7/29/11 @ NTHU

Introduction to topological insulator

Ming-Che Chang Dept of Physics, NTNU

A brief history of insulators

Band insulator (Wilson, Bloch) Mott insulator Peierls transition Anderson insulator Hubbard model Quantum Hall insulator Scaling theory of localization Topological insulator

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2D TI is also called QSHI

A brief review on topology

extrinsic curvature K vs intrinsic (Gaussian) curvature G Positive and negative curvature

K0 G=0

G>0

G=0

G<0 K0 G0

 Gauss-Bonnet theorem (for a 2-dim closed surface)

da G = 4 (1 g )

g =0

g =1

g=2

Gauss-Bonnet theorem for a surface with boundary

da G + ds k g = 2 ( M , M )
M

Marder, Phys Today, Feb 2007

Topology in condensed matter

B 2D lattice electron in magnetic field

C
Cyclotron motion

Berry connection
2D Brillouin zone

A(k ) i uk k uk Berry curvature (k ) = k A(k )

topological number (1st Chern number)

Cell-periodic Bloch state

C1 =

1 2

BZ

d 2k Z Z

~ Gauss-Bonnet theorem

Lattice fermion with time reversal symmetry (TRS)

BZ Without B field, Chern number C1= 0 Bloch states at k, -k are not independent

EBZ is a cylinder, not a closed torus. No obvious quantization.

Moore and Balents PRB 07

C1 of closed surface may depend on caps C1 of the EBZ (mod 2) is independent of caps (topological insulator, TI) 2 types of insulator, the 0-type, and the 1-type

 2D TI characterized by a Z2 number (Fu and Kane 2006 )

1 2 mod 2 = d k dk A ( EBZ ) EBZ 2

~ Gauss-Bonnet theorem with edge How can one get a TI? : band inversion due to SO coupling 0-type 1-type

 Kramers degeneracy (for fermions with TRS) Time reversal operator 2 = 1 for fermions
If H commutes with , then , degenerate in energy (Kramer pair) are

Bloch state

k = k

w/ inv symm

w/o inv symm

k = k

k Time Reversal Invariant Momenta (TRIM)

01 00 11 10 TRIM Dirac point

Bulk-edge correspondence
Different topological classes

Semiclassical (adiabatic) picture: energy levels must cross.

Eg

gapless states bound to the interface, which are topologically protected.

Topological Goldstone theorem?

Example 1: QHE
(Classical picture) skipping orbit (Chiral edge state) (Semiclassical picture) Gapless excitations at the edge

LLs

Robust against disorder (no back-scattering)

number of edge modes = Hall conductance

Example 2: Topological insulator

Usual insulator Topological insulator

Dirac point

TRIM

0 or even pairs of surface states

odd pairs of surface states

fragile

robust

backscattering by non-magnetic impurity forbidden

Edge state: Quantum Hall vs topological insulator

Real space Robust chiral edge state Energy spectrum (for one edge)

Robust helical edge state

Topological insulators in real life

Graphene (Kane and Mele, PRLs 2005) 2D

SO coupling only 10-3 meV

HgTe/CdTe QW (Bernevig, Hughes, and Zhang, Science 2006) Bi bilayer (Murakami, PRL 2006)

Bi1-xSbx, -Sn ... (Fu, Kane, Mele, PRL, PRB 2007) Bi2Te3 (0.165 eV), Bi2Se3 (0.3 eV) (Zhang, Nature Phys 2009)
The half Heusler compounds (LuPtBi, YPtBi ) (Lin, Nature Material 2010)

3D

thallium-based III-V-VI2 chalcogenides (TlBiSe2 ) (Lin, PRL 2010)

GenBi2mTe3m+n family (GeBi2Te4 ) strong spin-orbit coupling band inversion

2D TI

A stack of 2D TI
fragile SS Helical Helical edge state

3 TI indices

3 weak TI indices: (1, 2, 3 ) z+ z0

Eg., (x0, y0, z0 )

x0

x+
2D TIs stacked along

y0

y+

M = 1G1 + 2G2 + 3G3 / 2

1 strong TI index: 0 0 = z+-z0 (= y+-y0 = x+-x0 ) difference between two 2D TI indices

Fu, Kane, and Mele PRL 07 Moore and Balents PRB 07 Roy, PRB 09

Weak TI indices

Screw dislocation of TI

A stack of 2D TI

Ran Y et al, Nature Phys 2009

1D helical metal exists iff

not localized by disorder half of a regular quantum wire

From Vishwanaths slides

Strong TI index

2D

If there is inversion symm then Bloch state at TRIM i has a definite parity Parity eigenvalue P n (i ) = n (i ) n (i ) ;

n (i ) = 1

i
Z2 class

n filled

2n

( i )
(normal phase) (TI phase)

