(EMPA) Flexural Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete

Flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete
Swiss Code 166 and other codes/guidelines

ETH Lecture101-0167-01L
FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering
Christoph Czaderski
7. November 2012
2 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Literature
SIA166 (2004) Klebebewehrungen (Externally bonded reinforcement). Schweizerischer Ingenieur- und
Architektenverein SIA.
SIA (2004) D 0209, Dokumentation, Klebebewehrung, Einfhrung in die Norm SIA 166.
Ulaga T (2003) Dissertation ETH Nr. 15062, Betonbauteile mit Stab- und Lamellenbewehrung: Verbund- und
Zuggliedmodellierung, http://dx.doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-004525392
Czaderski C (2012) Dissertation ETH No. 20504, Strengthening of reinforced concrete members by prestressed,
externally bonded reinforcement with gradient anchorage, http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/
ACI (2008) ACI440.2R-08, Guide for the design and construction of externally bonded FRP systems for
strengthening concrete structures. American Concrete Institute.
CNR (2004) Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Existing
Structures, CNR-DT 200/2004. CNR - Advisory Committee on Technical Recommendations for Construction, Rome,
Italy.
fib (2001) Externally bonded FRP reinforcement for RC structures - Bulletin 14. International Federation for
Structural Concrete (fib), Switzerland.
TR55 (2004) Design guidance for strengthening concrete structures using fibre composite materials, Second
Edition. Technical Report No. 55 of the Concrete Society, UK.
Motavalli, M., C. Czaderski, A. Schumacher, and D. Gsell, Fibre reinforced polymer composite materials for building
and construction, in Textiles, polymers and composites for buildings, G. Pohl, Editor. 2010, Woodhead Publishing
Limited: Cambridge UK. p. 69-128.
Overview
Introduction
Failure modes debonding according to SIA 166
End-anchorage
Debonding at shear cracks and/or discontinuities
Debonding at flexural cracks
Several additional topics according to SIA 166 e.g.
Action effects M and V
Resistance factors
Cross-section analysis
etc.
Summary, debonding failure modes treated in SIA 166
Debonding failure modes
End anchorage failure
Short beams
Cracks near the supports
Anchorage in free length
Small internal steel reinforcement cross-section
Anchorage resistance
concrete
adhesive
strip
F
F
Lap shear test (pull-off test, pull test on FRP-
to-concrete-bonded joint)
see: Czaderski, C., K. Soudki, et al. (2010). "Front and Side View Image Correlation Measurements on FRP to Concrete Pull-Off
Bond Tests." Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE 14(4): 451-463.
Lap shear test on the strong floor
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0 50 100 150 200 250
distance [mm]
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a
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[
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1.0
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6.0
7.0
8.0
0 50 100 150 200 250
distance [mm]
s
h
e
a
r

s
t
r
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s
s

[
M
P
a
]
Longitudinal strain
Shear stress between
strip and concrete
hyperbolic shape
hyperbolic shape
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0 50 100 150 200 250
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h
e
a
r

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r
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s
s

[
M
P
a
]
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0 50 100 150 200 250
distance [mm]
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t
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a
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R
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[
]
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1.0
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8.0
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distance [mm]
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h
e
a
r

s
t
r
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s
s

[
M
P
a
]
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0 50 100 150 200 250
distance [mm]
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distance [mm]
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h
e
a
r

s
t
r
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s
s

[
M
P
a
]
trigonometric shape
trigonometric shape
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0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
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distance [mm]
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8.0
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distance [mm]
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h
e
a
r

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t
r
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s
s

