UNIT III POWER PLANTS Steam power plant or Thermal power plant Steam is an important medium of producing mechanical

energy. Steam power plant using steam as working substance works basically on rankine cycle. Steam has the advantage that it can be raised from water which is available in abundance it does not react much with the materials of the equipment of power plant and is stable at the temperature required in the plant. Steam is used to drive steam engines, steam turbines etc. steam is generated in a boiler , expanded in the prime mover and condensed in the condenser and fed into the boiler again. Steam power station is most suitable where coal is available in abundance. Thermal electrical power generation is one of the major method. Out of total power developed in india about 60% is thermal. For a thermal power plant the range of pressure may vary from 10 kg/cm2 to super critical pressures may be from 250 to 650. Layout of a steam power plant The flow diagram of a steam power plant consists of the following four main circuits, 1. Coal and ash circuit 2. Feed water and steam circuit 3. Air and flue gas circuit 4. Cooling water circuit

STEAM POWER PLANT

COAL AND ASH CIRCUIT

FEED WATER AND STEAM CIRCUIT

AIR AND FLUE CIRCUIT

COOLING WATER CIRCUIT

13.(a) Explain with a suitable sketch of NUCLEAR power plant? Working: The nuclear power plant is very similar to steam power plant. In this power plant nuclear reactor is used instead of furnace. The nuclear fission of the fuel uranium takes place in the reactor and large amount of heat is released.

The reaction is controlled by moderators. The heat produced in the reactor is absorbed by the coolant circulated through the reactor core. The heated coolant from the reactor flows through the boiler tubes, evaporating the water into steam. The steam is taken to a steam turbine coupled to an electric generator. In the turbine the mechanical energy is available, it is converted to electrical energy by the generators. The used steam is goes to the condenser and is again converted into water and is reused in boiler. Advantages: 1. The nuclear plant is more economical compared with thermal in areas which are remote from coalfields. 2. There is no fuel transportation, handling and storage charges as well as there is no problem of ash disposal. 3. The cost of operation is less. 4. Nuclear power plant consumes very small quantity of fuel. 5. No atmospheric pollution by combustion products. Disadvantages: 1. Danger of nuclear explosion which can led to disaster over a very large areas crossing even national borders. 2. Maintenance cost is high. 3. Disposal of radioactive waste is the big problem in nuclear power plants. 4. Nuclear power plant needs well trained personnel for its operation and maintenance.

i.

Diesel Engine Power Plant Auxiliaries

Auxiliary equipment consists of the following systems: 1. Fuel supply system. It consists of fuel tank for tank for the storage of fuel, fuel filters and pumps to transfer and inject the fuel. The fuel oil may be supplied at the plant site by trucks, rail, road ,tank ,tank ,cares etc. 2. Air intake and exhaust system .It consists of pipes for the supply of air and exhaust of the gases. Filters are provided to remove dust etc. from the incoming air. In the exhaust system silencer is provided to reduce the noise.

Filters may be of dry type(made up of cloth ,felt ,glass ,wool, etc. ) or oil bath type . In oil bath type of filters the air is swept over or through a bath of oil in order that the particles of dust get coated. The duties of air intake systems are as follows i. ii. iii. To clean the air intake supply. To silence the intake air. To supply air for super charging. The intake must cause a minimum pressure loss to avoid reducing engine capacity and raising the specific fuel consumption. Filters must be cleaned periodically to prevent pressure loss from clogging. Silencers must be used on some systems to reduce high velocity air noise. 3. Cooling systems. This systems provides a proper amount of water circulation all around the engines to keep the temperature at reasonable level. Pumps are used to discharge the water inside and the hot water leaving the jacket is cooled in cooling in ponds or other devices and is recirculated again . 4. Lubricating systems. Lubrication is essential to reduce friction and wear of the rubbing parts. It includes lubrating oil tank, pumps, filters and lubricating oil cooler. 5. Starting systems. For initial starting of engine the various devices used are compressed airs, battery, electric motor or self starter. TURBINE Turbine drives the compressor and the load. Both impulse and reaction turbines can be used in gas power plants. As compared to steam turbines, gas turbines have few stages because they operate on smaller pressure drops. Axial flow type turbines are commonly used . the various requirements of turbines are as follows, (i) Light weight (ii) High efficiency (iii) Reliability in operation

(iv)Long working life

Starting procedure:

