2 Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided. The total mark for this section is 50.

A1 The box below lists some common gases. sulfur dioxide ammonia chlorine nitrogen oxygen carbon dioxide

Use the words above to answer the following questions. Each word can be used once, more than once or not at all. Name a gas which: (a) dissolves in water to form an alkaline solution,

(b)

is necessary for combustion to take place,

(c)

exists as diatomic molecules,

(d)

turns acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution from orange to green, [4]

(e)

Six identical jars are filled with the same volume of these six gases, measured at room temperature and pressure. The lids were removed and the jars were left undisturbed for several hours. [2] (i) State and explain which jar would contain the least air in it.

(ii)

Suggest a test you can perform in the science laboratory to confirm your answer in (i). Write down the observations you expect to make.

[2]

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[Total:8 marks]

A2 Ozone is a more powerful oxidizing agent than oxygen. It will oxidize lead(II) sulphide (PbS) to form lead(II) sulfate and oxygen. Write an equation, with state symbols, for this reaction. Explain the oxidation reaction in terms of oxidation number. Equation

Explanation

[Total:3 marks]

A3 Bottles of aqueous potassium chloride, aqueous potassium bromide and aqueous potassium iodide were delivered to the science laboratory. However, the bottles were not labeled. Using chlorine or one other chemical, explain in detail how you would identify the contents of each bottle.

[Total:4 marks]

A4 The table below gives the results of the experiments between three metals and aqueous solutions of their salts. aqueous X salt silver no displacement metal X no displacement magnesium displacement
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4 aqueous silver salt aqueous magnesium salt no displacement no displacement displacement A B no displacement

What would be the result in (a) A

(b)

(c)

The metals in order of increasing reactivity is

[Total: 3 marks]

A5 Arun conducted an experiment to investigate the speed at which magnesium metal reacts with 20 cm3 of hydrochloric acid. The set-up is as shown below. He collects the gas evolved with the help of a gas syringe and uses a stopwatch to time the time taken. He makes sure he cleans the magnesium metal with a piece of sandpaper. After experiment 1, he washed his apparatuses thoroughly before conducting experiment 2. He conducted experiment 2 under the same conditions except for using a higher volume of acid.

His results are: Mass of magnesium /g Experiment x

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Concentration of hydrochloric acid / mol/dm3 1.0

Time taken/s 45
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5 1 Experiment 2 x 2.0 60

(a) Suggest why is it necessary to clean the magnesium metal with a piece of sandpaper. _______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ [1] (b) Suggest how Arun would know that the reaction is completed.

[1] (c) Sketch a graph below to represent the time taken against the volume of gas given off in experiment 1.

[1]

(d) The experimental values of experiment 2 did not tally with the expected theoretical values. Suggest one possible reason for the inaccurate experimental values. [1] (e) (i) Experiment 1 was repeated with the same mass of magnesium. However, the acid was replaced by the same volume and concentration of sulfuric acid. State if the rate of reaction will be faster or slower.

[1]
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6 (ii) Explain your answer in (d)(i) in terms of reacting particles.

[2] [Total:7 marks] A6 A beaker contains aqueous copper (II) sulfate solution. Two experiments were performed on two different portions of the solution and the observations were recorded below. Write down in the boxes provided, the observations expected in experiments A and B. Experiment Test A Excess aqueous sodium hydroxide was added. Observations

A piece of zinc metal was added into copper(II) sulfate solution.

[4] (a) Write a chemical equation for the reaction in experiment B. [1] (b) (i) It was given that the concentration of aqueous copper(II) sulfate solution is 1.0 mol/dm3 and the mass of zinc metal used was 16.25g. Calculate the volume of aqueous copper(II) sulfate solution that has reacted with zinc.

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[2] (ii) Calculate the mass of metal deposit formed.

[1] [Total:8 marks] A7 Suggest reasons for the following observations. (a) Magnesium blocks are attached to long underground iron water pipe.

[2] (b) There is a need to recycle metals.

[2]

(c)

It is easier to recycle lead than to recycle aluminium.

[3] [Total:7 marks]

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8 A8 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) is an air pollutant. (a) State a source of CFCs.

___________________________________________________________ [1] (b) Suggest how chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) form a threat to human beings.

[2] (c) Difluromethane, CH2F2, is often used as a substitute to chlorofluorocarbons. Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in difluromethane. Show only the valence electrons.

[2] (d) State two physical properties of Difluromethane.

[2]
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9 [Total:7 marks] A9 A hydrocarbon compound is found to have the percentage composition by mass of carbon, 85.7%; hydrogen, 14.3%. What is the empirical formula of this compound?

