Stresses Due To Rotation

3
Rotating
Cylindrical
Bodies

K.A. | MECH3001Y | Mechanics of Materials & Machines III Page | 2

Introduction
Bodies like rings, circular discs, cylinders, etc. are often present
in machines involving rotational movement. Large magnitudes
of centrifugal forces arise in these bodies due to the high
rotation speeds under which the machines operate. The
centrifugal forces give rise to stresses that are distributed
symmetrically about the axes of rotation. The aim of this
chapter is the study of these stresses, assuming uniform
density of the material from which the circular members (rings,
discs, cylinders) are made.
I - ROTATING RING
Figure 1 shows a thin ring rotating about its centre of gravity
located at 0.

Figure 1

Let,
r = roJius (m)
t = tbickncss o tbc ring (m)
p = Jcnsity o tbc motcriol (kg m
3
)
= ongulor spccJ o tbc ring (roJ s )
F
c
= ccntriugol orcc
o
c
= circumcrcntiolboop strcss
As a result of rotation, each and every element of the ring, like
element LMPQ, will experience centrifugal (or inertia) force JF
c

which will tend to expand the ring radially outwards. This will
in turn induce the circumferential (hoop) stress o
c
in the ring.

The hoop stress is tensile in nature. The hoop stress can be
evaluated by setting a number of assumptions and using the
equilibrium conditions.
Assumptions
In order to evaluate the hoop stress, the following assumptions
are made:
The circumferential stress on the area of the cross-section of
the ring is uniform.
The dimensions of the cross-section of the ring are small as
compared to its mean radius.
The constraining effect of spokes is negligible.

Volume of small element LMPQ per unit length = r. J0. t

Hence, the centrifugal force acting on the element,

JF
C
= p (r. J0. t)
2
[1]

JF
C
= p (r. J0. t)
2
[2]

The vertical component of the elemental force JF
C
is given by:

JF
C
(:crt. ) = JF
C
sin0
= p (r. J0. t)
2
r sin0
[3]

The horizontal component of JF
C
will be cancelled when we
consider another small element LMPQ in quadrant number 2
at an angle 0. However, this 2
nd
element LMPQ will
contribute an additional component of centrifugal force in the
vertical direction.
Therefore, the total vertical component of centrifugal force (or
the bursting force across the horizontal diameter XX is given by
F
C
, where
F
C
= _JF
C
sin0
n
0

= _p (r. J0. t)
2
r sin0
n
0

= p.
2
. r
2
. t _sin0
n
0
J0
= p.
2
. r
2
. t |-cos 0]
0
n

= 2p
2
r
2
t
The total resisting force opposing the bursting force F
C
is
denoted by F
csst.
, where
F
csst.
= 2 o
C
t 1 [4]


The ring will be in equilibrium, when
Iotol bursting orcc = totol rcsisting orcc
2p
2
r
2
t = 2o
C
t

o
C
= p
2
r
2
[5]

But : = r (where : is the linear velocity of the ring)
therefore,
o
C
= p:
2
[6]


Problem 3.1 Thin rim
A wheel 8uumm in diameter has a thin rim. If the density of the
material from which the wheel is made is 77uukg m
3
and
E = 2uu0Po, calculate:
i). the maximum number of revolutions per minute the wheel
may make without the hoop stress exceeding 1SuHPo;
ii). the change in diameter.
(neglect the effect of spokes)

03.01-Thin.ring.pdf

K.A. | MECH3001Y |

Problem 3.2 Built up ring
A built-up ring (Figure
set up in the steel and copper rings.
Assume: for steel,
for copper,

03.02-Built.up.ring.p
df

Mechanics of Materials & Machines III
Built up ring
Figure 2) rotates at . Find the stresses
set up in the steel and copper rings.
,
for copper, ,

Figure 2

Page | 8
. Find the stresses

K.A. | MECH3001Y |

II - THIN ROTATING
A simplified model for a component such as a ga
is a uniform thin disc which, when rotating at constant velocity,
is subjected to stresses induced by centri
problem involving symmetrical
axis. If the disc is thin in section, then it
stresses are set up. The radial and hoop stresses are constant
through the thickness, and there is no stress in the direction of
the axis of rotation.
A circular disc of inner radius
about its axis. Let us assume that the disc is of uniform
thickness.
Mechanics of Materials & Machines III
OTATING DISC
A simplified model for a component such as a gas turbine rotor
is subjected to stresses induced by centrifugal forces
symmetrical deformations about the rotating
axis. If the disc is thin in section, then it is assumed that plane
. The radial and hoop stresses are constant

circular disc of inner radius and outer radius

Figure 3
Page | 9
s turbine rotor
fugal forces. This is a
deformations about the rotating
is assumed that plane
. The radial and hoop stresses are constant
and outer radius is rotating


Consider an element ABCD of the disc, at a radius r,
subtending an angle J0 at the centre, and of radial width Jr.
Let,
o
= strcss on tbc occ C

o
+Jo
= strcss on tbc occ AB

o
C
= strcss on tbc occ BC & A
On the flat faces of the disc, there is no normal stress, and
hence there is free strain in the direction of the axis.
Iolumc o clcmcnt ABCD = r. J0. Jr. t (wbcrc, t =
tbickncss o tbc Jisc)
RoJiol orcc on ABCD Juc to
rototion
= p r. J0. Jr. t
2
r
= p J0. Jr. t
2
r
2