Actual process of starting the engine differs from engine to engine. Some common on steps foe starting the engine are as follows, 1. Before starting the engine it is desirable to check fuel system, lubricating system and cooling water supply. 2. Depending upon the method of starting a check for the same is essential. If air starting is used the pressure of air should be checked for possible leakage. The storage battery should be checked if electric motor is used for starting. 3. There should be no load on the engine. 4. Crank the engine and run it at slow speed for a few minutes and again check the working of various systems such as fuel lubricating oil system etc. 5. The speed of the engine should be gradually increased till it, then connect the generator to the bus bars and finally increases the engine speed so that it takes up the desired load. Stopping the engine: The engine should not be stopped abruptly. To stop the engine speed should be deceased gradually until no power is delivered by the alternator. Then the engine is disconnected from the bus bars and is allowed to run idle for some time.

[Starting aids: during cold weather to obtain quicker starting of the engine. Ethyl ether is mostly used as
such aid. Glow plug forms a local hot spot thus initiating the combustion of fuel even if the compression temperature of air is sufficient.

Advantages of Diesel Engine Power Plant: The various advantages of the diesel engine power plants are as follows: 1. Plant layout is simple. 2. In this plant handling of fuel is easier. Small storage space for fuel is required, there is no refuse to be disposed off and oil needed can be easily transported. 3. It can be located near load center. 4. A diesel engine extras more useful work from each heat unit than other types or I.C. engines. Therefore it becomes an attractive prime mover wherever first cost is written off and operating cost is important. 5. The plant can be quickly started and can pick up load in very short time. 6. There are no standby losses.

7. It does not require large amount of water for cooling. 8. The plant is smaller in size than steam power plant for the same capacity. 9. The operation of the plant is easy labour is needed to operate the plant. 10. Compared to steam power the plant is longer. 11. Diesel engines operate at higher thermal efficiency as compared to steam power plants.

Disadvantages
1.Diesel oil is costly. 2. The plant does not work satisfactory under overload conditions for long times. 3. Lubrication cost is high. 4.The capacity of plant is limited.

Applications of diesel engines plants:

1. They are quite suitable for mobile power generation and are widely used in transportations systems consisting of rail roads, ships, automobiles and aeroplanes.

2. They can be used for electrical power generation in capacities from 100 to 5000 H.P. 3. They can be used as standby power plants.

4. They can be used as peak load plants for some other types of power plants. 5. Industrial concerns where power requirement are small say of the order of 500 kw, diesel power plants become more economical due to their higher overall efficiency. 5.

9-4

SOURCES OF ENERGY

Nuclear Fuels Uranium Reserves of uranium in the United States are reported by the Department of Energy (DOE). The proved reserves, usually presented in terms of quantity of U3O8, refer to ore deposits (concentrations of 0.01 percent, or 0.0016 oz/ lb ore, are viable) of grade, quantity, and geological conguration that can be mined and processed protably with existing technology. Estimated additional resources refer to uranium surmised to occur in unexplored extensions of known deposits or

in undiscovered deposits in known uranium districts, and which are expected to be discovered and economically exploitable in the given price range. The total of these uranium reserves would yield about 3,000 tons of U3O8. United States uranium resources are located mainly in New Mexico, Wyoming, and Colorado. Thorium Total known resources of thorium, the availability of which is considered reasonably assured, are estimated in the millions of tons of thorium oxide. Additional actual reserves will increase in response to the demand and concomitant market price. Most of the larger known resources are in India and Brazil. There seems to be little prospect of signicant requirements for thorium as a nuclear fuel in the near future. Hydroelectric Power Hydroelectric and Pumped Storage for Electric Generation Although most available sites for economical production of hydroelectric energy have been developed, some additional hydroelectric capacity will be provided at new sites or by additions at existing plants. Increased pumped storage capacity will be limited by the availability of suitable sites and a dependable supply of economical pumping energy. The exibility of operation of a pumped storage plant in meeting sudden load changes and its ability to provide high inertia spinning reserve at low operating cost are additional benets that can weigh heavily in favor of this type of installation, particularly in the future if (when) the proportion of nuclear capacity in service increases. At this time, hydro and pumped storage account for about 10 percent of electricity generated by all sources of energy in the United States. World installed hydropower capacity presently is located about 40 percent in North America and 40 percent in Europe.