[
M
P
a
]
Bond behavior depends on
Elastic deformation
shear modulus of adhesive and concrete
thickness of adhesive plus a layer of concrete
Bond damage (Entfestigungsbereich, Verbundschdigung)
concrete quality
Additionally, the stiffness (E
l
t
l
)
of the strip influences also the
bond behaviour.
G
Fb
maximum slip
constant (~0.2 mm)
Comparison with reinforcement
Internal steel reinforcement is surrounded
Deflection perpenticular to longitudinal direction is not possible
Normal (confinement) stresses due to interlocking and friction
the longer the anchor length, the higher the anchor force up to
yielding of the steel reinforcement
Externally applied strip is free on one side
Deflection perpenticular to longitudinal direction is possible
maximum anchorage force (anchorage resistance) with
corresponding length (active bond length)
t
2/3
l0 ct c
4
= f =0.4 f
3
g
l0 l0
g
t
s =
G
t
G
g
t
g
1
t
l0
= 4.5 MPa
CFRP strip
according to Ulaga:
t
2/3
s0 ctm ck
=2f =0.6 f
t
s0
= 5.8 MPa
t
s1
= 2.9 MPa
with f
ck
= 30MPa (f
c
= 38MPa), t
g
=1mm, G
g
=4GPa
s
l0
= 0.001 mm
Reinforcement
according to Sigrist and Marti:
(Skript Stahlbeton Marti 2009)
s
l1
0.225 mm
G
Fb
= 0.51 N/mm
t
2/3
s1 ctm ck
=f =0.3 f
t t
f
l0 f,mean
f,max
G
= =
s
t
l0
= t
f,max
= 4.1 MPa
CFRP strip
according to Czaderski
(Diss ETH No. 20504):
with f
ck
= 30MPa, d
max
=32mm
s
lo
= s
f,el
= 0.02 mm
s
l1
= s
f,max
= 0.2 mm

2/3 1/4
f ck max
G =0.018 f d [N/mm]
G
Fb
= G
f
= 0.41 N/mm
ctH
Fb
f
G =
8
2/3
ctH ctm ck
f f =0.3 f ~
CFRP strip
according to SIA 166
with
with f
ck
= 30MPa, d
max
=32mm
G
Fb
= 0.36 N/mm
t ~
2/3
l0 ctH ck
4
= f 0.4 f
3
t
l0
= t
f,max
= 3.9 MPa
2/3
Fb ck
G =0.0375 f [N/mm]
(f
ctH
should better be
tested on site)
t
l
t
f,mean
s
l1
s
l
Simplified bond shear stress-slip relation
F = 5 kN
E
f
=165 GPa, b
f
=50mm, t
f
=1.2 mm, t
f,mean
=2.25 MPa
parabolic shape of slip
F = 10 kN
E
f
=165 GPa, b
f
=50mm, t
f
=1.2 mm, t
f,mean
=2.25 MPa
F = 15 kN
E
f
=165 GPa, b
f
=50mm, t
f
=1.2 mm, t
f,mean
=2.25 MPa
F = 20 kN
E
f
=165 GPa, b
f
=50mm, t
f
=1.2 mm, t
f,mean
=2.25 MPa
( )
2
l
l
l l
x
s x =
Et 2
t
( )
l
l
l l
x = x
Et
t
c
( )
l f,mean
x = t t
b0,R
b0
f,mean l
F
l =
b t
( )
l b0 l1
s x=l =s
2
b0,R
l1
2
l l l f,max
F
s =
2Et b t
with and we get from Eq. (1) and (3):
(1)
(2)
(3)
and with
Fb l1 f,max
G =s t
we get
b0,R l Fb l l
F =b 2G Et
Equations for maximum anchorage resistance

ctH
b0,R l Fb l l l l l l l l ctH
f
F =b 2 G E t =b 2 Et =0.5b Et f
8
SIA 166
fib Bulletin 14
ctm f f f b c 1 max fa,
f t E b k k c N =
ctm f f f b max k,
f t E b k 0.5 T =
TR55
1
400
b
1
b
b
2
1.06 k
f
f
b
>
+
=
please note: without safety factors!!
Italian Code
ctm ck b Fk Fk f f f fd
f f k . ; t E 2 b F = I I = 03 0
Take care to symbols. They depend on the reference. l in SIA: Lamelle, Gewebe or Gelege
see lecture of Prof. Motavalli, EBR flex. strength.
Active bond length
(the length which is actively involved in the force transfer from the strip to the concrete)
b0,R l Fb l l
F =b 2 G E t
b0,R
b0
l f,mean
F
l
b t
~
Fb l l
Fb l l
b0
2
f,mean f,mean
2 G E t
G E t
l
t t

