International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND ISSN 0976

6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), IAEME

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (IJECET)

ISSN 0976 6464(Print) ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August, 2013, pp. 42-50 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijecet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.8896 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

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IMPLEMENTATION OF CHANNEL ESTIMATION ALGORITHMS IN OFDM FOR 64 SUBCARRIERS

Navdeep Bansal1, Sukhjeet Singh2 , Pardeep Kumar Jindal3 ECE Department, GTBKIET Chhapianwali ECE Department, GTBKIET Chhapianwali 3 ECE Department, GGSCET Talwandi Sabo
2 1

ABSTRACT Main objectives of this paper is to design the PSK and QAM system for Symbol Error Rate (SER) performance analysis and to estimate the channels in OFDM. PSK & QAM syatems are designed for 64 Sbcarriers. In this paper we will compare the SER for both techniques for same modulation rate and same number of subcarrier. In this paper we will show how Symbol error rate is reduced as modulation rate increases for PSK & QAM. We will use three algotihms LS, LMMSE & Modified MMSE to compare the result parameters. Modified MMSE gives better results than LS & LMSE but computational complexity will be increased that is its major drawback. Keywords: OFDM, PSK, QAM, SER, LS, LMMSE, Modidied MMSE 1. INTRODUCTION

In this paper we will design the system for PSK & QAM modulation techniques for 64 subcarriers for the channel estimation in OFDM. We will implement the LS and LMMSE algorithms to estimate the channels and compare the symbol error rate for the PSK & QAM Modulation technique. OFDM(Orthognal Frequency Division Modulation) is a multichannel modulation that divides a given channel into many parallel sub-channels or subcarriers, so that multiple symbols are sent in parallel. It is a block transmission technique.The transmitted OFDM signal multiplexes several lowrate data streams-each data stream is associated with a given subcarrier. The main advantage of this concept in a radio environment is that each of the data streams experiences an almost flat fading channel. In slowly fading channels, the inter-symbol interference (ISI) and inter-carrier interference (ICI) within an OFDM symbol can be avoided with a small loss of transmission energy using the concept of a cyclic prefix [4].
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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), IAEME

The channel estimation can be performed by following pilot patterns. Block type Pilot arrangement. Comb type Pilot arrangement. Block Pilot Type: In block type, pilot tones are inserted in all subcarriers of an OFDM symbols periodically This type is suitable for slow-fading channels where channel characteristics are assumed stationary during one OFDM data block. For block type arrangements, channel at pilot tones can be estimated by using LS based or LMMSE based estimation, and assumes that channel remains the same for the entire block. So in block type estimation, we first estimate the channel, and then use the same estimates within the entire block [1]. Comb Type Pilot Type: The comb type pilot arrangement is generally based on inserting pilot tones in each individual OFDM data block as shown in figure 3.5.The channel is estimated in all OFDM symbols. The concept is to introduce some of the sub carriers as pilot carriers in each OFDM symbol. Comb type pilot tone estimation, has been introduced to satisfy the need for equalizing when the channel changes even in one OFDM block. The comb-type pilot channel ssestimation consists of algorithms to estimate the channel at pilot frequencies and to interpolate the channel. In a fast fading channel, the characteristics of a radio channel are changing within an OFDM block. Therefore, channel transfer function should be estimated in each OFDM symbol of a data block. [1] Channel Estimation Methods: Channel can be estimated at pilot frequencies by the following methods: 1. Least Square based Channel Estimation Method 2. Linear Minimum Mean Square Error based Estimation Method 2. BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig2.1: Channel Estimation using LS/MMSE algorithm In Block type pilot based channel estimation , each subcarrier in OFDM symbol is used in such a way that all subcarriers are used as pilots. The estimation of the channel is then done using Least square estimator amd Minimum mean square error estimator. [9], [13],[14].

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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), IAEME

3. SIMULATION PARAMETERS Table No. 1 PARAMETER Number of Subcarriers FFT size Length of Guard Interval Modulation type Pilot Type Channel Model Channel Bandwidth Maximum Delay time Doppler frequency shift SPECIFICATION N=64 64 L=4, L= 32 & L= 64 samples Different types of QAM/PSK Block type arrangements Rayleigh fading 1 MHz 12 microseconds. 100-250 Hz

For block-type pilot channel estimation, it is assumed that each block consists of a fixed number of OFDM symbols. The each OFDM symbols consists of 64 subcarriers. Pilots are sent at all subcarriers of the first symbol of each block and channel estimation is performed by using LS, LMMSE. Channel estimated at the beginning of the block is used for all of the following symbols of the block. 4. IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULT DISCUSSION
SNR V/S Symbol Error Rate in OFDM SYSTEM 10
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SNR V/S Symbol Error Rate in OFDM SYSTEM LSE MMSE Modified MMSE(M)

LSE MMSE Modified MMSE(M)

Symbol Error Rate

Symbol Error Rate

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Figure 4.1: Performance comparison of QAM symbol error rate

Figure 4.2: Performance comparison of 4QAM symbol error rate (N= 64, M=4, L=4, S1=32)

