compact top 150 mm of subgrade and each layer of backfill or fill material at 90 percent maximum density. Under walkways, compact top 150 mm of subgrade and each layer of backfill/fill material at 95 percent maximum density. General Fill: Compact each layer of backfill or fill material at 90 percent maximum density.

C.

D.

E.

F.

2. 3. 4. G.

Moisture control: Where subgrade or layer of soil material must be moisture conditioned before compaction, uniformly apply water to surface of subgrade or layer of soil material. Apply water in minimum quantity as necessary to prevent free water from appearing on surface during or subsequent to compaction operations. Moisture content shall be kept within 2 percent above or below the optimum as determined by ASTM D 1557, Method-D.

H.

Unless otherwise approved by The Engineer, heavy equipment for spreading and compacting backfill shall not be operated closer to a wall less than a distance equal to the height of the backfill above the top of footing; the area remaining shall be compacted in layers not more than 150 mm in compacted thickness with power driven hand tamper suitable for material being compacted. Testing of Fill and Backfill: Frequency of field density tests in accordance with
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I.

ITCC in Riyadh Residential Complex J10-13300

ASTM D 1556 (Sand Cone Method) shall be as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. J. One test per 30 m of underground pipe trench. One test per 100 m per lift under foundations. One test per 200 m per lift under paved areas. The laboratory tests ASTM D 698 shall be carried out once for every 5 field density tests.

Tolerance: 1. Pavements and Walks: Shape surfaces of areas under pavement and walks to line, grade cross-section with finish surface not more than 20 mm above or below the required subgrade elevation. Under Building Slabs: Provide final grades within a tolerance of 12 mm when tested in a 3 m straight edge. Foundations: Finish surfaces on which footing shall be placed to within 25 mm or below the required grades. Landscaped Areas and Rough Grading: Finish all areas to within 50 mm above or below the elevations, grades and cross-sections shown.

2. 3. 4. 3.4.

BUILDING SLAB DRAINAGE COURSE A. Placing: Place drainage fill material on prepared subgrade in layers of uniform thickness, conforming to indicated cross-section and thickness. Maintain optimum moisture content for compacting material during placement operations. When a compacted drainage course is indicated to be 150 mm thick or less, place material in a single layer. Where thickness of drainage course is indicated to be more than 150 mm, place material in equal layers, not more than 150 mm or less than 75 mm thick for each layer when compacted.

3.5.

PREPARATION FOR PAVEMENTS A. Sub-Grade Preparation: 1. After completion of stripping or excavation operations, as applicable, scarify and compact the natural sub-grade to lines, slopes and levels as shown on the Drawings.

2.

The top 300 mm of sub-grade shall be compacted to a minimum density of 95 percent. Density shall be measured in field in accordance with AASHTO T 191 and in the laboratory shall be determined according to AASHTO T 180.

B.

Granular Sub-Base: 1. General: For granular sub-base; before placing and spreading operations are started, verify that the sub-grade has been approved and satisfactorily maintained and that it is to levels and of the material specified. Ruts or soft
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yielding areas shall be filled and compacted to the required density. 2. Placing and Compaction: Sub-base material shall be spread on the finished sub-grade in uniform layer without segregation, to such loose depth that when compacted, the layer will have a thickness of maximum 200 mm. Material shall be mixed with blade graders or other equipment until a uniform mixture is obtained. Aggregate shall be within the specified moisture content limits when compacting is started. Variations shall be corrected prior to or during compacting by sprinkling or by aeration. The layer shall be compacted by rolling with a 3-wheel power roller weighing 8 to 10 tons or an approved pneumatic roller. Alternate blading and rolling shall be performed until obtaining smooth, even and uniformly compacted finished top course.

C.

Compacting shall not be less than 100 percent of maximum dry density in place for access roads and 95 percent minimum for parking areas. Density shall be measured in field according to AASHTO T 191 and in laboratory shall be determined in accordance with AASHTO T 180. The C.B.R. value of the granular sub-base course after compacting shall be more than 50 percent. Testing Surface: Sub-base shall be true to established grade. Thickness shall not be more or less than 10 mm from that required for the layer being constructed. Surface shall not vary more than 10 mm in 3 m from true profile and cross-section. Thickness of the granular sub-base shall be measured at intervals as directed by the Engineer. Measurements shall be taken at various points through holes not less than 75 mm in diameter.

D.

3.6.

MAINTENANCE A. Protection of Graded Areas: 1. 2. B. Protect newly graded areas from traffic and erosion. Keep free of trash and debris and provide temporary drainage as required. Repair and re-establish grades in settled, eroded, and rutted areas to specified tolerances.

Reconditioning Compacted Areas: Where completed compacted areas are disturbed by subsequent construction operations or adverse weather, scarify surface, reshape and compact to required moisture and density prior to further construction. Remove saturated or softened soil as directed by the Engineer. END OF SECTION

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