~
with
Equations for active bond length
(minimum necessary length for maximum anchor resistance F
b0,R
)
SIA 166
fib Bulletin 14
TR55
Italian Code
; ;
Fb l l l l
b0 l0 ctH b0
2
l0 ctH
G E t E t 4 3
l 2 f l
2 3 16 f
t t
t
t

= = =
ctm 2
f f
max b,
f c
t E
l
=
ctm
f f
max b,
f
t E
0.7 l

=
ctm
f f
e
f 2
t E
l

=
Units in equations in SIA 166
Equations for maximum anchorage resistance and active bond length
Please note, that the units are not conform!
2
05
1
ctH
b0,R l Fb l l l l l l l l ctH
ctH
Fb
f
F b 2 G E t b 2 E t . b E t f
8
N
f
N
mm
G
mm
8
mm
= = =
(
(
(

=
(
(

(

ctH
l l
b0 ctH l0
2
l0
l l Fb
b0
f
t E
16
l f
t E G
2
2
l

= =

=
t
t
t
t 3
;
3
4
;
Example
(
=
mm
N
8
f
G
ctH
Fb
| | MPa f
3
4
ctH l0
= t
18.9kN 1.2 165'000 0.36 2 50 t E G 2 b F
l l Fb l R b0,
= = =
315MPa
A
F
l
R b0,
R b0,
= = o
1.91
E
l
R b0,
R b0,
= =
o
c
Concrete C30/37
Sika CarboDur S512 tensile strength > 2800 MPa
tensile strain > 17
for concrete
C 20/25 to C 50/60
mm
N
0.36
8
2.9
G
Fb
= =
MPa 2
3
4
l0
9 . 3 9 . = = t
0
50
100
150
200
250
0
5
10
15
20
25
C12/15 C16/20 C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60
a
c
t
i
v
e

b
o
n
d

l
e
n
g
t
h

l
b
0
[
m
m
]
A
n
c
h
o
r
a
g
e

r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

F
b
0
[
k
N
]
l l Fb
b l
l l Fb l R b,
b b
t E G 2
l
sin t E G 2 b F
l l if

=
<
2 2
0
0
:
t
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
A
n
c
h
o
r
a
g
e

r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

F

[
k
N
]
bond length l [mm]
C50/60
C45/55
C40/50
C35/45
C30/37
C25/30
C20/25
C16/20
C12/15
Design philosopy of preventing end
anchorage failure
SIA166: anchorage in the uncracked zone
ACI:
If V
u
> 0.67 V
c
at strip end, then transverse reinforcement is necessary
(they give a design equation for U-wrap reinforcement A
f,anchor
)
or (instead of detailed analysis)
for simply supported beams: length l
df
after last crack
Elastic solutions for calculating shear and normal stresses at strip
end
End anchorage, normal stresses at strip end
Shear and normal stresses at strip end
B4
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
0 10 20 30 40
Distance fromplate end (mm)
S
h
e
a
r

s
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
P
a
)
Closed-formsolution
FEM2(nonlinear)
FEM2(linear)
FEM1
B4
-0.20
-0.10
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0 10 20 30 40
Distance from plate end (mm)
N
o
r
m
a
l

s
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
P
a
)
Closed-formsolution
FEM2(nonlinear)
FEM2(linear)
see:
Aram, M.R., C. Czaderski, and M. Motavalli, Debonding failure modes of flexural FRP-
strengthened RC beams. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2008. 39(5): pp. 826-841.
Debonding at shear cracks and/or
discontinuities
Large shear force, single loads, small distance between load and
support
Discontinuities:
internal stress state
cross-section
reinforcement (joint, ..)
Large compression zone so that no premature concrete crushing
Example
18.9kN 1.2 165'000 0.36 2 50 t E G 2 b F
l l Fb l R b0,
= = =
,
,
b0 R
l 0 R
l
F
315MPa
A
o = =
,
,
.
l 0 R
l 0 R
l
1 91
E
o
c = =
Concrete C30/37
Sika CarboDur S512 tensile strength > 2800 MPa
tensile strain > 17
According to SIA166,
the maximum allowed strain is 8!
??
simple lap shear test
beam
Strain
Simple supported plate
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Length of beam / plate [m]
S
t
r
a
i
n