must be self-contained. For stationary service there is wider latitude for choice. The dominant end product, especially for stationary applications, is electricity, because of its favorable distribution and control features. However, there is no practical way of storing electric energy. Electricity must be generated at the instant of its use. Reliability and continuity of

service consequently dictate the need for reserve, alternate, and interconnection supports. Pumped storage, coal piles, and tanks of liquid and gaseous fuels, e.g., offer the necessary continuity, exibility, and reliability. Raw energy sources, other than fuels (fossil and nuclear) and elevated water, are particularly decient in this storage aspect. For example, wind power is best for jobs that can wait for the wind, e.g., pumping water or grinding grain. Solar power, to avoid foul weather and the darkness of night, could call for desert locations or extraterrestrial satellites. Despite such limitations an energy-intensive society can expect to see increasing efforts to harness many of the raw energy sources cited. Several of these topics are treated in the following pages to show the factual and technical progress that has been made to adapt sources to practicality.

HYDEL power plant

ATMOSPHERIC AIR

COMPRESSOR

TURBINE

L P

H P

L P T

H P T

GENERAT OR

CC CC CC

INTERCOOLER C C C C

Explain with a suitable sketch of HYDEL power plant? Working principle: Hydel plant utilizes the P.E of water stored in a dam built across the river. The P.E of the stored water is converted into K.E passing the water through the penstock. The water can be fall from the position and exert a force over a distance and therefore do work. The K.E is converted into mechanical energy in a water turbine. Advantages: 1. Water is a natural resource and also renewable energy source/ it is a cheapest source of energy. 2. No fuel transportation. 3. Life of hydro plant is very long for 100 to 125 years. Disadvantages: 1. Hydro plants are away from the load center. 2. Initial cost is very high. 3. Power produced by the plant depends upon the quantity of water and dependent on rainfall. 13. (b). Explain briefly the working of centrifugal pump with a neat sketch? Centrifugal pump is a hydraulic machine which converts mechanical energy into pressure energy by means of centrifugal force on the fluid. Principle:

The centrifugal pump works on the principle of forced vortex flow which means that when a certain mass of liquid is rotated by an external torque the rise in pressure head of the rotating liquid takes place. Parts of the pump: 1. Casing 2. Impeller 3. Suction pipe with foot valve and strainer 4. Delivery pipe. Casing: It is similar to casing of reaction turbine. It is an air tight passage surrounding the impeller and designed the K.E of the water discharged to outlet of the impeller is converted into pressure energy before the water leaves the casing and enters the delivery pipe. Impeller: The rotating part of a centrifugal pump is called impeller, consist of series of backward curved vanes. Which are mounted on a shaft which connected to electric motor. Suction pipe: A pipe whose end is connected to the inlet pump and other end dips into sump is known as suction pipe. Strainer: It filters the impurities such as in liquids then enters into foot valve to suction pipe. Foot valve: It is a non return type. Working: The starting of the centrifugal pump is done by starting the electric motor. The impeller of the centrifugal pump starts rotating due to the rotation of electric motor. Then the water is sucked through the suction pipe. Before entering into the suction pipe, water passes through the strainer, where the dust particles are separated and also through the foot valve.

Water entering to the eye of the pump is rotated by the rotating impeller, thus a pressure head is created on the water due to the casing surrounding the impeller. Finally the water is delivered to the required height through the delivery pipe with a pressure head.

13.(b) Describe briefly about working pelton wheel turbine neat sketch? Turbine: Water turbine is a roto- dynamic machine. It converts the hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. The mechanical energy developed by a turbine is used to run and electrical generator. Pelton wheel: Pelton wheel is a high head tangential flow impulse turbine. It requires comparatively lesser quantity of water. Main components of pelton wheel: 1. nozzle and guide mechanism 2. runner and buckets 3. casing 4. hydraulic brake Working: The water is conveyed from the reservoir in the mountains to the turbines in the power house through penstocks. The lower end of the penstock is joined to the nozzle. Water is delivered by the nozzle in the form of a jet with high velocity. The jet is allowed to impinge on buckets. These buckets are mounted on the periphery of a wheel. The wheel is generally mounted on a horizontal shaft. The quantity of water flowing through the nozzle is controlled by regulators. The impact of water on the buckets produces a force. It causes the wheel to rotate, thus developing mechanical energy. After this work water is discharged to the tail race. The diagram of the pelton wheel as shown in fig.

