P hysics 2 06 Examples with S olutions C ircular Motion and G ravity

Problem 1 . Consider the position vector, r = r sin ( t ) x r cos ( t ) y

Find the velocity vector. dr v= = r cos ( t ) x + r sin ( t ) y dt . Express the velocity vector in terms of r and / or The magnitude of the velocity is r

At t = 0 , r ( 0) = r y and v ( 0) = r x . This indicates that the particle is moving in a clockwise direction so, v = r

dv = r 2 sin ( t ) x + r 2 cos ( t ) y dt . Express the acceleration vector in terms of r and / or

Find the acceleration vector.

a=

a = 2 r r 2 r

Problem 2 . A) An object of mass 2 kg is moving in a circle of radius 2 m. At a given instant the object has a speed of 3 m/s and an angular acceleration of 2 rad/ s. Find the magnitude of the net force on the object at this instant. a = ar r + at 2 a = v /r r + r

|a| =a=

v2 / r) 2 + r ) 2 =

F = m a = ( 2) ( 6. 02 ) N = 1 2. 04 N

3 2 / 2) 2 + ( 2 2) 2 m/ s 2 = 6. 02 m/ s 2

B) A car is rounding a banked curve which is part of a circle of radius 200 m. The curve is banked at an angle of 1 0 degrees. The car is not sliding and experiences no frictional force. What is the speed of the car?
y N FS r FG y

r r

Consider the gure. There is to be no frictional force so FS = 0 . Summing the forces in the r -direction gives, N sin = m a r = m ( v 2 / r ) (1) 1

Summing the forces in the y-direction gives, Solving ( 2) for N and using the result in ( 1 ) gives, m gE sin = m v 2 / r cos v = r gE tan = 1 8. 6 m/ s 41 . 7 mph Problem 3. Consider the position vector, r = r sin ( t ) x r cos ( t ) y

N cos m gE = 0

( 2)

A) Find the magnitude of this position vector. Show your work. r= ( r sin ( t ) ) + ( r cos ( t ) ) 2 = r r ( 0) = r y

sin 2 ( t ) + cos 2 ( t ) = r

B) Where is this particle at t = 0 ? y

r ( 0)

. C) Express the position vector in terms of r and / or r = rr

D) Find the velocity vector. Show your work. dr v= = r cos ( t ) x + r sin ( t ) y dt

E) What is the velocity at t = 0 ? y

0 =
3 2

v ( 0) = r x

r ( 0)

v ( 0)

F) What is the magnitude of the velocity vector? Show your work. v=

2 vx + v2 y = 2 2 ( r cos ( t ) ) + ( r sin ( t ) ) = r

cos 2 ( t ) + sin 2 ( t ) = r

. G) Express the velocity vector in terms of r and / or This is uniform motion on a circle since the magnitude of the positikon vector is constant and the speed is constant. Since as shown in the gure above the particle is initially moving in the counterclockwise direction. Since it has constant speed it and is on the circle it must conitnue to do so. so, The counter-clockwise direction is in the direction of v = r

Another, perhaps more logically direct way to approach this problem is to note that ( see the gure) , 3 3 = 0 + t = + t t = 2 2 Using trig identities given on the supplements page: cos ( t ) = cos ( 3 / 2) = cos ( ) cos ( 3 / 2) sin ( ) sin ( 3 / 2) = sin cos ( t ) = sin ( ) cos ( 3 / 2) + cos ( ) sin ( 3 / 2) = cos so v = r ( cos ( t ) x + sin ( t ) y ) = r ( sin x + cos y ) = r

H) Find the acceleration vector. Show your work.

a=

dv = r 2 sin ( t ) x + r 2 cos ( t ) y dt a ( 0) = r 2 y

I) What is the acceleration at t = 0 ? y

x a ( 0)

Note that the acceleration points radially inward. J) What is the magnitude of the acceleration vector. Show your work. a = 2 ( r sin ( t ) x + r cos ( t ) y ) = 2 r a = a = 2 r = 2 r = 2 r

