Communications The Radio Frequency Spectrum

Band name Extremely low frequency Super low frequency Ultra low frequency Very low frequency Low frequency Medium frequency High frequency Very high frequency Ultra high frequency Super high frequency Extremely high frequency
Tremendously high frequency

ABBR ELF SLF ULF VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF THF

ITU band 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

frequency < 3 Hz 330 Hz 30300 Hz 3003000 Hz 330 kHz 30300 kHz 3003000 kHz 330 MHz 30300 MHz 3003000 MHz 330 GHz 30300 GHz 300 GHz 3000GHZ

wavelength > 100,000 km 100,000 km 10,000 km 10,000 km 1000 km 1000 km 100 km 100 km 10 km 10 km 1 km 1 km 100 m 100 m 10 m 10 m 1 m 1 m 100 mm 100 mm 10 mm 10 mm 1 mm < 1 mm

propagation mode Ground Wave Ground Wave Ground Wave Sky Wave Space Wave Space Wave Space Wave Space Wave

Satellites
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Orbit Height Orbital velocity Orbital time (period) Satellite Availability Operating Frequency 100 - 300 mi 17,500 mph 1.5 hours 15 min per orbit 1.0 GHz to 2.5 GHz
Motorola's Iridium Satellite system (66satellite constellation for mobile phone system)

Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) 6,000 - 12,000 mi 9580 mph 5-12 mph 2 - 4 hours per orbit 1.2 GHz - 1.66 GHz GPS, NAVSTAR

Geostationary / Geosynchronous (GEO) 22,300 mi 6879 mph 24 hours 24 hours per orbit 2 GHz - 18 GHz

Satellite classification to size

Size Large Satellite Small Satellite Mini Satellite Micro Satellite Nano Satellite Mass > 1,000 kg 500 - 1,000 kg 100 - 500 kg 10 - 100 kg < 10 kg Cost > $ 100 M $ 50 - 100 M $ 5 - 20 M $2-3M <$1M

Loudness level
0 - 15 dB 15 - 30 dB 30 - 60 dB 60 - 80 dB 80 - 130 dB 130 dB very faint faint moderate loud very loud deafening

Microwave frequency bands

Band L S C X Ku K Ka Millimeter Sub-millimeter Frequency in GHz 1-2 2-4 4-8 8-12 12-18 18-27 27-40 40-300 >300

10 Octaves of human hearing

1st octave 2nd octave 3rd octave 4th octave 5th octave 6th octave 7th octave 8th octave 9th octave
10th octave

20 - 40 Hz 40 - 80 Hz 80 - 160 Hz 160 - 320 Hz 320 - 640 Hz 640 - 1280 Hz 1280 - 2560 Hz 2560 - 5120 Hz 5120 - 10240 Hz
10240 - 20480 Hz

Lower Bass Upper Base

Lower Midrange Upper midrange Treble

The good you do to others will always come back to you pay it forward!!

Optimum volume per person for various types of hall

Type of Hall concert halls Italian-type opera houses churches cinemas Rooms for speech Optimum Volume /person (m3) 7.1 4.2 - 5.2 7.1 - 9.9 3.1 2.8

Sound Pressure Levels

Source faintest audible sound whisper Quiet residence Soft stereo in residence Speech range cafeteria Pneumatic jack hammer Loud crowd noise Accelerating motorcycle Rock concert Jet Engine (75 feet away) SPL (dB) 0 20 30 40 50-70 90 90 100 100 120 140

Optimum reverberation (@500 to 1kHz)

Room Function Recording and broadcasting studios Elementary classrooms Playhouses, intimate drama production Lecture and conference rooms Cinema small theaters High school auditoriums General purpose auditoriums Churches Reverberation time (s) 0.45 - 0.55 0.6 - 0.8 0.9 - 1.1 0.9 0.8 1.2 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Super Group Carrier Frequency

L600 Mastergroup
Supergroup Carrier frequency (kHz)

U600 Mastergroup
Supergroup Carrier frequency (kHz)

1.5 - 1.6 1.4 - 3.4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

612 Direct 1116 1364 1612 1860 2108 2356 2724 3100

13 14 15 16 17 18 D25 D26 D27 D28

1116 1364 1612 1860 2108 2356 2652 2900 3148 3396

AT&Ts FDM Hierarchy

Group supergroup mastergroup Jumbogroup Superjumbogroup VB channels 12 60 600 3600 10800 Groups 5 50 300 900 supergroups 10 60 180 mastergroups 6 18 jumbogroups 3

CCITTs FDM Hierarchy

Group supergroup mastergroup Jumbogroup VB channels 12 60 300 900 Groups 5 25 75 supergroups 5 15 mastergroups 3

Digital Multiplexing Hierarchy (North American)

Line Type Digital Signal DS0 DS1 DS1c DS2 DS3 DS4 Bit rate (Mbps) 64Kbps 1.544 3.152 6.312 44.736 274.176 Channel Capacity 1/24 of T-1 24 48 96 672 4032 # of T1 Services Offered Medium twisted pair 1 2 4 28 168 VB telephone VB telephone VB tel, picture phone VB tel, picture phone, TV
same as T3 but more capacity

T1 T1C T2 T3 T4M

twisted pair twisted pair, microwave Coax, microware Coax, fiber optics fiber optics

Japanese Multiplexing Hierarchy

Level 1 2 3 4 5 Data Rate (Mbps) 1.544 6.312 32.064 97.728 565.148 Channel Capacity 24 92 480 1140 7680