STEAM BOILERS INTRODUCTION

The function of a boiler is to evaporate water into steam at a pressure higher than th atmospheric pressure. Water free from impurities such as dissolved salts, gases and non soluble solids should be supplied to boilers. This is done by suitable water treatment. Steam is useful for running steam turbines in electrical power stations, ships and steam engines in railway locomotives. It is also useful for many industrial applications. Boiler furnace can use either solid, liquid or gaseous fuel. Steam can be classified as wet steam

250 200 150 100 50 0 T E MP DR YS T E AM S UPE RH E AT E D S T E AM WE TS T E AM

14.(b) Explain the working of BENSON boiler with a suitable sketch? Whenever the steam is produced by a boiler the steam bubbles are formed. The presence of steam bubbles in contact with the surface of tubes reduces the heat flow and steam generation. Main parts are, 1) economizer 2) radiant evaporator 3) convection evaporator 4) convection super heater Working: In this type of boiler all the process like heating, steam generation and superheating is done in a single continuous tube. The feed water from the feed tank is circulated through the economizer tubes by a feed pump. In economizer the water is pre heated by using flue gases.

The pre heated water flows into the radiant evaporator. In this radiant evaporator the water gets evaporated and major part of the water is converted into steam.

The remaining water in the radiant evaporator is evaporated into steam in the convection evaporator by using hot gases. This is working on the principle of convection.

The steam passed through the convection super heater where the saturated steam is superheated.

The super heater is supplied to the steam turbine through steam outlet.

Capacity: Its capacity is about 1,50,000 Kg/hr at a pressure of 200 bar and at a temperature of 650 C. Advantages: 1. Since there is no drum the total weight of the Benson boiler is 20% less than other boilers. 2. Since it is light it can be easily transported. 3. It is a once through boiler i.e., the feed water entering at one end is discharged as super heated steam at the other end. s. no 1. Impulse turbine Reaction turbine

Power is ooobtained only due to Power due to both the impulsive force of the impulsive force of the the incoming steam and due to the reactive force of the out going steam. incoming steam.

2.

Pressure drop is only in the Pressure drop is in the fixed and also in nozzles or in the fixed blades the moving blades. which act as nozzles. There is no pressure drop in moving blades.

3.

The relative velocity of steam at The relative velocity of steam at outlet is inlet and outlet of the moving higher to get the reactive force. blades are equal.

4. 5.

Blades are symmetrical.

Blades are not symmetrical.

Inlet area of moving blades is Outlet area of the moving blade is smaller equal to outlet area. than the inlet area to have the nozzle action.

14. (b) Explain with neat sketch the working principle of a modern high pressure boiler used in the thermal power station? A Boiler which generates steam at a pressure greater than 80 bar, a temperature of about 500C and producing above 250 tons of steam per hour are called high pressure boilers. LA MONT BOILER: La Mont boiler is of water tube type, forced circulation, externally fired high pressure steam boiler. Description: 1. Water circulating pump: 2. Steam separator drum: 3. Evaporator: 4. Economizer: 5. Convection super heater: 6. Air pre heater: Working: The feed water passes through the economizer to the drum, from which it down to the circulating pump. The pump delivers the feed water to the tube evaporating section. The circulating of water is about 8 to 10 times the steam evaporated in the boiler. The steam in the drum is the mixture of steam and water and the steam is drawn though convection super heater. The superheated steam is supplied to the prime mover through steam out let. The working pressure of Lamont boiler is about 170 bar and capacity up to 50,000 kg of steam per hour at 500oC temperature. Capacity: The la Mont boiler has a working pressure of 170 bar. They have capacities upto 50,000 kgs of steam per hour at a temperature of 500 o C.

Disadvantages: In la mont boilers the salt and sediment are deposited on the inner surfaces of water tubes. S.NO 1. This reduces heat transfer and steam generating capacity. There is a danger overheating of tubes due to the deposition of salts. WATER TUBE BOILER

FIRE TUBE BOILER

Hot gases pass through the tubes, Water passes through the tubes, hot gases water surrounding them. surrounding them

2.

Used for low pressure steam as Drum diameter is less and it can be used the diameter of the shell is large. for medium and high pressure. Pressure of The pressure is restricted to about steam can even go up to about 100 Bar. 10 Bar.

3.

Used for industrial applications Used for power plants where we need high only due to low pressure. pressure.

4.

More steam space and so pressure Less steam space, pressure fluctuation is fluctuation is less. more when the steam is taken out.

5.

Transport is difficult due to large Comparatively easier due to smaller drum. shell diameter.

6. 7.

Less number of parts.

More number of parts.

Fire tube will not be choked These boilers can be choked due to salt easily. Maintenance cost is less. deposits. Maintenance cost is better. Water circulation is better. Thermal efficiency is high. Heating surface is more due to large number of water tubes.

8. 9. 9.

Water circulation is poor. Thermal efficiency is less. Heating surface is less.

10.

Less skill is enough for the More skill and controls are needed for the operation of the boiler. operation of the boiler.

Unit-iv

5. (a) Compare between 4 stroke engine and 2 stroke engines? sl. no FOUR ENGINE 1. For every two revolutions of the For every one revolution of the crank shaft crank shaft, there is one power there is one power stroke. stroke. 2. For the same power more space is For the same power less space is required. required. 3. Valves are required- inlet and Ports are made in the cylinder walls exhaust valves. 4. inlet, exhaust and transfer port. STROKE CYCLE TWO STROKE CYCLE ENGINE

As the valves move frequently Arrangement of ports, reduce wear and lubrication is essential. tear and lubrication is not very essential. required Lighter flywheel is required because the more uniform.

5.

Heavier

flywheel

is

because the turning moment of turning moment of the crankshaft is much the crank shaft is not uniform. 6.

These engines are water cooled These engines are generally air cooled, making complicated in design and simple in design and easy to maintain. difficulty to maintain.

7.

The fuel air mixture is completely As utilized thus efficiency is higher.

inlet

and

outlet

port

opens

simultaneously, sometimes fresh charge escapes with the exhaust gases.

8.

Efficiency is better than that of 2 Efficiency is poor than that of 4 stroke stroke engine. engine. Compact engine

9. 10.

Heavy and high engine

Used in heavy vehicles like cars, Used in light vehicles like, motor cycles, buses, trucks, industrial engines, scooters, mopeds. aero plane, generators, etc.

11.

The exhaust is less noisy

The exhaust is noisy due to short time available for exhaust.

TWO-STROKE ENGINE TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

This section will provide an overview of two-stroke engine technology, under the following headings:
Brief

review of the technology and its strengths/weaknesses Comparison to competing engine technologies Review of two-stroke engine applications Current research thrusts in two-stroke engine technology and technology substitutions Direction of future research

BRIEF REVIEW OF THE TECHNOLOGY AND ITS STRENGTHS/WEAKNESSES The two-stroke spark ignition engine is an old, and reasonably simple technology. Sometimes called the Clerk Cycle engine, the concept was patented in 1881 by Sir Dugald Clerk. In contrast to the four-stroke or Otto Cycle engine, which produces a power stroke on every fourth stroke, the two-stroke or Clerk Cycle engine provides a power stroke for every other strokei. To put a human face on technology, Sir Dugald Clerk is shown in Figure 1, below.

\ Figure 1. Sir Dugald Clerk, Inventor of the Two -Stroke Engine. The original Clerk two-stroke engine used a second piston as a charging pump. Ten years later (1891), Day eliminated this device and simplified the engine by using pressure from a sealed crankcase. This is the version that we see most often, and is used as a baseline in understanding

the technology.

Source: Steam & Engine of Australia Figure 2. Illustration of the Operation of a Simple, Two -Stroke Spark Ignition Engine. (In the above figure, the crankshaft is rotating counterclockwise). Figure 2 shows a cut-away diagram of a Two-Stroke, spark ignition gasoline engine. The term "two stroke" comes from the fact that the engine fires (burns fuel) on every upward stroke (travel of the piston from bottom of the cylinder to the top), thus there are two strokes for every ignition of fuel, an upward and a downward stroke. The first stroke moves from bottom to top, where compressed air and fuel ignite and begin the second stroke where the piston is forced back downwards by the explosive force of the fuel igniting. At the far left in Figure 2, the piston is at Bottom Dead Center (BDC), i.e., at the lowest point of travel within the cylinder). Using crankcase pressure, a mixture of air, gasoline and lubricant is forced into the cylinder, and exhaust gases are driven out. The second image from the left in Figure 2 shows the compression of the air/fuel mixture as the piston moves upwards, covering the air intake and exhaust ports. This happens on every upward stroke of the piston. The third image from the left in Figure 2 shows the piston as it reaches the uppermost

