SN 47 Mea Glor L.

Tumambing Chapter 22: Review Questions

1A-PH

1. What is the disadvantage of a life cycle in which alternate generations are completely independent of the preceding generation? Are there advantages to this type of life cycle?

2. What is a cone? How are cones of conifers similar to those of lycophytes and cycads? How do they differ?

3. The classification of the seed plants has varied. If a person groups all seed plants together in one large Division Spermatophyta, then they have two classesthe class ___________ with naked seeds and the class ____________________, plants with carpels. On the other hand, many people (and this book) use four divisions, not one. List the three divisions of gymnosperms and the one division of flowering plants.

4. If angiosperms evolved from some type of gymnosperm, then the group gymnosperms is not natural. Why not? In cladistics terms, an incomplete group is a ___________ group.

5. Describe progymnosperms. What were the significant evolutionary advances that characterized progymnosperms?

6. Page 507 describes the fossil seeds Archaeosperma arnoldii. Its megasporangium was surrounded by a layer of tissue called an ______________________ that projected upward, and there was a large ______________________, a hole that permitted sperm cells to swim to the egg. If you have studied flowering plant reproduction in Chapter 9, how many of these same features occur in flowering plants?

7. In progymnosperms, microgametophytes produced and released sperm cells that could swimbut not very far. What is a pollen chamber and how did it help fertilization?

8. Are any conifers herbs? Annuals? Vines? Do all conifers have needles like pines (Hint: Figures 22-12 and 6-40).

9. Describe a conifer pollen cone. Why is it a simple cone? Describe a conifer seed cone. Why is it a compound cone?

10. Seed cones of conifers are more complex than pollen cones. Seed cones are ______________ cones, each consisting of a shoot with axillary buds. The main axis of the cone bears leaves called _______________, rather than sporophylls, and each of these has an axillary bud that bears the _________________. The axillary bud is microscopic, and its ________________ are fused laterally, forming an _________________ scale. 11. Unlike pollination in flowering plants, conifer pollen arrives before the egg is mature, and more than a ________________ may pass between pollination and fertilization. The pollen germinates, and a massive __________________ ____________ slowly digests its way toward the _______________________ as the egg forms. 12. In most conifers, as the seeds mature, the cone scales and ovuliferous scales become hard and tougha typical pine cone (although firs have fir cones, not pine cones, and larches have larch cones, and so on); however, in ________________________, the cone becomes red and fleshy, and in _________________________, it becomes blue and fleshy. 13. Seed ferns are a group of extinct plants; they resembled tree ferns, but what did they have on their leaves instead of sori?

14. There is a good chance you have seen cycads. What do they look like? What two other types of plants can they be confused with (Hint: some are called cardboard palms)? Do cycads ever have simple leaves?

15. Do any seed plants have flagella? Do their sperm cells have flagella? Look at Figure 22-27.

16. What is the one and only species in the Division Gingkgophyta? Being part of the gymnosperms, does it have needle-shaped or scale-shaped leaves? The leaf venation is unusual because the leaves have dichotomously branched veins like _________________ _____________, not reticulate venation like _____________________. 17. What are the three groups classified in Gnetophyta?

18. Would it have been possible, on a theoretical basis, for an indehiscent megasporangium to evolve before integument-penetrating pollen tubes evolved? Why or why not? What problem would be involved?