Problem 4. On earth, when supported by a stationary surface, we experience a normal force that is a response to the gravitational pull of the earth. This normal force is equal to our weight and in some sense, our feeling of having weight is really due to this normal force. In free fall, for example, we still have weight but we might feel weightless. In addition, our bodies have evolved to work properly when experiencing this normal force. Astronauts in orbit are not subject to this normal force, they are falling around the earth together with the the satellite they are in and do not experience a contact force between themselves and the satellite. ( Both the satellite and the astronaut still have a weight in orbit, they are just in free fall around the earth together. ) Astronauts in orbit for a prolonged period experience a variety of deleterious eects due to the lack of a normal force. It has been proposed that using a giant rotating ring ship of th1 e form shown below could be used to simulate gravity ( really the ship would provide the same normal force we feel on earth. ) On earth the normal force is a response to the gravitational pull of the earth, in the ship the normal force provides the centripetal force needed to keep the astronaut moving in a circular path. Suppose a ship of outer radius 1 km was built. A) What would be the needed angular speed in order that the astronauts experience the same normal force that they experience on earth? On earth N = m gE . The normal force supplies the centripeatl acceleration for the people on the rotating ship, so, Fn et , r = m a r N = m r 2 m gE = m r 2 = gE / r = 9. 8 / 1 000 rad / s = . 099 rad/ s 3

. K) Express the acceleration vector in terms of r and / or 2 2 2 + r cos ( t ) y ) = r = r r a = ( r sin ( t ) x

B) How long would it take the ship to rotate once? 0 2 0 = t t = = s = 63. 5 s 0. 099

Problem 5. A road goes over a hill. The top of the hill forms the top segment of a circle of radius 30 m. What is the greatest speed that a car could have without losing contact with the ground as it drives over the hill. Ignore the eects of air resistance. Solution : As the car goes over the top of the hill the radial direction is upwards. The forces acting on the car are the normal force upward and the gravitational force downward. These forces together must provide the needed radial acceleration if the car is to remain on the road. The car leaves the road if the normal force is zero: Fn et , r = m a r = m v 2 / r N m gE = m v 2 / r Max speed when N = 0 v m ax = r gE = ( 30 ) ( 9. 8 ) m/ s v m ax = 1 7 m/s 38 mph Problem 6. Consider the position vector and corresponding velocity vectors given as equations 9. 1 and 9. 4 in the text. A) Show that r and v are perpendicular. ( Hint consider the dot product. ) Solution

r v = rx v x + r y v y r v = ( r cos ( t ) ) ( r sin ( wt ) ) + ( r sin ( t ) ) ( r cos ( t ) ) = 0 r v = 0 = r v cos ( rv ) rv = 90

B) Show that v points in the direction of the counter-clockwise tangent to the circular path. ( Consider the cross product r v . ) Solution : By the right hand rule if v points in the counter-clockwise tangential direction then r v is proportional to z . Similarly, if v points in the clockwise tangential direction then r v is proportional to - z . So,

r v = ( r cos ( wt ) x + r sin ( t ) y ) ( r sin ( t ) x + r cos ( t ) y ) 2 2 2 2 y ) r sin t ) ( y x ) r v = r cos t ) ( x r v = r 2 cos 2 ( t ) + sin 2 ( t ) z r v = r2 z

So v points in the counter-clockwise tangential direction.

Problem 7. A block of mass 1 0 kg is attached to the end of the rod. The rod is attached to a post that turns so as to turn the rod and move the block in a circle of radius 4 m. The block traces out a circle on a frictionless surface. See the gure. Assume that the block starts from rest. The bolt connecting the rod to the block is known to break if the rod exerts a force equal to 2000 N on the block. A) What maximum initial acceleration could be given to the block without breaking the bolt? Solution : The acceleration of the block can be written as, = r 2 r + at + r a = ar r

Since the block starts from rest the initial angular velocity ( t = 0) is zero. Therefore, initially the acceleration is just a = r

The force on the block is due to the rod and cannot exceed 2000 N. The maximum tangential acceleration this force could supply is then

| Fm ax | = Fm ax = m | a m ax | = m a m ax = m r m ax

m ax =

Fm ax 2000 N = = 50 rad / s 2 mr ( 1 0 kg) ( 4 m )

B) Assume that the block is accelerated from rest with a constant angular acceleration of = 0. 5 rad / s. What will be the rotation rate of the block when the bolt breaks? Solution : In this case, from the last part, 2 a = a2 r2 4 + r2 2 r + at =