i
n

c
o
n
c
r
e
t
e

a
n
d

C
F
R
P

[
]
10kN/m
10kN/m
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
S
t
r
a
i
n

i
n

c
o
n
c
r
e
t
e

a
n
d

C
F
R
P

[
]
10kN/m
20kN/m
10kN/m
20kN/m
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
S
t
r
a
i
n

i
n

c
o
n
c
r
e
t
e

a
n
d

C
F
R
P

[
]
10kN/m
20kN/m
25kN/m
10kN/m
20kN/m
25kN/m
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
S
t
r
a
i
n

i
n

c
o
n
c
r
e
t
e

a
n
d

C
F
R
P

[
]
10kN/m
20kN/m
25kN/m
26kN/m
10kN/m
20kN/m
25kN/m
26kN/m
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
S
t
r
a
i
n

i
n

c
o
n
c
r
e
t
e

a
n
d

C
F
R
P

[
]
10kN/m
20kN/m
25kN/m
26kN/m
27kN/m
10kN/m
20kN/m
25kN/m
26kN/m
27kN/m
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
S
t
r
a
i
n

i
n

c
o
n
c
r
e
t
e

a
n
d

C
F
R
P

[
]
10kN/m
20kN/m
25kN/m
26kN/m
27kN/m
30kN/m
10kN/m
20kN/m
25kN/m
26kN/m
27kN/m
30kN/m
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
T
e
n
s
i
l
e

F
o
r
c
e

i
n

o
n
e

C
F
R
P

P
l
a
t
e

[
k
N
]
30kN/m
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
T
e
n
s
i
l
e

F
o
r
c
e

C
H
A
N
G
E

i
n

o
n
e

C
F
R
P

p
l
a
t
e

[
N
/
m
m
'
]
30kN/m
Maximum Tensile Force CHANGE
according to SIA 166
ck c lim l,
l lim l,
R
l
f 0.3 2.5 2.5
b
x
F
= =
=
|
.
|
\
|
A
A
t t
t
(t
c
from SIA 262)
Example
Concrete C30/37
Sika CarboDur S512
MPa 30 0.3 2.5 2.5
mm N b
x
F
c lim l,
l lim l,
R
l
1 . 4
/ 205
= = =
= =
|
.
|
\
|
A
A
t t
t
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
C12/15 C16/20 C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60
S
h
e
a
r

s
t
r
e
s
s

t
l
,
l
i
m

[
M
P
a
]
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
C12/15 C16/20 C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60
F
o
r
c
e

C
h
a
n
g
e

A
F
l
0
/
A
x

[
N
/
m
m
]
Shear stress limitations, other guidelines
3.7MPa 2.9 0.7 1.8 f 1.8 f
ctk cb
= = =
fib Bulletin 14 (approach 3)
TR55 Pa M 0.8
b
= t
f
o A
(between cracks )
cb b
f s t
Debonding at flexural cracks
Less internal steel reinforcement cross-section, so that large strains
in EBR
Small shear load, large spans, continuous force development in the
span
Large compression zone so that no premature concrete crushing
Maximum strain in the strip according to SIA 166
Local debonding due to compatibility problems between strip and
concrete at flexural cracks
8
d lim, l,
= c
supplier of the material
fu l l lim l, l l R l,
E A E A F c c s =
=
fu
c
design value!
(shall be used also for the
calculation in the exercise)
Maximum strain in strip, other guidelines
8.5 6.5
lim , f
= c
TR55
Italian Code
ACI
f f
ctm ck b
cr fdd
t E
f f k 06 . 0
k
= c
With k
cr
= 3.0
8
lim , f
= c
fd
f f
0.41
n E t
'
c
f
c =

in SI units
(equation for DFM 2 and 3)
(equation for DFM 2 and 3)
Swiss Pre-Code 166 Externally bonded
reinforcement
Design philosophy
Ultimate limit state (ULS)
Serviceability (SLS)
Stresses
Deflections
(Crack width)
Accidential situation
Check of deformation capacity
Ultimate limit state
d d
R E s
Design value of effects of action Design value of ultimate resistance
Hazard Scenario (Gefhrdungsbild)
( )
d d ki 0i k1 Q1 k P k G d
a , X , Q , Q , P , G E E =
E
d
effects of actions (Auswirkungen)
E actions (Einwirkungen)
G
k
permanent actions
P
k
prestressing
Q
k1
leading action (Leiteinwirkung)
Q
ki
accompanying actions (Begleiteinwirkungen)
X
d
material properties
a
d
geometry
Accidential design situation: Hazard Scenario failure of EBR
Vandalism
High temperature
Impact
Chemical exposure
Fire

