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ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR TERMS

Affect - The emotional component of an attitude. Affective Commitment - Organizational commitment based on an individual's desire to remain in an organization. Anthropology - The science of human learned behavior. Attitude - A psychological tendency expressed by evaluating something with a degree of favor or disfavor. Attribution Theory - A theory that explains how individuals pinpoint the causes of their own and others' behavior. Behavioral Measures - Personality assessments that involve observing an individual's behavior in a controlled situation. Challenge - The call to competition, contest, or battle. Change - The transformation or modification of an organization and/or its stakeholders. Character Theory - An ethical theory that emphasizes the character, personal virtues, and intent of the individual. Cognitive Dissonance - A state of tension produced when an individual experience conflict between attitudes and behavior. Cognitive moral development - The process of moving through stages of maturity with regard to making ethical decisions. Collectivism - A cultural orientation in which individuals belong to tightly knit social frameworks and depend strongly on extended families or clans. Consequential Theory - An ethical theory that emphasizes the consequences or results of behavior. Continuance commitment - Organizational commitment based on the fact that an individual cannot afford to leave. Discounting principle - The assumption that an individual's behavior is accounted for by the situation. Distributive Justice - The fairness of outcomes that individuals receive in an organization Diversity - All forms of difference among individuals, including culture, gender, age, ability, religion, personality, social status, and sexual orientation.

Emotional Contagion - A dynamic process through which the emotions of one person are transferred to another, either consciously or unconsciously, through nonverbal channels. Emotions - Mental states that include feelings, physiological changes, and the inclination to act. Engineering - The applied science of energy and matter. ERG Theory - A theory that organizes human needs into the categories of existence, relatedness, and growth. Ethical Behavior - Acting in ways consistent with one's personal values and the commonly held values of the organization and society. Expatriate Manager - A manager who works in a country other than her or his home country. Expert System - A computer based application that uses a representation of human expertise in a specialized field of knowledge to solve problems. Extraversion - Being energized by interaction with other people. Feeling - Making decisions in a logical, objective fashion. Femininity - A cultural orientation in which relationships and concern for others are valued. First-impression error - Forming lasting opinions about an individual based on initial perceptions. Formal organization - The official, legitimate, and most visible part of the system. Fundamental Attribution error - The tendency to make attributions to internal causes when focussing on someone else's behavior. General Self-Efficacy - An individual's general belief that he or she is capable of meeting job demands in a wide variety of situations. Glass Ceiling - A transparent barrier that keeps women from rising above a certain level in organization. Guanxi - The Chinese practice of building networks for social exchange. Hawthorn studies - Studies conducted during the 1920s and 1930s that suggested the importance of the informal organization. Impression Management - The process by which individuals try to control the impressions others have of them. Individual Differences - The way in which factors such as skills, abilities, personalities, perceptions, attitudes, values, and ethics differ from one individual to another.

Individualism - A cultural orientation in which people belong to loose social frameworks, and their primary concern is for themselves and their families. Informal Organization - The unofficial and less visible part of the system. Instrumental Values - Values that shape the acceptable behaviors that can be used to achieve some goal and end state. Integrative Approach - The borad theory that describes personality as a composite of an individual's psychological processes. Interactional Psychology - THe psychological approach to understanding human behavior that involves knowing something about the person and about the situation. Introversion - Being energized by spending time alone. Intuition - Gathering information through a "sixth sense" and focusing on what could be. Job Satisfaction - A pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experiences. Judging - Preferring closure and completion in making decisions. Locus of Control - An individual's generalized belief about internal control (self-control) versus external control (control by the situation or by others) Machiavellianism - A personality characteristic involving one's willingness to do whatever it takes to get one's own way. Management - The study of overseeing activities and supervising people in organizations. Manifest needs - Learned or acquired needs that are easily perceived. Masculinity - A cultural orientation in which assertiveness and materialism are valued. Medicine - THe applied science of healing or treating diseases to enhance an individual's health and well-being Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Instrument - An instrument developed to measure Carl Jung's theory of individual differences. Motivation - The process of arousing and sustaining goal-directed behavior Motivation Factor - A work condition that satisfies the need for psychological growth. Need for achievement - A manifest need that concerns excellence, competition, challenging goals, persistence, and overcoming difficulties.