TV channel Frequency allocation

channel # 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14-83 Frequency band (MHz) 54 - 60 60 - 66 66 - 72 76 - 82 82 - 88 88 - 108 174 - 180 180 - 186 186 - 192 192 - 198 198 - 204 204 - 210 210 - 216 470-890

Low VHF Channels

FM band

European standard
Level E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 Data Rate (Mbps) 2.048 8.448 34.368 139.264 565.992 Channel Capacity 30 120 480 1920 7680 time slots 32 128 512 2048 8192

High Band VHF Channels

UHF

ELECTRONICS Summary for all 2-input gates

Inputs A B 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 Output of each gate
AND NAND OR NOR EX-OR EX-NOR

Resonant Circuit Feedback Oscillators

Oscillator Type Hartley Colpitts Clapp Pierce Crystal X1 L C C C X2 L C C C X3 C L Series LC (net L) Crystal (net L)

0 0 0 1

1 1 1 0

0 1 1 1

1 0 0 0

0 1 1 0

1 0 0 1

Typical Characteristics of IC Logic Families

IC Logic Family Standard TTL Schottky TTL Low power Schottky TTL ECL CMOS Fan Out 10 10 20 25 50
Power Dissipation (mW) Propagation Delay (ns) Noise margin (V)

10 22 2 25 0.1

10 3 10 2 25

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 3

Level of Integration
Level Of Integration Small Scale Integration (SSI) Medium Scale Integration (MSI) Large Scale Integration (LSI) Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) No. of gates per chip less than 12 12-99 100-9,999 10,000-99,999 100,000 or more

Motors
Motor class A B F H max temperature (0C) 105 130 155 180

Amplifier
Amplifier class A AB B C efficiency 50% 51-99% 78% 85% conduction angle 360 181 to 359 180 0 to 179 input signal used 100% > 50% < 100% 50% 50%

Mode identification for Multivibrator

CN1 Resistor Resistor Capacitor CN2 Resistor Capacitor Capacitor Mode Bistable Monostable Astable

The good you do to others will always come back to you pay it forward!!

Electron Capacity = 2n2

Energy Level
(Principal Quantum Number)

Analog Phones
Class I Class II Class III 0.6W 1.6W 3W

Distress Frequency
aeronautical Maritime (radiotelegraphy) CB (40 channels, 8Km) modulation technique QAM - PSK GFSK GMSK 8PSK 121.5 MHz 2182 kHz 26.965-27.475 MHz Application Digital Microwave (DECT)Cordless phone GPRS EDGE

Shell Letter K L M N O P Q

Electron Capacity 2 8 18 32 18 8 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Data rates
GPRS EDGE 3G Bluetooth Fiber Optics 170 kbps 384 kbps 2 Mbps 720 Kbps 10 Gbps

SUF for 3G (per MHz, M-million):

Frequency 5 MHz 5 -10
th th th th

Specifications 10BaseT 10Base2 10Base5 10BaseF 100BaseT 100BaseTX

Cable Type Unshielded Twisted Pair Thin Coax Cable Thick Coax Cable Fiber optic cable Unshielded Twisted Pair Unshielded Twisted Pair

Max Length (m) 100 180 500 2000 100 220

paired P 5M 8M 10M 15M

unpaired P 3M 6M 8M 12M

10 -15 >15
th

Magnetic Field Intensity

Equator North Pole 32,000 nT 64,000 nT

Broadband wireless access for fixed, nomadic, mobile: (MHz)

<1 450-470 1-2 1900-1910 1980-1990 2-3 2400-2483 2500-2700 3-5 3400-3600 5-10 5150-5350 5470-5850 > 10 10150-10650 -

Moores Law (bps)

2015 1 Billion 2050 500 Trillion

IMT 2000 maximum data rate

Slow moving vehicles? High speed vehicle? 384 kbps 144 kbps

CATV
Class I Class II Class III Class IV
Cable TV Channel/Station-- off-the-air channels, DBS feeds

w/o auxiliary equipment scrambling w/ auxiliary equipment provides signaling path, PPV

What is the flicker nose voltage

Wire-wound resistor? Carbon-composition? carbon film metallic film (wire) 0.01 V to 0.2V 0.1V to 2V 0.05V-0.3 V 0.02V-0.2V

(Precise & Standard Positioning Service) GPS PPS SPS horizontal 22 m 100 m vertical 27.7 m 156 m Time interval 200 nsec

Velocity of Sound
Water Steel Wood 5000 ft/sec 5150m/s 3300m/s

Cable TV:
matching (RF) terminal isolation sound carrier isolator spurious radiation rejection cross modulation adjacent channel isolation audio signal level video SNR for modulator MPEG 1 MPEG 2 MPEG 3 MPEG 4 MPEG 7 CD/internet (DCT) - DVD - SVCD ripper MP3, sound compression DivX, video compression latest 16 dB 28 dB 40 dB 60 dB 80 dB -60 dB 1 dB 36 dB

Commonly magnetized alloys

Permalloy Hipernik Perminvar and Alnico N0N A1A C3F F1B F8E A3C F3C A3E F3E G3E H3E J3E R3E 22% iron and 78% nickel 40% Fe and 60% Ni alloys of iron, nickel and cobalt

The good you do to others will always come back to you

Un-Mod carrier, No info Telegraphy VSB Tx for TV signal FSK FM stereo Mux signal AM Fax FM Fax AM Telephony, DSB FM Telephony PM Telephony SSB FC SSB SC SSB RC

Curie temperature (0C)

Iron Nickel Cobalt Gondolinium 770 358 1130 16

Monolithic IC (m)
transistor resistor diodes 20 x 12 6 x 30 10 x 15

pay it forward!!