Visualizalion lools foi loaching lho oosign ano

oplimizalion of miciowavo sliucluios usoo as

impooanco malching olomonls
V.C.Iaiio

ano F.M.Iail
2
Devwudfw Wkh sxusrvh ri wklv duwlfoh lv wr suhvhqw d
phwkrgrorj| iru whdfklqj ghvljq dqg rswlpl}dwlrq ri pl0
furzdyh vwuxfwxuhv xvhg dv lpshgdqfh pdwfklqj hohphqwv1Wr
dfklhyh wklv remhfwlyh ylvxdol}dwlrq wrrov zhuh ghyhorshg lq
PDWODE1
Nh|zrugvLpshgdqfh pdwfklqj/ plfurzdyh/ylvxdol}dwlrq1
L1 Lqwurgxfwlrq
1ho puiposo of lhis woik is lo piosonl lools usoo foi
loaching oosign of miciowavo sliucluios. Wo inoicalo a
molhooology foi visualizing lho oplimizalion of miciowavo
sliucluios usoo as impooanco malching olomonls. In oiooi
lo piosonl miciowavo sliucluio mooolling ano foimulalo a
piaclical oosign pioLlom somo simplo oxamplos aio usoo.
1ho molhooology is piosonloo in foui pails:
1. Consliuclion of lho Smilh chail;
2. Impooanco malching using a simplo sluL lunoi;
8. Impooanco malching using a oouLlo sluL lunoi;
4. Mooolling a liiplo sluL lunoi ano solving lho malching
pioLlom using oplimizalion lhooiy.
Wo founo lhoso lopics appiopiialo foi a nisl unooigiaou-
alo couiso in miciowavo lhooiy, Locauso lhoy conliiLulo lo
unooislanoing visualizalion ano oosign lochniquos. 1his
woik was inspiioo in Schaisloin[1[ lhal piosonls a sol of
giaphs usoo lo illuslialoo lho Lohavioi of lho oLliquo in-
cioonco of olocliomagnolic wavos al an inloifaco Lolwoon
lwo non conoucloi mooia.
LL1 Frqvwuxfwlrq ri wkh Vplwk fkduw dqg
lpshgdqfh ehkdylru lq d orvvohvv wudqvplvvlrq
olqh
1ho Smilh chail is a powoiful moans of visualizalion
in miciowavo oovico oovolopmonl. 1ho nisl slop in oui
loaching soquonco is lo pioposo lho consliuclion of a Smilh
chail in MA1LAL, using oqualions (1) ano (2), whoio lho
iooclion coomcionl is iopiosonloo Ly @
u
.m
l
ano an
impooanco is iopiosonloo Ly ]
q
@ u . m{> aio iolaloo as
follows:
@
]
q
4
]
q
. 4
=
\sing (1) wo can consliucl a family of ciiclos having
iaoius

4
4.u

o conloioo al
u
@
u
4.u
ano
l
@ 3= Lach of

Maua Inslilulo of 1ochnology - Dopailamonl of Llocliical Lnginoi-

ing, Sao Caolano oo Sul, SI, Liazil
2
LI\SI Dopailamonl of Llocliical Lnginoiing, Sao Iaulo, SI,
Liazil
lhoso ciiclos, shown in solio linos in Fig.1, iopiosonls a sol
of poinls foi which lho iooclion coomcionl has conslanl
ioal pail. Similaily, using (2) wo consliucl anolhoi family
of ciiclos, shown in oashoo linos, which iopiosonls sols of
poinls foi which lho iooclion coomcionl has a conslanl
imaginaiy pail. Dolails can Lo oncounloioo in [8[.

u

u
4 . u

5
.
5
l
@

4
4 . u

5
(1)
+
u
4,
5
.

l

4
{

5
@

4
{

5
(2)
In (8), ]
q
+o
q
> ]
o
> ]
r
, iopiosonls lho noimalizoo
impooanco along a lossloss liansmission lino whoio ]
r
is
lho chaiacloiislic impooanco of lho lino, ]
o
is lho loao
impooanco, o
q
@
o

is lho noimalizoo oislanco lo lho loao

ano is lho wavolonglh. In oiooi lo illuslialo an applica-
lion wo uso (8) lo calculalo lho impooanco valuos along a
lossloss liansmission lino whoio ]
r
@ 83 ano ]
o
@ 83.m83
[` + @ 3=5 . m3=7, ano plol il in a Smilh chail (soo Fig.
1).
]
q
+o
q
> ]
o
> ]
r
, @
]
o
. m]
r
wdq+5o
q
,
]
r
. m]
o
wdq+5o
q
,
(8)
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Impedance behavior in a lossless transmission line
Real part of the reflection coefficient
I
m
a
g
i
n
a
r
y

p
a
r
t

o
f

t
h
e

r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
Load
Fig. 1 Smilh oiagiam
Session F1E
0-7803-6424-4/00/$10.00 2000IEEE
F1E-13
Wo can piojocl any impooanco poinl in lho Smilh chail
ano ooloimino lho ioal ano imaginaiy pail of lho iooclion
coomcionl. Honco, wo concluoo lhal lho oislanco Lolwoon
a poinl in lho chail lo lho conloi iopiosonls lho magniluoo
of lho iooclion coomcionl. Having lhis concopl in mino,
wo know lhal in a lossloss liansmission lino lho magni-
luoo of lho iooclion coomcionl is conslanl, only ils phaso
vaiios along lho longlh of liansmission lino, lho Lohavioi
of lho impooanco valuos along a lossloss liansmission lino
oosciiLos a ciiclo conloioo in lho conloi of lho Smilh chail
ano lho iaoius is lho magniluoo of lho iooclion coomcionl.
Olhoi impoilanl infoimalion is lhal ono complolo luin in
lho Smilh chail iopiosonls a oislanco of

5
=
LLL1 Lpshgdqfh pdwfklqj xvlqj d vlpsoh vwxe
wxqhu
1o liansmil a signal lhiough a liansmission lino wo havo
lo malch lho loao lo lho liansmission lino, in olhoi woios,
@ 3 whon ]
o
@ ]
r
= In many silualion lhis cannol Lo oono
oasily, foi oxamplo whon lho loao changos ils valuo wilh
lho limo. Whon ]
o
9@ ]
r
lho syslom woiks wilh 3 ? ? 4
signifying a powoi loss ano lho ioocloo wavo can oam-
ago lho gonoialoi. In oiooi lo coiiocl mismalchos Lolwoon
lho loao impooanco ano a lossloss liansmission lino, sovoial
sliucluios foi impooanco malching aio pioposoo in lho lil-
oialuio. A classical molhoo usos a singlo sluL lunoi, shoil
ciicuiloo in soiios wilh lho liansmission lino wilh vaiiaLlo
noimalizoo longlh o
wq
, whoio 3 o
wq
3=8> insoiloo in a
vaiiaLlo oislanco lo lho loao o
q
(soo Fig. 2). Il`s Lolloi if
oislanco Lolwoon lho loao ano lho sluL is minimum. 1ho
main iooa wo oxploil is how ooloimino a posilion of lho
sluL ano ils longlh in oiooi lhal lho oquivalonl impooanco
is ]
r
=
Load
l
tn
l
n
Z
o
Z
o
Z
in
(l
n
)
Fig. 2 Singlo sluL lunoi
In (4) ]
lq
+o
q
> o
wq
> ]
o
> ]
r
, iopiosonls lho noimalizoo
impooanco incluoing lho oocl of lho sluL. \sing (4) wo
plol lho magniluoo of lho iooclion coomcionl calculaloo al
lho inpul of lho liansmission lino. Accoioing lo lho lhooiy
wo oxpocl lwo poinls lo ioalizo lho malch ano oLsoiving
Fig.4,which plols mm againsl o
q
ano o
wq
=Wo can soo lhal
lhiso funclion has lwo gloLal minima. Wo pioposoo a pio-
coouio lo ooloimino lho oislanco lo lho loao ano lho longlh
of lho sluL, which consisls in sluoying lho malching pioL-
lom using lho magniluoo of lho iooclion coomcionl as a
goal funclion lo Lo minimizoo. Consiooi lho pioLlom: Fino
o

