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Unit II Transmission, Multiplexing, Modulation, Multiple Access & Coding

FDMA
Kishore R Assistant Professor/ECE

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Objective
At the end of the session students will be able to understand Frequency Division Multiple Access Types of FDMA SPADE system

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FDMA

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FDMA
SHARE THE FREQUENCY
TIME IS COMMON TO ALL SIGNALS

DEVELOP A FREQUENCY PLAN FROM USER CAPACITY REQUESTS TRANSPONDER LOADING PLAN USED TO MINIMIZE IM PRODUCTS
TRANSPONDER LOADING PLAN

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FDMA TRANSPONDER LOADING PLAN

Four medium-sized FM signals One large and four small digital signals

Available transponder bandwidth typically 27 to 72 MHz IMPORTANT TO CALCULATE INTERMODULATION PRODUCTS

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INTERMODULATION
INTERMODULATION
WHEN TWO, OR MORE, SIGNALS ARE PRESENT IN A CHANNEL, THE SIGNALS CAN MIX TOGETHER TO FORM SOME UNWANTED PRODUCTS WITH THREE SIGNALS, 1, 2 AND 3, PRESENT IN A CHANNEL, IM PRODUCTS CAN BE SECOND-ORDER, THIRD-ORDER, FOURTH-ORDER, ETC.
ORDER OF IM PRODUCTS

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IM PRODUCT ORDER
Second-order is 1 + 2, 2 + 3, 1 + 3 Third-order is 1 + 2 + 3, 21 - 2, 22 1.. Usually, only the odd-order IM products fall within the passband of the channel Amplitude reduces as order rises Only third-order IM products are usually important
3-IM products very sensitive to small signal changes. Hence, IM noise can change sharply with output amplifier back-off

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IM EXAMPLE
There are two 10 MHz signals at 6.01 GHz and 6.02 GHz centered in a 72 MHz transponder 2-IM product is at 12.03 GHz 3-IM products are at [2(6.01) - 6.02] = 6.00 and [2(6.02) - 6.01] = 6.03 GHz

3-IM products

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FDMA LIMITATIONS
Intermods cause C/N to fall Back-Off is needed to reduce IM Parts of band cannot be used because of IM Transponder power is shared amongst carriers Power balancing must be done carefully Frequencies get tied to routes
Patterned after terrestrial analog telecoms and so does not confer the full benefit of satellite broadcast capabilities

Single Access-Preassigned FDMA

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Preassignment also may be made on the basis of a single channel per carrier (SCPC) single voice (or data) channel per carrier, not a transponder channel, which may in fact carry some hundreds of voice channels by this method. The carriers may be frequency modulated or phase-shift modulated earth station may be capable of transmitting one or more SCPC signals simultaneously

Example: Fixed Assignment

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Demand Assignment
Demand assignment may be carried out in a number of ways In the polling method, a master earth station continuously polls all the earth stations in sequence if a call request is encountered Frequency slots are assigned from the pool of available frequencies The polling delay with such a system tends to become excessive as the number of participating earth stations increases

 Instead of using a polling sequence, earth stations may request calls through the master earth station as the need arises centrally controlled random access The requests go over a digital orderwire, which is a narrowband digital radio link or a circuit through a satellite transponder reserved for this purpose. Frequencies are assigned, if available, by the master station, and when the call is completed, the frequencies are returned to the pool If no frequencies are available, the blocked call requests may be placed in a queue or a second call attempt may be initiated by the requesting station.

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Instead of centrally controlled random access, control may be exercised at each earth station this being known as distributed control random access A good illustration of such a system is provided by the Spade system operated by INTELSAT on some of its satellites.

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Channeling Scheme for SPADE

SPADE System

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Summary
Preassigned FDMA Demand Assignment FDMA SCPC - SPADE