( )
d d ki 2i d k k d
a , X , Q , A , P , G E E =
Failure of strip: A
d
=0 and reduced resistance of cross-section
A
d
: accidential load
Accidential design situation: Hazard Scenario failure of EBR
You have to prove, that the structure does not fail in the case of a
failure of the EBR!
remaining safety factor >1.0
Determination of action effects M and V
(Schnittkrfte)
Plastic rotation capacity is reduced!
Elastic determination of action effects if FRP are used, e.g. two span
beam
Ultimate resistance
)
`
q
=
d
M
k
d
a ,
X
R R { }
d d lim, d
a , R R c =
X
k
= characteristic value of material property
Depending on failure in strengthening material or
bond failure:
q = conversion factor
M
= resistance factor
see Table 3 in SIA166
Table 3 in SIA 166
Failure of EBR
Steel strip
M
= 1.05 q = 1.0
FRP strip
M
= 1.30 q = 0.8
FRP fabric
M
= 1.30 q = 0.8
Bond failure
in adhesiv
M
= 1.50 q = 0.8
in concrete
M
= 1.50 q: see SIA 262
in timber
M
, q: see SIA 265
in adhesiv
M
, q: see SIA 266
Characteristic values
FRP:
c
l
o
l
f
fd
c
fud
E
f
1
specifications from seller company,
ask also for fraktile values
mixed fibers in strips can have
non-linear behavior
Cross-section analysis
Bond factor according to SIA166: k
s
=0.7, k
l
=0.9
' ' c
c
= k
Compatibility with c
Equilibrium with c
Equations for cross-section analysis
D Z =
c l
x h x
c c
=
c
c
c
s
c
l
h
x
Equilibrium:
Compatibility:
one equation with unknowns c
c
and x
s l
s s l l
s l
Z E A E A
c c
k k
= +
D =
next slides
d
c s
x d x
c c
=

o e =
c

2e
c
e
0
- (
e
c
e
0
)
2
e
c
< e
0
o e =
c
1 -
u.1S
u.uu4 - e
0
(e
c
- e
0
)
u.uuS > e
c
> e
0
o
e
c
e
0
c
e
0
=
2
c
E
c
0.003
Concrete in compression by Hognestad
F
c
= o
c
b x
c
F
c
x
c
o =
e
c
e
0
-
e
c
2
Se
0
2
e
c
< e
0
u.uuS > e
c
> e
0
x
u
o = 1 +
e
c
e
0
1 -
e
c
Se
0
-
e
0
2
Se
c
2
-
u.1S
u.uu4 - e
0
e
c
2
- e
0
-
u.u7S
u.uu4 - e
0
(
e
0
2
e
c
)
x
u
= [ x
c
[ =
1
S
-
e
c
12e
0
1 -
e
c
Se
0
[ = 1 -
e
c
3
- S.1e
0
e
c
2
- u.uu4e
0
2
+ u.u24e
c
2
e
c
(S.92Se
0
2
- 1u.2e
0
e
c
- u.9e
c
2
- u.u16e
0
+ u.u48e
c
)
e
c
< e
0
u.uuS > e
c
> e
0
Equations from:
An, W., H. Saadatmanesh, and M.R. Ehsani, RC beams strengthened with FRP plates. II: Analysis and parametric study.
Journal of Structural Engineering ASCE, 1991. 117(11): p. 3434-3455.
Proposal
Make a table e.g. with Excel
c
c
x c
s1
c
s2
c
l
M F
0
0.00005
0.00010
0.00015
0.00340
0.00345
0.00350
with this table you have c
l
and can make the SIA verifications
Deformation capacity
SIA 166 and 262:
For mainly bending load: compression zone x/d 0.35 what limits
reinforcement ratio
(If x/d > 0.35 but 0.5 then calculation of deformation capacity)
(on the basis of similar limitation, minimal values of strain in EBR and
reinforcement at ultimate are given in fibBulletin 14)
SLS and evenness
SIA 166: Serviceability (SLS)
Stresses in the internal reinforcement should not exceed 90% of yield
strength.
Deflections should be checked
Evenness of concrete surface
for 2 m measurement length (Messlatte): max. 5 mm tolerance
for 0.3 m measurement length (Messlatte): max. 1 mm tolerance
Deflections
If the strains at top and bottom side along the beam is calculated,
the curvature can be obtained.
By two times integrating, the deflection can be calculated. (consider
also boundary condition: (L/2)=0)
h
bottom top
c c
_
+
=
}
=
L
dx
0
_
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
6 8
1
2
2
o
_
m m
L w
Simplified calculation for 4-point beam
(see e.g. Ulaga2003):
oL
_
m
= curvature between loads
L
}
=
L
dx w
0

