Poynting Theorem (1) Important

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Lorentz force law

Saturday, January 12, 2008 9:25 PM
Reading: JAK1.3a; DS1.2;
Lorentz force law describes the force exerted on charges, both static & moving charges, due to external EM elds. For point charge:
Charges and currents are, in turns, the sources of EM elds; through continuous feedbacks, charges & elds eventually are in equilibrium to each other and everything is selfconsistent.
Power supplied by currents

Tuesday, January 20, 2009 11:27 AM
Reading: JDJ 6.7
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Power delivered from EMeld to charge "q" is:
Notice this is in close analogy to classical mechanics where the power delivered from the external force to moving object is P = F*V. Notice that P is positive if F // V which means energy ow from external source to objects; if F ~// V (antiparallel), then P is negative which means power ows from objects to external source. e.g. if F ~// V, then V will slow down and objects lose its kinetic energy which is transferred to external source as potential among others.
Poynting theorem (PT)

Reading: JDJ6.7, (JAK1.3b, 3.1c; DS1.6)
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Poynting theorem is extremely important in EM wave theorems. It is a energy conservation. It states how energy are balanced in a electromagnetic eld, from which various forms of energy, such as electric eld energy density, magnetic eld energy density, energy ux, and energy dissipation, are dened rigorously. It is derived from Ampere's and Faraday's laws in which a distribution of currents or moving charges are present:
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The physical meaning of energy conservation might be more clear by looking at the Integral form:
The Poynting theorem states that the power owing out of the volume plus the rate of increase of energy storage inside the volume is equal to the total power supplied by the source, which is essentially a statement of conservation of energy. This formulation must be modied for moving boundary or media, which is not concerned here.
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Therefore the amount of energy dissipation in a resistor is proportional to the voltage drop across it; in a perfect conductor when the resistance is zero, therefore could be no energy dissipation.
(HW) Poynting vectors are special kind of vectors; they do not normally additive except the elds to be added are orthogonal to each other in some respects.
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Usually the two elds need to have some sort of orthogonality in order to have their cross product terms vanished such that Poynting vectors become addable.
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Phasors & Timeaverage Quantities of TimeHarmonic Fields

Tuesday, January 19, 2010 8:04 PM
When the frequency of timeharmonic elds is small such as radiowave ~ MHz (106 Hz), the wave is slow enough in time to be resolved completely. However, For microwave and above, i.e. G to THz (109 1012 Hz), the periods of which are too small or too hard to resolve the individual cycle. In this case, we dene timeaverage quantity, which is dened as the value average over one cycle of the oscillation.
The time average of harmonic elds can be conveniently connected to "phasor".
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(HW) (Adopted from JAK p.3.1.3) Explain "physically" why the phasor operations are zero but the timedomain functions do not.
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Timeaverage EM quantities: Eeld energy density:
Timeaverage Held energy density:
Power delivered in the solar wind on earth (adopted from JAK p1.3.7)
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Poynting theorem for dispersive & lossy media

(Reading) JDJ 6.8; JAK 3.1.Gj. optional resources: ch2, Electromagnetic Metamaterials, Caloz & Itoh) (you can come to borrow a copy from me;)
(generic) Poynting theorem with real elds of space and time is:
Fourier decomposition of E and Delds (the same for H & Belds) into their Fourier components:
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"Linearity" and "isotropy" mandate:
The 1st term on the RHS becomes:
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This function can be expressed in a slightly dierent way by involving symmetry:
From the above two identity, we can rewrite the result:
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Assume the bandwidth of the wave is small compared to the bandwidth of the system,
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which is in turn much less than the carrier frequency of the light; The above condition is in general true. For example, Ti:Sapphire lasers oer extremely short pulses. With a center frequency around 800 nm, the bandwidth corresponding 100 fs is around 10 nm only. And typically the material response bandwidth is large, if not considering sharp transition such as atomic resonance.
Let us know examine how to simplify eq.(1). The righthand side (RHS) becomes:
And the 2nd term at RHS is simplied following eq. (2);
The rst two terms on RHS become:
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Timeaverage Poynting theorem in linear, isotropic, dispersive media with losses becomes:
Physical meaning of various terms: a. 1st term LHS: energy input to the system from currents; b. 1st term RHS: time rate of change of the stored E&M energy density; c. 2nd term RHS: energy ow out of locality; d. 3rd term RHS: absorptive electrical dissipation in the media (not counting conduction losses;) such as induced scattering/electrical radiation and electronphonon coupling. [see note below]
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e. 4th term RHS: absorptive magnetic dissipation in the media such as induced magnetic scattering/radiation.
(HW) show that, when the system is nondispersive and lossless, the above Poynting equation for linear & dispersive media is reduced to the one we have derived previously.
(HW) Electric energy density of a lossless plasma gas (adopted from JAK Ex 3.1.6)
(HW) Energy and group velocity of a wave in dispersive and lossless medium (adopted from JAK Ex 3.1.7)
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Note [TH 05112009] "J" is strictly referred as the conduction current due to "free" electrons, which is characterized by conductivity s. Dielectric constant e, on the other hand, refers to those originated from bound electrons, which produces so called displacement current. It is naturally that s appears in the complex/eective dielectric constant ee as the imaginary part. However, there are additional imaginary part contribution to the complex dielectric constant that originated from the bound
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electrons, which corresponds to wellknown "resonance" eect. These resonances absorb input photons (at right frequency or photon energy) and radiate in terms of new photons. So why metals are good reectors to a wide range of wavelengths? This is explained in terms of plasma resonance, even in the case of lossless plasma, i.e. e is purely real. For lambda below the plasma frequency wp, e is negative such that wave is evanescent and therefore totally reected. So good reection in metals is achieved not through "reradiation" or scattering of incident photons (i.e. 3rd term RHS in the dispersive Poynting theorem). I am still confused here..if metals are treated as lossless plasma, then conductivity s is zero. Then how does the treatment like perfect conductor to be used to explained zero energy loss, which also imply 100% reection?
Complex Poynting theorem

To come in the future.
Complex Poynting vector:
It cannot be overemphasized that the real Poynting vector and the complex Poynting vector do not have a standard phasor relationship with each other. (but Jackson did!! By absorbing the 1/2 in the denition of complex Poynting vector. I like that better!!)
DS::p1.6.10 (joule heating using complex PT); p1.6.11 (real & imaginary of complex Svector of a UPM waves in free space);
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Poynting Theorem (1) Important

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file:///C:/DOCUME~1/TSINGH~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/maftemp/1265335...

Lorentz force law

Reading: JAK1.3a; DS1.2;

Power supplied by currents

Reading: JDJ 6.7

Power delivered from EMeld to charge "q" is:

Poynting theorem (PT)

Reading: JDJ6.7, (JAK1.3b, 3.1c; DS1.6)

Phasors & Timeaverage Quantities of TimeHarmonic Fields

The time average of harmonic elds can be conveniently connected to "phasor".

Timeaverage EM quantities: Eeld energy density:

Timeaverage Held energy density:

Poynting theorem for dispersive & lossy media

"Linearity" and "isotropy" mandate:

The 1st term on the RHS becomes:

This function can be expressed in a slightly dierent way by involving symmetry:

From the above two identity, we can rewrite the result:

And the 2nd term at RHS is simplied following eq. (2);

The rst two terms on RHS become:

Complex Poynting theorem

To come in the future.

Complex Poynting vector:

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