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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), IAEME

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SNR V/S Symbol Error Rate in OFDM SYSTEM LSE MMSE Modified MMSE(M) 10
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SNR V/S Symbol Error Rate in OFDM SYSTEM LSE MMSE Modified MMSE(M)

Symbol Error Rate

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Symbol Error Rate 20 30 40 50 60 SNR in dB 70 80 90 100

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Figure 4.3: Performance comparison of 8QAM symbol error rate (N= 64, M=8, L=4, S1=32)
SNR V/S Symbol Error Rate in OFDM SYSTEM 10
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-0.4

Figure 4.4 Performance comparison of 16QAM symbol error rate (N= 64, M=16, L=4, S1=32)
SNR V/S Symbol Error Rate in OFDM SYSTEM 10 LSE MMSE Modified MMSE(M)

LSE MMSE Modified MMSE(M)

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Symbol Error Rate

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Figure 4.5: Performance comparison of 32QAM symbol error rate (N= 64, M=32, L=4, S1=32)
SNR V/S Symbol Error Rate in OFDM SYSTEM LSE MMSE Modified MMSE(M)
10
0

Figure 4.6: Performance comparison of 64QAM symbol error rate (N= 64, M=64, L=4, S1=32)
SNR V/S Symbol Error Rate in OFDM SYSTEM LSE MMSE Modified MMSE(M)

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Symbol Error Rate

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Symbol Error Rate

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Figure 4.7: Performance comparison of BPSK symbol error rate (N= 64, M=2, L=4, S1=25)
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Figure 4.8: Performance comparison of QPSK symbol error rate (N= 64, M=4, L=4, S1=25)

International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), IAEME

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SNR V/S Symbol Error Rate in OFDM SYSTEM

SNR V/S Symbol Error Rate in OFDM SYSTEM 10

-0.3

LSE MMSE Modified MMSE(M)

LSE MMSE Modified MMSE(M) 10

-0.4

Symbol Error Rate

Symbol Error Rate

20 30 40 50 60 SNR in dB 70 80 90 100

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50 60 SNR in dB

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Figure 4.9: Performance comparison of 8QPSK symbol error rate (N= 64, M=8, L=4, S1=25)

Figure 4.10: Performance comparison of 16QPSK symbol error rate (N= 64, M=16, L=4, S1=25)

Figures 4.1 to 4.6 and from Table-2, the results of computations of symbol error rates of different methods of channel estimation for different types of Quadrature Amplitude Modulations (QAM) have been calculated and compared under the conditions as per Table 2 parameters for 64 subcarriers. The channel correlation matrix RHH for LMMSE method consists of 64 coefficients and the modified MMSE method considered 32 coefficients in the matrix have been considered. It has been observed that the modified MMSE estimator has smaller MSE than that of LMMSE estimator and much smaller LS estimator

SNR V/S Symbol Error Rate in OFDM SYSTEM LSE MMSE Modified MMSE(M)

SNR V/S Symbol Error Rate in OFDM SYSTEM LSE MMSE Modified MMSE(M) 10
-0.1

10

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Symbol Error Rate

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Figure 4.11: Performance comparison of 32 QPSK symbol error rate (N= 64, M=32, L=4, S1=25)

Figure 4.12: Performance comparison of 64QPSK symbol error rate (N= 64, M=64, L=4, S1=25)

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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), IAEME

TABLE-2: Symbol error rate performance comparison of different QAM (N=64)

Modulation Type QAM

Estimation Method LS LMMSE Modified MMSE

SNR (10 dB) 0.0514 0.0520 0.0425 0.1019 0.0950 0.0926 0.1106 0.1335 0.0914 0.1257 0.1874 0.1104 0.1321 0.2733 0.1715 0.1732 0.4210 0.1715

SNR (20 dB) 0.0376 0.0309 0.0267 0.0989 0.0770 0.0783 0.0792 0.1186 0.0599 0.1065 0.1694 0.0893 0.1123 0.2556 0.1294 0.1504 0.4106 0.1294

SNR (30 dB) 0.0390 0.0244 0.0231 0.0992 0.0738 0.0703 0.0729 0.1224 0.0512 0.1033 0.1674 0.0891 0.1139 0.2602 0.1182 0.1471 0.4093 0.1182

SNR (40 dB) 0.0394 0.0234 0.0229 0.0924 0.0743 0.0639 0.0728 0.1251 0.0495 0.1041 0.1658 0.0884 0.1136 0.2581 0.1126 0.1478 0.4127 0.1126

SNR (50 dB) 0.0388 0.0238 0.0238 0.0902 0.0744 0.0592 0.0714 0.1258 0.0481 0.1037 0.1635 0.0880 0.1151 0.2598 0.1134 0.1447 0.4125 0.1134

SNR (60 dB) 0.0391 0.0233 0.0234 0.0899 0.0744 0.0589 0.0735 0.1259 0.0480 0.1043 0.1640 0.0888 0.1143 0.2582 0.1143 0.1471 0.4119 0.1143