4 2 2 | Fm ax | = Fm ax = m | a m ax | = m a m ax = m r 2 m ax + r 2 2 2 4 2 2 Fm a x = m r m ax + r

m ax = m a x =

2 2 2 2 Fm ax m ( r m2 r2

1 /4

2000 2 1 0 2 ( 4 2 0. 5 2 1 0 2 42 m ax = 7. 07 rad/ s

1 /4

rad / s

Side View

Top View (Dierent Scale)

Problem 8. ( 20 points) A curve of radius 1 50 m is banked at an angle of 1 0 degrees. An 800 kg car drives around the curve with a speed of 85 km/ hr without skidding. A) Find the normal force exerted by the pavement on the car s tires. B) Find the frictional force exerted by the pavement on the tires. C) Find the minimum coecient of static friction between the pavement and the tires. Solution : . Use a the coordinate axes r pointing radially outward from the circle of motion, and y being the vertical direction. The forces acting on the car are the gravitational pull of the earth FG , the normal force due to contact with the incline N and the static frictional force that keeps the car from sliding up or down the incline.

y N FS r FG y

r r

In the chosen coordinate system these forces can be written as

There is no acceleration in the vertical direction so applying Newton s second law in this direction gives, Fn et , y = m a y = 0 m gE + N cos + FS sin = 0 Applying the second law in the r-direction gives, Fn et , r = m a r N sin + FS cos = m v 2 / r ( 4) ( 3)

FG = m gE y N = N sin r + N cos y FS = FS cos r + FS sin y ( FS could be + or )

A) Equations 1 and 2 represent two equations with two unknowns ( N and FS ) . Solving ( 1 ) for N gives, Using this in ( 2) gives, N = ( m gE FS sin ) / cos m gE tan + FS sin tan + FS cos = m v 2 / r FS = m gE tan v 2 / r sin tan + cos

Using the given information ( 85 km/ hr = 23. 6 m/s) gives, Since FS is negative, using my denition, the static frictional force is directed down the incline. 6 FS = 1 560 N

B) From above, C) N = ( m gE FS sin ) / cos = 8240 N S = | FS | = 0. 1 9 N

Problem 9. In a carnival ride, the passengers sit on a seat in a compartment that rotates with constant speed in a vertical circle of radius r = 5 m. The heads of the seated passengers always point toward the center of the circle. Find the slowest rotation rate for which the seat belt need exert no force on the passenger at the top of the ride. If the seat belt does not help then the radial force must be supplied by gravity alone. In this case, Fn et , r = m a r m gE = m v 2 / r v = gE r = 9. 8 5 m/s v = 7 m/s = v / r = 1 . 4 rad / s Problem 1 0. Starting from Newton s second law of motion and the relation a r = v 2 / r show that the period ( time for one orbit) of a satellite in circular orbit around the earth at an altitude of h above the earth s surface is 2 RE + h ) 3 / 2 T= G ME where ME and R E are, respectively, the mass and radius of the earth. Show all of the steps you need to do to arrive at this result. Solution : In orbit the only force is the inward gravitational pull. Summing the forces along the radial direction gives, Fn et , rad ial = m a r G ME m = m v2/ r r2 G ME = v2 r G ME 2 r = v= r T 3/ 2 2 r T= G ME 2 ( RE + h ) 3 / 2 T= G ME Problem 1 1 . Find the speed of a satellite in circular orbit around the moon if the radius of the orbit is twice the radius of the moon. See the useful information. Solution : Using a relation developed in the solution to the previous problem: v= G Mm o on = r G Mm o on = 1 1 90 m/ s 2 R m o on

Problem 1 2 . An object weighs 1 00 N on the surface of the earth.

A) What is the gravitational force that the earth exerts on this object when the object is at a position that is two earth radii from the center of the earth. See the gure. G ME m 1 G ME m 1 FG = = = WE = 25 N 4 4 R2 ( 2 RE ) 2 E

B) What would be the weight of the object on the surface of a planet that had the same radius as the earth but was twice as massive as the earth.