@

o

q
o

wq

W
lhal minimizo mm @ i+o
wq
> o
q
> ]
o
> ]
r
,=
]
lq
+o
q
> o
wq
> ]
o
> ]
r
, @ m wdq+5o
wq
, .
]
o
. m]
r
wdq+5o
q
,
]
r
. m]
o
wdq+5o
q
,
(4)
\sing oqualion(4) lho following MA1LAL cooo can Lo
oovolopoo lo oLlain lho iosull illuslialoo in Fig.4.
for k=1:N
ln(k)=0.5*(k-1)/(N-1
for m=1:N
lt(m)=0.5*(m-1)/(N-1);
z(k)=(zl+i*zo*tan(2*pi*ln(k)))/(zo+i*zl*tan(2*pi*ln(k)));
zt(m)=i*tan(2*pi*lt(m));
zr(m,k)=z(k)+zt(m);
modgama(m,k)=abs((zr(m,k)-1)/(zr(m,k)+1));
end
end
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
meshc(ln,lt,modgama)
title('Magnitude of reflection coefficient');
xlabel('ln')
ylabel('ltn')
zlabel('Magnitude of reflection coefficient')
Fig. 8 MA1LAL cooo
Fig. 4 Singlo sluL lunoi - ]
r
@ 83 o ]
o
@ 58 . m58^`
LY1 Lpshgdqfh pdwfklqj xvlqj d grxeoh vwxe
wxqhu
In somo applicalions il is voiy haio lo consliucl a sliuc-
luio wilh vaiiaLlo sluL posilion. An alloinalivo is uso
Session F1E
0-7803-6424-4/00/$10.00 2000IEEE
F1E-14
lwo nxoo sluL, a sliucluio is known as lho oouLlo sluL
lunoi,which can Lo is sluoioo applying lho samo molhoo-
ology oosciiLoo in piovious soclion. \sing lhis appioach wo
can invosligalo Ly somo foaluios of lho iooclion coomcionl
magniluoo (mm, as a funclion of lho longlhs of lho sluLs
o
q4
ano o
q5
, whoio o
q4
is lho sluL closoi lo lho gonoialoi
ano o
q5
is lho sluL closoi lo lho loao. Foi lho oouLlo sluL
lunoi wo havo lo ooloimino o
q4
ano o
q5
in oiooi lhal lho
oquivalonl impooanco is ]
r
= 1ho following oxamplos woio
applioo in a oouLlo sluL lunoi whoio lho oislanco Lolwoon
lho sluLs is
6
7
>ono of lho sluLs is posilionoo al lho samo
poinl of lho loao ano lho maximum longlh of lho sluLs is

5
= Olhoi sliucluios can Lo sluoioo using lho samo molhoo-
ology. 1his sliucluio was choson Locauso oo oislanco Lo-
lwoon lho sluLs is
6
7
> which implios a simplo impooanco
liansfoimalion. Ilolling lho magniluoo of iooclion co-
omcionl foi all comLinalion of longlh of lho sluLs, whon
]
r
@ 83 ano ]
o
@ 58 .m58 ^` + @ 3=5 .m3=7,> in Fig.
wo oLsoivo ils has lwo gloLal minima, ano in lhis caso
Lolh of lhom iosulloo in mm @ 3, allowing us lo solvo lho
malching pioLlom.
Fig. DouLlo sluL lunoi - ]
r
@ 83 ano ]
o
@ 58 .m58^`
Anolhoi way lo visualizo lho iosulls is using lho Smilh
chail plolling all possiLlo impooanco iosulling foi a oouLlo
sluL lunoi foi lhis oxamplo. 1his iogion is iopiosonloo in
Llack in Fig.0. Il`s impoilanl lo nolico lhal lhis iogion
involvos lho conloi of lho Smilh chail which iopiosonls lho
poifocl malching poinl.
Fig. 0 Localion foi all possiLlo impooanco valuos whon
]
r
@ 83 ano ]
o
@ 58 . m58^`
Invosligaling olhoi casos wo can concluoo lhal somolimos
using a oouLlo sluL lunoi wo can nol achiovoo lho poifocl
malching. Foi oxamplo, whon ]
r
@ 83 ano ]
o
@ 433 .
m433 ^`+ @ 3=86< .m3=63;,> lho minimum valuo foi mm is
aiouno 0.8 (soo Fig. 7)
Fig. 7 DouLlo sluL lunoi - ]
r
@ 83 ano
]
o
@ 433 . m433^`
OLsoiving Fig.8 using lho Smilh chail is oLviously
showing lhis Lohavioi Locauso lho iogion foi all possiLlo
impooanco oo nol involvo lho conloi of lho Smilh chail.
Session F1E
0-7803-6424-4/00/$10.00 2000IEEE
F1E-15
Fig. 8 DouLlo sluL lunoi - ]
r
@ 83 ano
]
o
@ 433 . m433^`
Il is impoilanl lo nolico lhal malching can nol Lo
achiovoo foi lho loao in Fig. 7 using oouLlo sluL lunoi
sliucluio. 1hal is lo say, foi lhis loao anolhoi sluL, musl
Lo insoiloo lo allow lho malching.
Y1 Prghoolqj d wulsoh vwxe wxqhu dqg vroylqj
wkh pdwfklqj sureohp xvlqj rswlpl}dwlrq
wkhru|
\sing lho samo sliucluio oosciiLoo in lho piovious soc-
lion wo aoo anolhoi sluL noai lo gonoialoi. 1ho aim of
lhis soclion is lo oxpano on lho piovious iooas ano apply
lhom lo lho liiplo sluL lunoi illuslialoo in Fig.0 .
Load
l
n1
l
n2
l
n3
Fig. 0 1iipplo sluL lunoi
Consiooi lho pioLlom: Fino o

@

o

q4
o

q5
o

q6

W
lhal
plqimizos mm @ i+o
q4
> o
q5
> o
q6
> ]
o
> ]
r
,>whoio o
ql
aio longlh
of lho sluLs, suLjocl lo 3 ? o
ql
? 3=8=\sing lhis foimulalion
wo pioposo lwo ways lo cioalo an oplimizalion algoiilhm
pioposoo Ly Iaiio ol al [2[:
1. Slooposl Dosconl;
2. Mooinoo giaoionl molhoo;
\sing lhoso algoiilhm wo can compaio lhoii poifoimanco
in Smilh chail. 1ho inilial guoss foi lho sluL longlh was
o
qr
@ ^3=458 3=458 3=458`> Locauso in lhis silualion lho
sluLs oion`l mako inloifoionco in lho magniluoo of iooc-
lion coomcionl, in olhoi woios, lho magniluoo of lho io-
oclion coomcionl iosulling is lho samo lhal lho iooclion
coomcionl al lho loao. In Fig. 10 ano Fig. 11 wo can oL-
soivo lho Lohavioi of lho magniluoo of iooclion coomcionl
whon ]
r
@ 83 ano ]
o
@ 58 . m58 ^`=1ho iosull apply-
ing slooposl oosconl was o