SNR (70 dB) 0.0394 0.0232 0.0232 0.0900 0.0742 0.0586 0.0713 0.1250 0.0480 0.1049 0.1632 0.0892 0.1155 0.2580 0.1121 0.1451 0.4101 0.1121

SNR (80 dB) 0.0386 0.0239 0.0240 0.0897 .0742 0.0586 0.0741 0.1284 0.0502 0.1047 0.1629 0.0891 0.1123 0.2562 0.1147 0.1485 0.4144 0.1147

4QAM

LS LMMSE Mod MMSE

8QAM

LS LMMSE Mod MMSE

16QAM

LS LMMSE Mod MMSE

32QAM

LS LMMSE Mod MMSE

64QAM

LS LMMSE Mod MMSE

In Figures 4.7 to 4.12 and from Table-3, the results of computations of symbol error rates of different methods of channel estimation for different types of Phase Shift Keying (PSK) have been calculated and compared under the conditions as per Table 01 parameters for 64 subcarriers. The channel correlation matrix RHH for LMMSE method consists of 64 coefficients and the modified MMSE method considered 25 coefficients in the matrix have been considered. It has been observed that the modified MMSE estimator has similar MSE than LMMSE estimator and much smaller than LS estimator. Hence: On considering the optimal number of coefficients 25 out of 64, the performance of modified MMSE method is better than LMMSE and much better than the LS methods. Also it reduces the computational complexity of MMSE method by considering only the significant coefficients 25 out of 64 for different types of PSK modulations.

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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), IAEME

Table 3: Symbol error rate performance Comparision of Diff. PSK (N=64)

Modulation Type BPSK

Estimation Method LS LMMSE Modified MMSE

SNR (10 dB) 0.0535 0.0554 0.0389 0.1476 0.1023 0.0944 0.2343 0.2207 0.1697 0.5085 0.4348 0.3718 0.7160 0.6876 0.6406 0.8657 0.8339 0.8025

SNR (20 dB) 0.0396 0.0412 0.0257 0.1250 0.0664 0.0601 0.1797 0.1433 0.0760 0.4217 0.3166 0.1924 0.6603 0.5290 0.3989 0.8496 0.8107 0.6484

SNR (30 dB) 0.0409 0.0409 0.0238 0.1134 0.0490 0.0460 0.1661 0.1464 0.0583 0.4123 0.2939 0.1720 0.6785 0.4844 0.3212 0.8522 0.8318 0.6226

SNR (40 dB) 0.0392 0.0389 0.0236 0.1115 0.0432 0.0423 0.1601 0.1537 0.0589 0.3947 0.2846 0.1788 0.6753 0.4737 0.2943 0.8546 0.8357 0.6115

SNR (50 dB) 0.0398 0.0388 0.0234 0.1100 0.0428 0.0424 0.1563 0.1541 0.0607 0.3894 0.2819 0.1863 0.6715 0.4707 0.2785 0.8590 0.8339 0.6008

SNR (60 dB) 0.0393 0.0385 0.0228 0.1054 0.0432 0.0432 0.1543 0.1542 0.0608 0.3896 0.2803 0.1863 0.6713 0.4683 0.2683 0.8590 0.8295 0.5953

SNR (70 dB) 0.0383 0.0396 0.0236 0.1053 0.0430 0.0434 0.1543 0.1543 0.0606 0.3900 0.2806 0.1864 0.6714 0.4684 0.2652 0.8592 0.8281 0.5933

SNR (80 dB) 0.0390 0.0392 0.0235 0.1057 0.0432 0.0432 0.1542 0.1545 0.0605 0.3898 0.2801 0.1864 0.6715 0.4683 0.2652 0.8591 0.8277 0.5934

QPSK

LS LMMSE Mod MMSE

8PSK

LS LMMSE Mod MMSE

16PSK

LS LMMSE Mod MMSE

32PSK

LS LMMSE Mod MMSE

64 PSK

LS LMMSE Mod MMSE

Result Comparision TABLE- 4: Performance comparison of different QAM & PSK modulations Modulation Type QAM 4QAM 8QAM 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM BPSK QPSK 8PSK 16PSK 32PSK 64PSK N=64 Subcarrier LMMSE Modified MMSE 0.0520 0.0425 0.0950 0.0926 0.1335 0.0914 0.1874 0.1104 0.2733 0.1266 0.4210 0.1715 0.0554 0.0389 0.1023 0.0944 0.2207 0.1697 0.4348 0.3718 0.6876 0.6406 0.8339 0.8025
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LS 0.0514 0.1019 0.1106 0.1257 0.1321 0.1732 0.0535 0.1476 0.2343 0.5085 0.7160 0.8657

International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), IAEME

The results obtained from simulations showed that the LMMSE method performs significantly better than the LS estimator, but having drawback of more computational complexity. The results of the modified MMSE channel estimator are better than LMMSE, which is based on the rank-reduction of the correlation matrix with almost the same performance as the full-rank LMMSE method, while significantly reducing the computational complexity. Further, the simulations results showed that the symbol error rate increasing as the modulation type is increased for different QAMs and PSKs

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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), IAEME

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