01 00

11 10

(1) 1 2 3 4 = +1 (1) 1 2 3 4 = 1

If there is NO inversion symm T-reverse matrix w (k ) u (k ) u (k ) mn m n (antisymm)

Pf [ w(i )]

det [ w(i ) ]
Fu and Kane PRB 2006, 2007

Or, count zeros of the Pfaffian Pf[w] (mod 2)

Similar analysis applies to 3D TRIM:

n1n2 n3 =

1 n1b1 + n2b2 + n3b3 2

strong

( 1) 0 = ( 1)

ni = 0,1

n1

n n
2

weak

i =1,2,3

ni = 0; n j i = 0,1

n n n
1 2

For example,

Reality check: Surface state in topological insulator

ARPES of Bi2Se3

H. Zhang et al, Nature Phys 2009

Helical Dirac cone

W. Zhang et al, NJP 2010

Band inversion, parity change, spin-momentum locking (helical Dirac cone)

S.Y. Xu et al Science 2011

Dirac point, Landau levels

Dirac point:
Graphene Even number located at Fermi energy half integer QHE (4) Spin is not locked with k can be opened by substrate vs. Topological insulator Odd number (on one side) not located at EF half integer QHE (if EF is located at DP) spin is locked with k cannot be opened

Top

H=+1

bottom

H=+1

H=1

H=1

Landau levels of the Dirac cone

STM experiment E Dirac cone B

LLs
Berry phase C =

Cyclotron orbits k

Orbital area quantization

k 2 = 2 n +

1 2

C 2

eB

Linear energy dispersion

E (k ) = F k
En =vF 2eB n
P. Cheng et al, PRL 2010

Magnetoelectric response Axion electrodynamics

To have the half-IQHE,

Effective Lagrangian for EM wave

LEM = L0 + Laxion
EF

1 E2 L0 = 2 2 B 2 8 c
Laxion

axion coupling

e2 1 = EB = EB 2h c 4 2
4 e 2 e 2 1 note: = = c 2h c 137

TI

JH

- for TRS Surface state 2 DEG Hall current For systems with time-reversal symmetry, can only be 0 (usual insulator) or (TI) Cr2O3: /24 (TRS is broken)

e2 JH = E 2h
M= e E 2h
2

Induced magnetization

magneto-electric coupling

Maxwell eqs with axion coupling

E + B = 4 4 B E = + B J+ E c ct B = 0 E = B ct

( z ) Bz 4

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
=

Effective charge and effective current

E = 4 ( + )

c 1 e2 E xy = J = ( z) z 4 2 h

=
B =

( B ) 4 2 4 1 E
c

c B J = 2 E + 2 4 4 t

( J + J ) + c t

( )

( )

Static: Magnetic monopole in TI

Dynamic: Optical signatures of TI? axion effect on

A point charge Snells law Fresnel formulas Circulating current Brewster angle Goos-Hnchen effect An image charge and an image monopole

Qi, Hughes, and Zhang, Science 2009

Longitudinal shift of reflected beam (total reflection)

Chang and Yang, PRB 2009

(Magnetic overlayer not included)

TI thin film, normal incidence

1 2 3 TI substrate

xy xy

assume xx = 0, xy = xy Faraday rotation

t = t ei

( = 1)

tij , =

rij ,

4 c 4 ni n j c = 4 ni + n j + c ni + n j +

2ni

F =
Agree with calculations from axion electrodynamics

1 ( + ) 2 1+ = n1 + n3

4 xy c

(A.Khandker et al, PRB 1985)

Kerr rotation
r = r ei

Multiple reflections (>>d)

t = t12 1 t23 1 r23 r21 1 t21 1 r23 r21

r = r12 + t12 r23

K =

2 (1 + ) n1
2 n3 n12 + (1 + ) 2 2

Kerr effect and Faraday effect for a TI thin film

W.K. Tse and A.H. MacDonald, PRL 2010 J. Maciejko, X.L. Qi, H.D. Drew, and S.C. Zhang, PRL 2010

xy = xy

xy = xy

tan F F =

2 n1 + n3
(Free-standing film)

F = 0

tan K =

4n1 1 2 n3 n12 + 4 2

K = 0

Giant Kerr effect

Electric polarization Thouless charge pump

Z2 spin pump

Electric polarization of a periodic solid

P= 1 3 d r r (r ) V
Unit cell Choice 1

NOT well defined for an infinite solid P

Choice 2

nevertheless

Start from j = dP/dt, which is well-defined, then

P =

dP d = P =1 P =0 d

: atomic displacement
Resta, Ferroelectrics 1992

Polarization and Berry phase (1D example)

King-Smith and Vanderbilt, PRB 1993

q dk a (k , ) Z B 2 Berry potential: P =
a ( k , ) = i uk k uk

P P + nq under a "large" GT: uk ei ( k ) uk with ( ) (- )=2 n

1 P has no such ambiguity

P =

q 2

dk a (k )
- 0

Thouless charge pump (Thouless PRB 1983)

Periodic variation: H(k,t+T)=H(k,t)

T t

P =

q 2

dk a (k ) = nq k = (k , t )
k - 0

n is the first Chern number Quantized pumping at Temp=0, for adiabatic variation.