FG =

G ( 2 ME ) m G ME m =2 = 2 WE = 200 N R2 R2 E E B)
ob ject

A)
RE ME 2 RE ob ject

RE 2 ME

Problem 1 3. A) Sketch the path of an object in circular orbit with constant speed around the earth. At some point in the circular orbit indicate the direction of the velocity and acceleration of the object. v

B) Why doesn t a satellite in circular orbit around the earth fall and crash into the earth s surface due to the gravitational pull of the earth? The satellite accelerates towards the earth but since it has just the proper tangential velocity it is pulled by the earth into a circular path. That is it is pulled towards the earth but follows a projectile motion path that matches the curvature of the earth. C) What is the range of launch speeds that can lead to orbits that come near the surface of the earth? Objects launched with speeds between 7900 m/ s and 1 1 , 200 m/ s could orbit the earth. ( Neglecting air resistance. ) Problem 1 4. Starting from an expression of conservation of energy show all the steps leading to the result that the escape speed from the earth is given by the relation v esc = 2 gE R E Solution : I wish to nd the minimum launch speed that will allow the object to barely reach a point which is innitely far ( r R E ) from the earth. Any speed larger that this will allow the object to reach a point innitely far from the earth with some speed left over. Take conguration 1 to be when the object is on the earth with the minimum escape speed and conguration 2 to be the situation in which the object has reached a point very far away from the earth with no speed left. ( In the limit that r , the gravitational force tends to zero so that the object will remain at rest far from the earth if it reaches conguration 2. ) Conservation of energy gives: E 1 = E2 K1 + UG 1 = K2 + UG 2 1 G ME m 1 G ME m 2 2 m v es = m v2 =0 c 2 RE 2 G ME = 2 gE R E v esc = 2 RE 8

In the lass step I used the denition gE G ME RE 2

Problem 1 5. Find the escape speed from the moon. The logic displayed in the previous solution leads to the conclusion, v esc = Problem 1 6. 2 G MM = RM 2 6. 67 1 0 1 1 7. 349 1 0 2 2 = 2370 m/s ( 1 . 74 1 0 6 )

A) Find the speed of a satellite in circular orbit a distance of 6 1 0 6 m above the surface of the earth. Fr = m a r G ME m =m ( RE + h ) 2 v2 RE + h

v= G ME = RE + h

6. 67 1 0 1 1 5. 98 1 0 2 4 = 5680 m/s ( 6. 37 + 6 ) 1 0 6

B) What should be the radius of a circular orbit around the earth for a satellite to circle the earth once every 1 0 days? The period of the orbit would be The angular velocity of the satellite would be, = The second law gives, T = 1 0 24 3600 s = 8. 64 1 0 5 s 2 = 7. 27 1 0 6 rad/ s T Fr = m a r r= G ME 2
1 /3

G ME m = m 2 r r2

6. 67 1 0 1 1 5. 98 1 0 2 4 ( 7. 27 1 0 6 ) 2

1 /3

= 1 . 96 1 0 8 m

Problem 1 7. A) An object is launched radially away from the earth s surface with a speed of 9000 m/ s from the surface of the earth. What will be the speed of the object when it has reached a height of 1 0 7 m above the earth s surface? ( Neglect the eects of air resistance. )

RE 1 RE + h In situation 1 :

v 1 = 9000 m/ s , r1 = R E In situation 2: v2 = ? , r2 = R E + 1 0 7 m 9

Then, E 1 = E2 K1 + U1 = K2 + U2 1 G ME m 1 G ME m 2 2 m v1 = m v2 2 RE 2 r2 1 1 2 2 v 2 = v 1 2 G ME R E r2 I ll let maxima do the arithmetic: ( %i 9) RE: 6. 37e 6$ ( %i 1 1 ) ME: 5. 98e 24$ ( %i 1 2) v1 : 9000$ ( %i 1 3) r2: RE+1 e 7$ ( %i 1 4) G: 6. 67e - 1 1 $ ( %i 1 5) v2: s qrt( v1 ^ 2- 2* G* ME* ( 1 / RE- 1 /r2) ) ; ( %o1 6) 21 21 . 01 031 3941 964 The speed is v 2 = 21 20 m/ s. B) An object is launched radially away from the earth s surface with a speed of 1 2000 m/s from the surface of the earth. How high does the satellite go before it starts to fall back to earth? Show your work starting from conservation of energy considerations. ( Neglect the eects of air resistance. ) This speed exceeds the escape speed from the earth and so moves further and further from the earth never stopping. It does not reach a maximum height. The work to show this would be the work leading to the escape speed shown in the text.

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