portion of it's travel at Top Dead Center (TDC). At this point, the spark plug is fired, igniting the compressed mixture within the cylinder. At the same time, gasoline and oil vapor are being drawn into the crank-case in preparation for the next stroke. The last illustration on the right in Figure 2 shows the downward stroke, wherein the exhaust port opens, and the cylinder is swept clean of burnt fuel by the fresh air from the inlet port. The gasoline, lubricant and air charge within the crank-case is compressed during this stroke, in preparation for the next stroke. The cycle shown in Figure 2 is repeated for every revolution of the crankshaft. 6. (a) Explain the working of 2-stroke Petrol engine with a neat sketch? The working principle of two stroke cycle is shown in fig. Its two strokes are described as follows, First stroke (suction and compression) i. During this stroke the piston moves upwards from BDC to TDC closing exhaust port and opens the inlet port. ii. Fresh air and fuel mixture from the carburetor is enters into the crank case through inlet port. iii. The air fuel mixture is then transferred into the combustion chamber and compression of fuel takes place. iv. At the end of the compression the ignition of fuel takes place by means of spark supplied by a spark plug when the piston reaches near TDC position. Second stroke (expansion & exhaust and transfer port) i. During this stroke power is produced. The piston receives power impulse from the expanded gases and the piston is moves from TDC to BDC.

ii. Fresh air and fuel mixture already entered into the engine crank case during the first stroke is transferred into the cylinder of the engine through transfer port due to the downward movement of the piston. iii. Now exhaust port is opened the burnt exhaust gases are go out of the engine through this port. The cycle of operation are then repeated. Advantages: 1. For every one revolution of the crankshaft there is one power stroke. 2. Lighter flywheel is required. Engine starting is easy. 3. These engines are generally made in simple design. 4. Engine can run up to 5000 rpm. Since petrol engine is lighter. 5. Because of low compression ratio the engine cylinder undergoes less pressure. It weights about 0.5 to 3 kg per KW of power produced. Disadvantages: 1. Fuel consumption is more. 2. Fuel cost is more. 3. Engine life less than 60,000 km.

Four stroke cycle petrol (S.I) engine:

Construction: A piston reciprocates inside the cylinder. The piston is connected to the crankshaft by means of a connecting rod and crank. The inlet and exhaust valves are mounted on the cylinder head. A spark plug is provided on the cylinder head. The fuel used is petrol. The events are given below,

(a) Suction stroke: (first stroke of the piston) 1. Piston moves down from top dead centre (T.D.C) to bottom dead centre (B.D.C). 2. Inlet valve is opened and the exhaust valve is closed. 3. Pressure inside the cylinder is reduced below the atmospheric pressure. 4. The mixture of air-fuel is sucked into the cylinder through the inlet valve. (b) Compression stroke: 1. Piston moves up from B.D.C to T.D.C. 2. Both inlet valve and exhaust valves are closed. 3. The air-fuel mixture in the cylinder is compressed. (The compression ratio vary from 5 to 8. The pressure at the end of compression is about 6 to 12 bar. The temperature at the end of compression is 250 to 350C.) Ignition: When the piston reaches near T.D.C., a spark is produced by the spark plug. The compressed air-fuel mixture is ignited. The temperature (1800 - 2000C) and the pressure (30 to 40 bar) of the burning gas (air fuel mixture) increases. ( C ) Working or power or expansion stroke: (Third stroke of the piston): 1. The burning gases expand rapidly. They exert an impulse (thrust or force) on the piston is pushed downward from T.D.C to B.D.C. 2. This movement of the piston is converted into rotary motion of the crankshaft through connecting rod. Thus useful work is obtained. 3. Both inlet and exhaust valves are closed. (d) Exhaust stroke (fourth at stroke of the piston): 1. Piston moves upward from B.D.C.

2. Exhaust valve is opened and the inlet valve is closed. 3. The burnt gases are forced out to the atmosphere through the exhaust valve. (some of the burnt gases stay in the clearance volume of the cylinder.) 4. The exhaust valve closes shortly after T.D.C. 5. The inlet valve opens slightly before T.D.C and the cylinder is ready to receive fresh charge to start a new cycle. Thus in a four stroke engine, there is only one power and three idle strokes. The power stroke supplies the required momentum to carry out this internal and external work. Thus the engine is kept running. All the events (suction, compression, power and exhaust) are completed in four strokes of the piston. Hence this is known as four stroke cycle engine.