Pumping charges without using a DC bias Example 1: a sliding potential t=0 t=T Trivial

Example 2: SSH model with staggered field (Rice and Mele PRL 1983)
H= t (t ) i i + c c ( 1) cici +1 + hst (t ) ( 1) cici + h.c. i i +1 2 i 2 i i
2 t 2 t ( (t ), hst (t )) = 0 cos , h0 sin T T
t=0 t=T/4 t=T/2 t=3T/4 t=T t=5T/4 adiabatic variation

After a period of T, one electron is pumped to the right

Spin pump: Fu-Kane model (PRB 2006)

H=

Spin-dep staggered field

(t ) t i i + c c ( 1) ci ci +1 + hst (t ) ( 1) ci z ci + h.c. i i +1 2 i 2 i i

t=0 t=T/4 t=T/2 t=3T/4 t=T Sz is conserved

After t=T/2, one unpaired up (down) spin appears on the R(L) edge. (Effectively one up-spin is pumped to the right.) Sz is not conserved After t=T/2, again unpaired spins (not necessarily up/down) at each end. (some spin is pumped to the right)

Fu-Kane model
H=

(t ) t i i z + + c c 1 c c h ( t ) 1 ci ( ) ( ) i i +1 i i +1 st ci + h.c. 2 i 2 i i
( (t ), hst (t )) 2 t 2 t , h0 sin = 0 cos T T

H is time-reversal invariant at t=0, T/2, T Kramer degeneracy at t=0, T/2, T

Fu and Kane, PRB 2006

Mid-gap edge states

3T/2

2T

Different ground states t=0, T. Z2 symmetry no crossing, no pumping

Dimensional reduction Topological field theory

2D quantum Hall effect

Laughlins argument (1981):

1D charge pump

B x x

compactification x

Berry When the curvature: flux is changed by 0, = i a j integerfijcharges are j ai transported from edge edge IQHE Berryto connection: ak = i u k u C1 = 1 d 2 k f xy (k ) 2

Ay ( x, t ) ( x, t ), a parameter polarization P ( ) = 1 dk x ax 2

SCS =

C1 2 d xdt A A 4 S C j = CS = 1 A A 2

S = dxdt P A j = P

Qi, Hughes, and Zhang PRB 2008

4D quantum Hall effect w (x,y,z)

3D topological insulator compactification

S=

C2 d 4 xdt A A A 2 24 C j = 22 A A 8
nonlinear response.

S=

1 8
2

3 A A d xdt

j =

1 4
2

1 C2 = d 4 k ijkl tr fij f kl 2 32 fij = i a j j ai i[ai , a j ] akmn = i um k un

1 i 3 ijk + d k tr a f a a , a i j k i jk 8 BZ 3

Qi, Hughes, and Zhang PRB 2008

Without TRS 5

NCTS bldg

With TRS

4D QHE

TI

3
Chern elevator

QHE

QSHE

2
Charge pump

1
Re-enactment from Qis slide

Alternative derivations of 1. Semiclassical approach (Xiao Di et al, PRL 2009) 2. 3.

Pi B j
M j Ei

A. Essin et al, PRB 2010 A. Malashevich et al, New J. Phys. 2010

Pi M j = = ij = ij + ij B j Ei e2 = 2 h
Explicit proof of = for strong TI: Z. Wang et al, New J. Phys. 2010

Not in this talk,

Effective Hamiltonian for the SS [Shen] Disorder, non-crystalline TI [Shen] Electron-electron interaction [Xie] Hybrid materials (TI+M, TI+SC) [Fang] TI-SC interface, Majorana fermion [Law, Wan] Periodic table of TI/SC

Physics related to the Z2 invariant

Topological insulator graphene Quantum SHE Spin pump 4D QHE Gauss-Bonnett theorem parity eigenvalue zero of Pfaffian

Helical surface state Magneto-electric response Interplay with SC, magnetism Majorana fermion in TI-SC interface

QC

Time reversal inv, spin-orbit coupling, band inversion

Thank you!