CONTENTS

vii

11.20 11.21 11.22 11.23

Exposure Time 488 Secondary Task-Related Factors 488 Observer-Related Visibility Factors 489 The Aging Eye 490

12.10 Tungsten-Halogen Lamp Types

537

GASEOUS DISCHARGE LAMPS 540

12.11 Ballasts 12.12 12.13 12.14 12.15 540

QUANTITY OF LIGHT 491

11.24 Illuminance Levels 491 11.25 Illuminance Category 492 11.26 Illuminance Recommendations

FLUORESCENT LAMPS 543

Fluorescent Lamp Construction 543 Fluorescent Lamp Labels 546 Fluorescent Lamp Types 546 Characteristics of Fluorescent Lamp Operation 547 12.16 Federal Standards for Fluorescent Lamps 550 12.17 Special Fluorescent Lamps 550 12.18 Compact Fluorescent Lamps 551

493

QUALITY OF LIGHTING 497

11.27 Considerations of Lighting Quality 497 11.28 Direct (Discomfort) Glare 497 11.29 Veiling Reflections and Reflected Glare 500 11.30 Equivalent Spherical Illumination and Relative Visual Performance 506 11.31 Control of Reflected Glare 508 11.32 Luminance Ratios 512 11.33 Patterns of Luminance: Subjective Reactions to Lighting 512

HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS 552

12.19 12.20 12.21 12.22 12.23 12.24 12.25 12.26 Mercury Vapor Lamps 552 Metal-Halide Lamps 555 Sodium-Vapor Lamps 557 Low-Pressure Sodium Lamps Induction Lamps 559 Light-Emitting Diodes 560 Sulfur Lamps 561 Fiber Optics 561

559

FUNDAMENTALS OF COLOR 514

11.34 11.35 11.36 11.37 11.38 11.39 Color Temperature 514 Object Color 515 Reactions to Color 518 Chromaticity 518 Spectral Distribution of Light Sources Color Rendering Index 522

OTHER ELECTRIC LAMPS 559

519

C H A P T E R 13

C HAPTE R 1 2

LIGHT SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 12.1 Basic Characteristics of Light Sources 525 12.2 Selecting an Appropriate Light Source 526

DAYLIGHT SOURCES 526

12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Characteristics of Daylight 526 Standard Overcast Sky 527 Clear Sky 529 Partly Cloudy Sky 530

ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES 531 INCANDESCENT LAMPS 531

12.7 The Incandescent Filament Lamp 531 12.8 Special Incandescent Lamps 535 12.9 Tungsten-Halogen (QuartzIodine) Lamps 536

LIGHTING DESIGN PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 13.1 General Information 563 13.2 Goals of Lighting Design 563 13.3 Lighting Design Procedure 564 13.4 Cost Factors 566 13.5 Power Budgets 566 13.6 Task Analysis 567 13.7 Energy Considerations 569 13.8 Preliminary Design 572 13.9 Illumination Methods 573 13.10 Types of Lighting Systems 573 13.11 Indirect Lighting 573 13.12 Semi-Indirect Lighting 575 13.13 Direct-Indirect and General Diffuse Lighting 576 13.14 Semi-Direct Lighting 576 13.15 Direct Lighting 576 13.16 Size and Pattern of Luminaires 580 13.17 Other Design Considerations 585