Longitudinal force from shear force
Generally, longitudinal force due to shear force shall be carried from
internal steel
If it yields, see SIA 166
) (
2
1
) , (
' '
V F E A V M F
t
l
l
l l l
+ =
k
c
o cot ) ( =V V F
t
o = angle of compression struts
Assessment, some remarks
Consider existing stresses and deflections in the structure before
strengthening
Internal reinforcement
Good assessment: geometry, strength
Minimum value (brittle behaviour)
Risk of premature concrete crushing if steel is neglected in calculations
Concrete property (tensile strength good enough?)
Static system

See also SIA166 chapter 2.1
Normal design as usual
Concrete crushing
Bending resistance in the unstrengthened region
Shear resistance of cross-section
etc.
Calculation procedure, first step
Cross-section analysis to determine the strain and forces along the
structure for an assumed maximum load
- 3
- 2
- 1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
30kN/m
30kN/m
Check debonding failure mode 1:
end strip failure
Determine the location of last crack and define anchorage zone
Compare the existing force in the strip at the last crack with anchorage
resistance which can be anchored in the anchorage zone
I: uncracked cross-section
II: cracked cross-section, internal steel in elastic state
III: cracked cross-section, internal steel in yielding state
Calculation of shear stress between strip and concrete
(force change) and comparison with bond shear strength
l
l
b x
F
A
A
= t
Debonding at strong strain increase in strip
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
T
e
n
s
i
l
e

F
o
r
c
e

C
H
A
N
G
E

i
n

o
n
e

C
F
R
P

p
l
a
t
e

[
N
/
m
m
'
]
30kN/m
at flexural cracks
Compare maximum existing strain with maximum admissible strain
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
S
t
r
a
i
n

i
n

c
o
n
c
r
e
t
e

a
n
d

C
F
R
P

[
]
30kN/m
Calculation procedure for a four point beam
1. Calculation crackmoment M
cr
and yieldmoment M
y
with cross-section analysis (CSA)
- Strip strain at last crack and at the point of steel yielding
2. Assumption of a failure load P
ult
(larger as P
y
), then:
- with CSA calculation of the maximum strain in the strip
- calculation of the location of the last crack l
cr
and the location of M
y
(l
y
und Ax)
- with this Ac
l
and t
l
3. The three SIA verifications and assumption of a new failure load P
ult
etc.
l,strip
c
M
P
l
t
+
cr
M
cr
l
y
M
y
l
( )
M P
P
x A
ly
''
c
lcr
''
c
l,Load
''
c
l l
l
l
E A
x b
Ac
t
A
'' ''
l l ,Load ly
Ac c c =
Summary of the three SIA 166 verifications
1. End strip debonding failure at the last crack
2. Debonding at strong strain increase in strip
3. Debonding at flexural cracks
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
T
e
n
s
i
l
e

F
o
r
c
e

i
n

o
n
e

C
F
R
P

P
l
a
t
e

[
k
N
]
30kN/m
1
2
3
''
b b,R
F F s
l
''
l,lim,d
8 c c s =
l l
R
F F
x x
A A
A A
| | | |
s
| |
\ . \ .
88

(EMPA) Flexural Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete

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(EMPA) Flexural Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete

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Flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete

Swiss Code 166 and other codes/guidelines

74 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012

80 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012

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