Four stroke cycle Diesel (C.I) engine:

Construction: A piston reciprocates inside the cylinder. The piston is connected to the crankshaft by means of a connecting rod and crank. The inlet and exhaust valves are mounted on the cylinder head. A Fuel injector is provided on the cylinder head. The fuel used is diesel. The events are given below, (a) Suction stroke: (first stroke of the piston) 1. Piston moves from T.D.C to B.D.C. 2. Inlet valve is opened and the exhaust valve is closed. 3. Pressure inside the cylinder is reduced below the atmospheric pressure. 4. Fresh air from the atmosphere is sucked into the engine cylinder through the air cleaner and inlet valve. (b) Compression stroke: (second stroke of the piston):

1. Piston moves up from B.D.C to T.D.C. 2. Both inlet valve and exhaust valves are closed. 3. The air drawn during suction stroke is compressed to a high pressure and temperature. (The compression ratio vary from 12 to 20. The pressure at the end of compression is about 35 to 40 bar. The temperature at the end of compression is 600 to 700C.) Ignition: Nearly at the end of compression stroke, the fuel is injected into the engine cylinder in the form of fine spray. Ignition of air-fuel mixture takes place. The burning of fresh fuel injected into the cylinder is due to the high pressure and temperature already developed in the cylinder during the compression stroke. ( C ) Working or power or expansion stroke: (Third stroke of the piston): 1. The burning gases (products of combustion) expand rapidly. 2. The burning gases push the piston to move downward from T.D.C to B.D.C. 3. This movement of the piston is converted into rotary motion of the crankshaft through connecting rod. Thus useful work is obtained. 4. Both inlet and exhaust valves are closed. (d) Exhaust stroke (fourth at stroke of the piston): 1. Piston moves upward from B.D.C. to T.D.C. 2. Exhaust valve is opened and the inlet valve is closed.

3. The burnt gases are forced out to the atmosphere through the exhaust valve. (some of the burnt gases stay in the clearance volume of the cylinder.) 4. The exhaust valve closes shortly after T.D.C.

5. The inlet valve opens slightly before T.D.C and the cylinder is ready to receive fresh charge to start a new cycle.

Fuel supply system in diesel (C.I) engines:

In diesel engines, fresh air is draw into the engine cylinder during the suction store. This air is compressed to a very high pressure. The temperature of air also increased to a higher value to ignite the fuel injected into the cylinder. At the end of compression stroke, the pressure of air raises 3500to 4000 kN/m3

UNIT V

15. (a) Describe briefly the working of domestic refrigerator with sketch?

Domestic refrigerator works on vapour compression system. It consists of , 1. Evaporator or cooling coil 2. Compressor 3. Condenser 4. Expansion valve or throttle valve 5. Thermally insulated valve Evaporator : Here the liquid refrigerant is evaporated in the evaporator by absorbing heat from the surroundings. Evaporator made up of copper metal tube . Compressor: It compresses the refrigerant vapour to a high pressure. The compressor suction is connected to the evaporator. Condenser: Heat from the refrigerant at a higher temperature is rejected to the atmospheric air. Expansion valve: It is used to reduce the temperature and pressure of the liquid refrigerant. Thermally insulated cabinet: This insulation is used to minimize heat flow from the atmosphere into refrigerator. The cabinet consists of double walled. The space in between the walls is filled with polyurethane foam metal. Thermostat switch:

The required low temperature is maintained by a thermostat switch. It switches on and off the compressor motor when temperature falls or rises.

Working: The refrigerant used in this type are Freon-12 ( CCL2F2= Dichloro difluoro- methane) The refrigerant at low pressure temperature passing in the evaporator coil absorbs the heat from the evaporator. The evaporated refrigerant enters the compressor. The compressor compresses it to a high pressure. This is necessary to condense the vapour to a liquid form. The high pressure condensed liquid refrigerant at room temperature flows into the expansion valve.

Now the refrigerant partly evaporates. Therefore the refrigerant coming out of the expansion valve will be wet vapour at low temperature (-10 C).

This wet vapour absorbs latent heat pressure inside the evaporator. Thus the heat is continuously extracted from the evaporator. This heat is rejected to the condenser to the atmospheric air.

It is then recirculated and repeated again and again.