@ ^ 3=48:4 3=4684 3=4338 `

ano @ 3=3533 . m3=3785 > ano applying mooinoo gia-
oionl molhoo was o

@ ^ 3=4:54 3=4598 3=4578 ` ano

@ 3=35<6 . m3=3687 .
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Optimization using a steepest descent method
Real part of the reflection coefficient -1,1
I
m
a
g
i
n
a
r
y

p
a
r
t

o
f

t
h
e

r
e
fl
e
c
t
i
o
n

c
o
e
ff
ic
ie
n
t
-
1
,
1
Fig. 10 Applying slooposl oosconl molhoo whon
]
r
@ 83 ano ]
o
@ 58 . m58^`=
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Optimization using a modified gradient method
Real part of the reflection coefficient -1,1
Im
a
g
in
a
r
y

p
a
r
t

o
f

t
h
e

r
e
fl
e
c
t
i
o
n

c
o
e
ff
ic
i
e
n
t
-
1
,
1
Fig. 11 Applying mooinoo giaoionl molhoo whon
]
r
@ 83 ano ]
o
@ 58 . m58^`=
In Fig. 12 ano Fig. 18 wo can oLsoivo lho Lohavioi
of lho magniluoo of iooclion coomcionl whon ]
r
@ 83
ano ]
o
@ 83.m83 ^`=1ho iosull applying slooposl oosconl
was o

@ ^ 3=4:46 3=43<6 3=4559 ` ano @ 3=3556 .

m3=3748 > ano applying mooinoo giaoionl molhoo waso

@
^ 3=4:58 3=43<5 3=457; ` ano @ 3=3676 . m3=3634 .
Session F1E
0-7803-6424-4/00/$10.00 2000IEEE
F1E-16
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Optimization using a steepest descent method
Real part of the reflection coefficient -1,1
I
m
a
g
i
n
a
r
y

p
a
r
t

o
f

t
h
e

r
e
f
le
c
t
i
o
n

c
o
e
f
f
ic
i
e
n
t
-
1
,
1
Fig. 12 Applying slooposl oosconl molhoo whon
]
r
@ 83 ano ]
o
@ 83 . m83^`=
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Optimization using a modified gradient method
Real part of the reflection coefficient -1,1
I
m
a
g
i
n
a
r
y

p
a
r
t

o
f

t
h
e

r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
-
1
,
1
Fig. 18 Applying mooinoo giaoionl molhoo whon
]
r
@ 83 ano ]
o
@ 83 . m83^`=
YL1 Frqfoxvlrq
Wo havo shown an appioach lo a class of impooanco
malching pioLloms, which can Lo sluoioo as lho pioLlom
of minimizing a funclion using oplimizalion lhooiy. 1ho
uso of lho magniluoo of lho iooclion coomcionl is holpful
foi unooislanoing sovoial sliucluios usoo foi impooanco
malching.
1hoso iooas can Lo oxlonooo lo loaching olhoi miciowavo
oovicos ano sliucluios. Caio musl Lo lakon in foimulaling
oplimizalion pioLloms lo claiify lho main miciowavo con-
copl Loing laughl. In lho classioom lho lools piosonloo can
Lo inliooucoo as an alloinalivo way lo solvo miciowavo oo-
sign pioLloms ano simplify lho oxplanalion of ciucial con-
copls.
Uhihuhqfhv
[1[ I.W. Schaisloin, Visualizalion ano Inloipiolalion foi lho Llolio-
magnolic Doiivalion of Snoll`s Laws," ILLL 1ians. Louc., vol. 41,
pp. 280-202, Nov. 1008.
[2[ V.C.Iaiio, J.C. oo Souza Ji., J.1. Soniso ano F.M.Iail, Au-
lomalic impooanco malching foi hoaling sysloms lhal uso mi-
ciowavo," Miciowavo ano Oploololionics Liazilian Socioly, July
1008.
[8[ Davio K. Chong, Funoamonlals of Llocliomagnolics Lnginooi-
ing ", Aooison Wosloy, 1008.
Session F1E
0-7803-6424-4/00/$10.00 2000IEEE
F1E-17