SPIE Conference (San Diego): August 2, 2005

The Nature of Light

Riccardo C. Storti
www.deltagroupengineering.com

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 What are we going to cover?

What is a Photon? …. (Historically)

Does it have mass & size?

How do we calculate these from 1st principles?

What else can we learn from its mass & size?

What other particles can we determine the mass & size of
based on our Photon method?

What particle predictions have been experimentally verified
to high precision by our Photon method?

And much more ….
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 What is a Photon? …. Historically

A mass-less “Packet” of light (standard definition)

A Photon behaves like a particle (has momentum)

Many Photons behave as a wave

They can be represented mathematically as sinewaves
π 2 .π

y( x )

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 Does it have mass?

The Particle Data Group (PDG) estimates its mass-energy

threshold to be “< 6 x10-17(eV)”

We calculate the mass-energy threshold to be
“< 5.75 x10-17(eV)” → within 4.3(%) of the PDG figure

Consequently, we calculate its mass-energy to be
“3.2 x10-45(eV)”

FOR MORE INFO...

http://pdg.lbl.gov/index.html
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 Does it have size?

Yes, it has size …. Why?

Because Quantum Physics, The Uncertainty Principle &
common sense dictates that “0 anything” isn’t an
engineering option for application

We calculate its diameter to be the Planck Length

This calculation is in agreement with (& supports) Quantum
Physics models

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 How did we calculate
it from 1st principles?

Apply Dimensional Analysis Techniques, Buckingham's Π

Theory and similarity principles to combine Electricity,
Magnetism and resultant ElectroMagnetic acceleration

Apply the equivalence principle to the Π groupings

Apply Fourier Harmonics to the equivalence principle

Apply Zero-Point-Field Theory (ZPF) to Fourier Harmonics

Apply the Polarisable Vacuum model of gravity to the ZPF
FOR MORE INFO...

http://www.deltagroupengineering.com/publications.htm
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 What else can we learn from its mass & size?

That the Euler-Mascheroni Constant (Euler’s Constant) is

defined naturally at a quantum level: γ ≈ 0.5772156649015

Euler stated that it was “worthy of serious consideration”

This constant is extremely important in mathematics and
cuts across many areas, e.g.. the Reimann zeta function

Physical verification of our Photon mass-energy equation
suggests that “γ” has a natural physical limit

FOR MORE INFO...

http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Euler-MascheroniConstant.html
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What other particles can we determine the mass
& size of based on our Photon method?

ALL OF THEM !
AS LISTED BY THE PDG

FOR MORE INFO...

http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/theory/fundamental.html
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 What particle predictions have been
experimentally verified to high precision
by our Photon method? …. 1

The Root Mean Square (RMS) Charge Radius of the Proton
“rπ” as determined by the SELEX Collaboration
(http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ex/0106053)

The Classical RMS Charge Radius of the Proton “rp” as
defined by the National Institute of Standards &
Technology (NIST) (http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants)

The Electric & Magnetic Radii of the Proton (rπE & rπM) and
the Magnetic radius of the Neutron “rνM” as reported by
Hammer & Meißner (http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0312081)

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 What particle predictions have been
experimentally verified to high precision
by our Photon method? …. 2

The Neutron Mean Square (MS) Charge Radius “KX” as
reported by Karmanov et. al. (http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0106349)

The Top-Quark mass-energy “mtq” as determined by the
D-ZERO Collaboration (http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ex/0406031)

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 What errors are associated
with our Photon method?
Note: EGM is the name we have given our Photon method

Particle EGM Prediction Exp. Measurement (%) Error

Proton (p) rπ = 830.6769 x10-16(cm) rπ = 830.6624 x10-16(cm) < 0.0018
rπE = 848.6103 x10-16(cm) rπE = 848 x10-16(cm) < 0.072
rπM = 850.0287 x10-16(cm) rπM = 857 x10-16(cm) < 0.82
rp = 874.6721 x10-16(cm) rp = 875.0 x10-16(cm) < 0.04
Neutron (n) rν = 826.9187 x10-16(cm) rν ≈ 825.6176 x10-16(cm) < 0.1574
KS = -0.1134 x10-26(cm2) KX = -0.113 x10-26(cm2) < 0.32
rνM = 879.0424 x10-16(cm) rνM = 879 x10-16(cm) < 0.005
Top Quark (tq) mtq(GeV) ≈ 178.4543 mtq(GeV) ≈ 178.0 < 0.2553

FOR MORE INFO...

http://www.deltagroupengineering.com/publications.htm
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 What particle predictions are
experimentally implied
by our Photon method?

The RMS Charge Radii of all Quarks as generalised by the
ZEUS Collaboration → whilst satisfying all PDG mass-
energy ranges (http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ex/0401009)

The MS Charge Radii of all Neutrino’s based on
experimental results by the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
& analysed by Hirsch et. al. & Joshipura et. al. → whilst
satisfying all PDG mass-energy ranges
(http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0210137 & http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0108018)

The RMS Charge Radius of an Electron from scattering
experiments as reported by Milonni et. al.
(The Quantum Vacuum, Academic Press: pg 403)
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 What is the mathematical pattern responsible?

The specific equation that describes the mass-energy &

radius relationship between all particles may be written
simply as:
2 5
9 9
ω Ω r 1, M 1 M1 r2
. St ω
ω Ω r 2, M 2 M2 r1

(i) “ωΩ” denotes the harmonic cut-off frequency

(ii) “Stω” is a harmonic value & is the ratio between 2 spectra
FOR MORE INFO...

http://www.deltagroupengineering.com/publications.htm
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 What harmonic patterns form?
Existing & Theoretical Particles x ωΩ(rπ,mp) x ωΩ(rε,me) x ωΩ(ruq,muq)
Proton (p), Neutron (n) 1 1/2 1/14
Electron (e-), Electron Neutrino (ν
ν e) 2 1 1/7
L2 (Theoretical Lepton) 4 2 2/7
L3 (Theoretical Lepton) 6 3 3/7
Muon (µ µ-), Muon Neutrino (ν
νµ) 8 4 4/7
L5 (Theoretical Lepton) 10 5 5/7
Tau (ττ-), Tau Neutrino (ν
ντ) 12 6 6/7
Up Quark (uq), Down Quark (dq) 14 7 1
Strange Quark (sq) 28 14 2
Charm Quark (cq) 42 21 3
Bottom Quark (bq) 56 28 4
QB5 (Theoretical Quark or Boson) 70 35 5
QB6 (Theoretical Quark or Boson) 84 42 6
W Boson 98 49 7
Z Boson 112 56 8
Higgs Boson (H) (Theoretical) 126 63 9
Top Quark (tq) 140 70 10

FOR MORE INFO...