7. (b) Compare between the vapour compression refrigeration system and vapour absorption system? S.NO VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERTION SYSTEM 1. The system has more wear and tear and produces noise due to the moving parts in the compressor. 2. A compressor is used to change the condition of the refrigerant from the evaporator. 3. The refrigerant capacity for a VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM The only moving part is the pump. The system is quiet in operation and is subjected to very little wear. Heat energy is used to change the condition of the refrigerant from the evaporator. Refrigerators with more than 1000 tons

compressor unit is less than 1000 tons. capacity can be built. 4. Electric power is needed to drive the system. 5. Capacity of the system drops rapidly with lowered evaporator pressure. 6. Energy supplied is to of the refrigerating effect. 7. Refrigerant refilling is simple. Heating coil or waste exhaust steam can be used the generator. Capacity of the system decreases very little with lowered evaporator pressure. Energy supplied is about 1 times the refrigerating effect. Refrigerant refilling is difficult.

8. (a) Describe briefly the working principle of vapour absorption refrigeration system with sketch? There are 3 process are carried out, 1. Absorbing ammonia vapour into water. 2. Pumping this solution to a high pressure cycle. 3. Producing ammonia vapours from ammonia solution by heating. Main parts are, 1. Absorber 2. Heat exchanger 3. Analyzer

4. rectifier

Working:

Dry ammonia vapour at low pressure passes in the absorber from the evaporator. In the absorber the dry ammonia vapour is dissolved in cold water and a strong solution of ammonia is formed.

Heat evolved during absorption of ammonia is removed by circulating cold water through coils kept in the absorber.

The highly concentrated ammonia solution (known as strong solution or aqua ammonia) is then pumped by a pump to the generator through a heat exchanger.

In the heat exchanger the strong ammonia solution is heated by the hot weak solution returning from the generator to the absorber.

In the generator the warm solution is further heated by steam coils, gas or electricity and the ammonia vapour is driven out of solution.

The boiling point of ammonia is less than that of water. Hence the vapours leaving the generator are mainly of ammonia.

The weak ammonia left in the generator is called weak aqua. This weak solution is returned to the absorber through heat exchanger.

Ammonia vapours leaving the generator may contain some water vapour. If water vapour is allowed directly to the condenser and expansion valve it may freeze.

Analyzer and rectifiers are placed before the condenser. The Ammonia vapour from the generator passes through a series of trays in the analyzer and Ammonia is separated from water vapour.

The separated water vapour is returned to the generator. Then the Ammonia vapour passes through a rectifier.

The high pressure liquid Ammonia is throttled by an expansion valve or throttle valve. This reduces the high temperature of liquid Ammonia to a low value and liquid Ammonia partly evaporates.

In the evaporator the liquid Ammonia fully vaporizers the latent heat of evaporation obtained from the brine or other body which is being cooled.

The low pressure Ammonia vapour leaving the evaporator again enters the absorber and then the cycle is completed.

This cycle repeated again and again to provide refrigerating effect.

12. (b)Explain the working of split type room air conditioning? A typical split air conditioner is shown in fig. split air conditioners are used for small rooms and halls, where window air conditioner cannot installed. The air conditioner is modeled by splitting the window air conditioner into two parts. Main parts are, Indoor unit: 1. Cooling coil (evaporator coil) 2. Capillary tube (expansion valve or throttle valve)

3. Motor 4. Blower Outdoor unit: 1. Compressor 2. Condenser 3. Motor with fan

Working: Indoor unit, Ceiling mounted in which indoor unit is hung from the ceiling. Mounted to the wall near the ceiling. Wall mounted at a particular height as per our convenience.

Outdoor unit, The outdoor unit is kept outside the room in a suitable mounting. The distance between indoor unit and outdoor unit should not be more than 8m. To avoid any flashing of the liquid refrigerant a small receiver in recommended where the distance between the condensing unit exceeding 8m.

Advantages: (i) Since compressor and fan for condenser are kept away from the room noise can be eliminated. (ii) The indoor unit consisting of cooling coil can be kept at convenient locations in the room. (iii) No breakage or opening in the wall.

(iv)If there is no space for condensing heat instead keeping at window level, it can be achieved by mounting the condenser at the upper terrace area. Disadvantages: i. Since the condenser unit is quite away from evaporator, the pressure loss in the suction pipe more. ii. The suction pipe also picks up more heat from surroundings. Hence additional insulation is needed. iii. This system has lot of joints in the form of flare connections or couplers. It is prone to refrigerant leakage. iv. One more fan , motor is used for condenser unit. Hence the extra motor, copper pipe, and insulation increase the overall cost of split unit by 30 to 40% higher than that of window air conditioner.