[Total:3 marks]

Section B Answer all three questions from this section. Write on the lined pages attached. The last question is in the form either / or and only one of the alternatives should be attempted. B10 There are various ways in performing paper chromatography. One common way is through the one-way chromatography which we are very familiar with in our school
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10 science laboratory. It involves separating the components of an unknown sample in a suitable solvent. Another way of performing chromatography is through the two-way chromatography. This is achieved by performing chromatography in a solvent X. After it has dried, the chromatogram was run on a different solvent Y. The chromatogram below illustrates a mixture of three amino acids separated by two-way chromatography. The positions of three spots A, B and C, after treating with a locating agent, are indicated in the chromatogram below.

(a)

State the formula for the calculation of R f value.

[1] [1] [1]

(b) Suggest why there is a need to use a locating agent here. (c) Not all unknown substances can be separated using a two way chromatography. Suggest a criteria for using a two way chromatography method.

(d) Two of the spots (A, B, C) can be identified by the Rf values of known amino acids below. Amino acid Glutamic acid Glycine Arginine Rf value in solvent X 0.38 0.50 0.70
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Rf value in solvent Y 0.30 0.26 0.20

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11 Leucine 0.91 0.73 [2] [1] State the identities of two of the spots. (e) In a similar manner like the values in the table in (d), write down the Rf values for the unidentified unknown. Suggest an advantage of a two-way chromatography method over a one-way chromatography method.

(f)

[1]

(g) Paper chromatography proves to be a useful technique to separate components of small amount of unknown mixtures. It also identifies the unknown components of a sample. However, the technique has its limitations. Suggest one disadvantage of the use of paper chromatography over other physical separation techniques. [Total: 8 marks]

[1]

B11 Dry ammonia gas reacts with sodium metal to give hydrogen gas and sodamide, NaNH2. It is given that the hydrogen ion in amide ion, NH 2- , has an oxidation state of -1. (a) (b) Suggest how you would obtain a dry sample of ammonia gas. How would you test for the presence of the hydrogen gas formed? State the expected results. Construct a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between ammonia and sodium. State if ammonia is oxidised or reduced in this reaction, in terms of oxidation state. [1] [2]

(c) (i)

[2]

(ii)

[2]

(d)

In this experiment, 0.78 g of sodamide was obtained. (i) (ii) Calculate the volume of ammonia required for this reaction at r.t.p. Calculate the mass of hydrogen gas produced. [2] [1] [2]

(e)

Sodium is a very reactive metal which requires proper storage.

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12 Suggest how you would store sodium metal. State a reason for your suggestion. [Total:12 marks] EITHER B12 (a)

An experiment was carried out by reacting a few pieces of zinc granules [3] with 100 cm3 of sulfuric acid of 1 mol/dm 3 concentration. A few crystals of copper(II) sulfate were added and the initial rate of evolution of hydrogen gas was increased. However, when 5 g of copper(II) sulfate crystal was added, the initial rate of evolution of gas did not increase and no more gas were formed after a few minutes. Explain these observations. Describe the steps you would take to obtain pure magnesium chloride crystals from a mixture of solid magnesium chloride and solid copper(II) carbonate. The mixture in (b)(i) is changed to solid ammonium chloride and solid copper(II) carbonate. Would the steps taken be different? Explain. [4]

(b) (i)

(ii)

[2]

(c)

Suggest two reagents which you can use to form aqueous ammonium chloride solution.

[1]

[Total:10 marks] OR B12 (a) The metal iron can be extracted in a blast furnace. (i) (ii) Name the three raw materials that are added into the blast furnace. Describe in detail the stages in which the various chemical reactions take place in the blast furnace up to the formation of iron metal. Write balanced equations for the reactions. [1] [4]

(b) Methane reacts with chlorine gas according to the following equation. CH4(g) + 4Cl2(g) CCl4(g) + 4HCl(g) The table below shows the bond energies for the chemical bonds measured in kJ/mol. Bond H-Cl C-H C-Cl Cl-Cl (i) Bond energy (kJ/mol) 412 431 338 242 [2]

With the help of the bond energy values listed, calculate the
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13 overall energy change H for the reaction. (ii) (iii ) Is this reaction exothermic or endothermic? In terms of bond breaking and bond making, explain your answer in (b)(ii). [1] [2]

[Total:10 marks]

End Of Paper

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DATA SHEET Colours of some common metal hydroxides aluminium hydroxide calcium hydroxide copper(II) hydroxide iron(II) hydroxide iron(III) hydroxide lead(II) hydroxide zinc hydroxide white white light blue green red-brown white white

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Setter: Mrs Ong Siok Lee