Need for Affiliation - A manifest need to establish and maintain warm, close, intimate relationships with other people. Need for power - A manifest need that concerns the desire to influence others, change people or events and make a difference in life. Negative Affect - An individual's tendency to accentuate the negative aspects of himself or herself, other people, and the worlds in general. Normative Commitment - Organizational commitment based on an individual's perceived obligation to remain with an organization. Objective knowledge - Knowledge that results from research and scientific activities. Opportunities - Favorable times or chances for progress and advancement. Organizational Behavior - The study of individual behavior and group dynamics in organizations. Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) - Behavior that is above and beyond the call of duty. Organizational Commitment - The strength of an individual's identification with an organization. People - The human resources of an organization. Perceiving - Preferring to explore marry alternatives with flexibility and spontaneity. Personality - A relatively stable set of characteristics that influence an individual's behavior. Positive Affect - An individual's tendency to accentuate the positive aspects of herself or himself, other people, and the world in general. Power Distance - The degree to which a culture accepts unequal distribution of power. Procedural Justice - The fairness of the processes by which outcomes are allocated in an organization. Projection - Overestimating the number of people who share our own beliefs, values, and behaviors. Projective Test - A personality test that elicits an individual's response to abstract stimuli. Psychoanalysis - Sigmund Freud's method for delving into the unconscious mind to better understand a person's motives and needs. Psychology - The science of human behavior. Reinvention - The creative application of new technology. Robotics - The use of robots in organizations.

Rule-Based Theory - An ethical theory that emphasizes the character of the act itself rather than its effects. Selective perception - The tendency to select information that supports our individual viewpoints while discounting information that threatens our viewpoints. Self Esteem - An individual's general feeling of self-worth. Self-fulfilling prophecy - Allowing expectations about people to affect our interaction with them in such a way that those expectations are fulfilled. Self-interest - What is in the best interest of and benefit to an individual. Self-Monitoring - The extent to which people base their behavior on cues from other people and situations. Self-report Questionnaire - A common personality assessment that involves an individual's responses to a series of questions. Self-Serving Bias - The tendency to attribute one's own successes to internal causes and one's failures to external causes. Sensing - Gathering information through the five senses and focusing on what actually exists. Skill Development - The mastery of abilities essential to successful functioning in organizations. Social Learning - The process of deriving attitudes from family, peer groups, religious organizations, and culture. Social Perception - The process of interpreting information about another person. Social Responsibility - The obligation of an organization to behave ethically in its social environment. Sociology - The science of society. Stereotypes - A generalization about a group of people. Strong Situation - A situation that overwhelms the effects of individual personalities by providing strong cues for appropriate behavior. Structure - The systems of communication, authority and roles, and workflow. Task - An organization's mission, purpose, or goal for existing. Technology - The intellectual and mechanical processes used by an organization to transform inputs into products or services that meet its goals. Technology - The tools, knowledge, and/or techniques used to transform inputs into outputs.

Telecommuting - Electronically transmitting work from a home computer to the office. Terminal Values - Values that influence the goals to be achieved or the end states of existence. Theory X - A set of assumptions managers might apply to individuals who are motivated by lower order needs. Theory Y - A set of assumptions managers might apply to individuals who are motivated by higher order needs. Thinking - Making decisions in a logical, objective fashion. Time Orientation - Whether a culture's values are oriented toward the future (long-term orientation) or toward the past and present (short-term orientation) Trait Theory - A personality theory that advocates breaking down behavior patterns into a series of absorbable traits in order to understand human behavior. Transnational Organization - An organization in which the global viewpoint supersedes national issues. Uncertainty Avoidance - The degree to which a culture tolerates ambiguity and uncertainty. Values - Enduring beliefs that a specific mode of conduct or end state or existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end state of existence. Whistle-Blower - An employee who informs authorities of the wrongdoings of her or his company or coworkers. Workplace Deviance Behavior (WDB) - Any voluntary counterproductive behavior that violates organizational norms and causes some degree of harm to organizational functioning.

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