http://www.deltagroupengineering.com/publications.htm
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 Particle mass & size summary
Existing Particle EGM Radii EGM PDG
x10-16(cm) Mass-Energy Mass-Energy Range
Proton (p), rπ = 830.6769
Neutron (n) rν = 826.9187 Mass-Energy is precisely known
Electron (e-) rε = 11.8067 See: National Institute of Standards & Technology
Muon (µ µ-) rµ = 8.2176 (NIST)
Tau (ττ-) rτ = 12.2432
Electron Neutrino (ν
ν e) ren ≈ 0.0954 men(eV) ≈ 3 - δm men(eV) < 3
Muon Neutrino (ννµ) rµn ≈ 0.6557 mµn(MeV) ≈ 0.19 - δm mµn(MeV) < 0.19
Tau Neutrino (ν
ντ) rτn ≈ 1.9591 mτn(MeV) ≈ 18.2 - δm mτn(MeV) < 18.2
Up Quark (uq) ruq ≈ 0.7682 muq(MeV) ≈ 3.5052 1.5 < muq(MeV) < 4
Down Quark (dq) rdq ≈ 1.0136 mdq(MeV) ≈ 7.0103 4 < mdq(MeV) < 8
Strange Quark (sq) rsq ≈ 0.8879 msq(MeV) ≈ 113.9181 80 < msq(MeV) < 130
Charm Quark (cq) rcq ≈ 1.0913 mcq(GeV) ≈ 1.183 1.15 < mcq(GeV) < 1.35
Bottom Quark (bq) rbq ≈ 1.071 mbq(GeV) ≈ 4.1196 4.1 < mbq(GeV) < 4.4
Top Quark (tq) rtq ≈ 0.9294 mtq(GeV) ≈ 178.4543 169.2 < mtq(GeV) < 179.4
W Boson rW ≈ 1.284 mW(GeV) ≈ 80.425 80.387 < mW(GeV) < 80.463
Z Boson rZ ≈ 1.0617 mZ(GeV) ≈ 91.1876 91.1855 < mZ(GeV) < 91.1897
Higgs Boson (H) rH ≈ 0.9404 mH(GeV) ≈ 114.4 + δm mH(GeV) > 114.4
(Theoretical)
Existing Particles EGM Radii EGM Mass-Energy PDG Mass-Energy
Threshold
Photon (γγ) rγγ = ½Kλλh mγγ ≈ 3.2 x10-45(eV) mγ < 6 x10-17(eV)
Graviton rgg = 2(2/5)rγγ mgg = 2mγγ mg < 7.6 x10-20(eV)
(Theoretical)
7ew Particles EGM Radii EGM PDG Mass-Energy
(Theoretical) x10-16(cm) Mass-Energy Range or Threshold
L2 (Lepton) mL(2) ≈ 9(MeV) Not predicted or considered
L3 (Lepton) rL ≈ 10.7518 mL(3) ≈ 57(MeV) Not predicted or considered
L5 (Lepton) mL(5) ≈ 566(MeV) Not predicted or considered
QB5 (Quark or Boson) rQB ≈ 1.002 mQB(5) ≈ 10(GeV) Not predicted or considered
QB6 (Quark or Boson) mQB(6) ≈ 22(GeV) Not predicted or considered

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What else does our Photon method predict? … 1

“π” as a geometric ratio of fundamental particle RMS

Charge Radii

The Fine Structure Constant “α” utilising the RMS Charge
Radii of the Electron, Proton, Neutron, Muon & Tau
particles with the exponential function “e” according to:
2 rµ
rε rε
.e 3 π rε rτ
α α .e
rπ rπ rν
rν
FOR MORE INFO...

http://www.deltagroupengineering.com/publications.htm
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What else does our Photon method predict? … 2

The Casimir Force [to within 0.01(%)] of the classical

parallel plate equation

Experimental verification has been determined to within
5(%) of the classical representation

Our equation predicts different Casimir Forces on different
planets, the classical representation does not
Classical Our Photon method
4
π .h .c .A PP N C( r , ∆r , M ) N X( r , ∆r , M )
F PP F PV A PP , r , ∆r , M A PP .∆U PV( r , ∆r , M ) . .ln
4 2 N C( r , ∆r , M )
480.∆r N X( r , ∆r , M )

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What else does our Photon method predict? … 3

An experimentally implicit calculation of the Planck Length

based on experimentally verified Proton & Neutron radii
calculations etc.

This results in an increase in the Planck Length by (π/2)1/3
[≈ 16(%)]

A gravity experiment (but that’s a discussion for another
day)

FOR MORE INFO...

http://www.deltagroupengineering.com/publications.htm
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 Photon method summary points

We have “quasi-unified” particle physics by considering all

particles to be Photon radiators producing mass-energy &
radii predictions

We have derived the Casimir Force based on Photons and
made new predictions

We have derived an experimentally implicit definition of the
Planck scale based on Photons

FOR MORE INFO...

http://www.deltagroupengineering.com/publications.htm
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 So what does all this mean?

That Photons are the “quintessential” particle from which

all others may be described

The gravitational spectrum is a simple, but extreme,
extension of the EM spectrum

There may be “5+” undiscovered particles based on our
harmonic interpretation of Photons

Photonics is important !
FOR MORE INFO...

http://www.deltagroupengineering.com/publications.htm
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 The End

I hope you’ve enjoyed the show ….

Feel free to talk with me after the presentation

or you can contact me by:
E-Mail: rstorti@deltagroupengineering.com
Phone (Oz): +61 410-493-087

FOR MORE INFO...

http://www.deltagroupengineering.com/publications.htm
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