Forcc on occ AB (outworJ) = (r + Jr). J0. t (o
+ Jo
)
Forcc on occ CD (inworJ) = r. J0. t o

Forcc on occs BC onJ AD = Jr. t o
C

Forces acting on the element are shown in above Figure 3(b).
Resolving the forces in the radial direction and considering the
equilibrium of forces, we get

r. J0. t. o
+2. o
C
. t. Jr sin [
d0
2
=...
(o
+Jo
)(r +Jr). J0. t +p. J0. Jr. t

2
r
2

[7]
Since J0 is very small, sin [
d0
2

d0
2

Therefore, equation [7] reduces to
r. o
+o
C
. Jr = r. o
+ o
. Jr +r. Jo
+Jr. Jo
+ p
2
r
2
. Jr
Neglecting second order term (Jr. Jo
) and on further
simplification, the expression becomes
o
C
. Jr = o
. Jr +r. Jo
+p
2
r
2
. Jr [8]
Dividing both sides by Jr, we obtain

o
C
= o
+r.
Jo
Jr
+ p
2
r
2

Or
o
C
- o
= r.
Jo
Jr
+ p
2
r
2

[9]


Let us now consider circumferential and radial strains.
When the disc is rotating at high speed, let the disc dimensions
change such that r becomes (r + u) and (r + Jr) becomes
(r +Jr + u(r + Jr)).
Therefore, circumferential strain e
C
is given by

e
C
=
2n(r +u) -2nr
2nr
=
u
r

[10]
and the radial strain e
is given by

e
=
Ju
Jr

[11]
Also, from Hookes law,

e
C
=
1
E
(o
C
-vo
) =
u
r

[12]

e
=
1
E
(o
-vo
C
) =
Ju
Jr

[13]


From equations [12] and [13],
u =
r
E
(o
C
-vo
) [14]

Ju
Jr
=
1
E
(o
-vo
C
)
[15]

(see theory on stress/strain relationships and Poissons ratio for
the above equations)
Equations [14] and [15] can be integrated to give expressions
for the hoop (circumferential) stress and the radial stress.

o
=
C
1
2
+
C
2
r
2
-_
S +v
8
] . p
2
r
2

[16]

o
C
=
C
1
2
-
C
2
r
2
-_
1 + Sv
8
] . p
2
r
2

[17]

Depending on the boundary conditions, the integration
constants C
1
and C
2
can be evaluated and will yield the
corresponding radial and circumferential stress expressions for
i) a solid disc
ii) a disc with a central hole


Problem 3.3 Flat Steel Disc
Determine the intensities of principal stresses (o
C
, o
) in a flat
steel disc of uniform thickness having a diameter of 1m and
rotating at 24uurpm.
What will be the maximum principal stresses if the disc has a
central hole of u.2m diameter?
Take Poissons rotio =
1
S
, and p = 78Su kg m
3

03.03-Thin.disc.pdf


III - ROTATING LONG CYLINDERS
The analysis of rotating long cylinders is similar to that of thin
discs, the only difference being that the length of the cylinder
along the axis is large compared to the radius. It follows that in
addition to the hoop and radial stresses, axial stress along the
length of the cylinder has to be taken into consideration.
Longitudinal strain is assumed to be constant.
Let,
o
= roJiol strcss
o
C
= circumcrcntiol strcss
o
I
= longituJinol (or oxiol) strcss
Let these stresses (o
, o
C
, o
I
) act on any element of a section
of the cylinder of radius r (Fig. 2(b)).
Then, radial strain,

e
=
1
E
(o
-v(o
C
+o
I
)) =
Ju
Jr

[18]

Circumferential strain,

e
C
=
1
E
(o
C
-v(o
+o
I
)) =
u
r

[19]


Longitudinal strain (assumed constant),

e
I
=
1
E
(o
I
- v(o
+o
C
))
[20]
Integration of equations [18], [19] and [20] lead to the
expressions for the hoop (circumferential) stress, the
longitudinal stress and the radial stress.
o
I
= C
1
+v(o
+o
C
) [21]

where C
1
= E. e
I

o
=
C
1
2
+
C
2
r
2
-_
S -2v
1 -v
] .
p
2
r
2
8

[22]

o
C
=
C
1
2
-
C
2
r
2
-_
1 + 2v
1 - v
] .
p
2
r
2
8

[23]

The above equations for radial and circumferential stresses are
the governing equations for a rotating cylinder. The integration
constants C
1
and C
2

are evaluated with the help of boundary
conditions.


Problem 3.4 Long cylinder
A long cylinder of Suumm radius is rotating at 4Suurpm. The
density of the material from which it has been manufactured is
78uu kg m
3
and Poissons rotio = u.S
i). Calculate the maximum stress in the cylinder;
ii). Draw the variations of radial and circumferential stresses
along the radius.

03.04-Long.cylinder1
.pdf


Problem 3.5 Hollow cylinder
A hollow cylinder, 2uumm external radius and 1uumm internal
radius is rotating at Suuurpm. The density of the material used
is 78uu kg m
3
and Poissons rotio = u.S
i). Calculate the maximum stress in the cylinder;
ii). Draw the variations of radial and circumferential stresses
in the cylinder.

03.05-Long.cylinder2
.pdf

Stresses Due To Rotation

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Stresses Due To Rotation

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

3

= strcss on tbc occ C

= strcss on tbc occ AB

)(r +Jr). J0. t +p. J0. Jr. t

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen