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encapsulates segments
network
data link
physical
data link
physical packets from router’s
routing: process of
data link
into datagrams
physical network network
data link input to appropriate
planning trip from
data link
router output
physical physical
single interchange
physical
data link physical
1
Interplay between routing and forwarding
Network service model
routing algorithm
Q: What service model for “channel” transporting
datagrams from sender to receiver?
local forwarding table
2
Network layer connection and
connection-less service Virtual circuits
datagram network provides network-layer “source-to-dest path behaves much like telephone
circuit”
connectionless service performance-wise
VC network provides network-layer network actions along source-to-dest path
connection service
analogous to the transport-layer services, call setup, teardown for each call before data can flow
each packet carries VC identifier (not destination host
but: address)
service:host-to-host every router on source-dest path maintains “state” for
no choice: network provides one or the other each passing connection
link, router resources (bandwidth, buffers) may be
implementation: in network core
allocated to VC (dedicated resources = predictable service)
12 22 32
a VC consists of: 1
2
3
path 1 12 3 22
2 63 1 18
packet belonging to VC carries VC number 3 7 2 17
(rather than dest address) 1 97 3 87
… … … …
VC number can be changed on each link.
New VC number comes from forwarding table
Routers maintain connection state information!
Network Layer 4-11 Network Layer 4-12
3
Virtual circuits: signaling protocols Datagram networks
no call setup at network layer
routers: no state about end-to-end connections
used to setup, maintain teardown VC
no network-level concept of “connection”
used in ATM, frame-relay, X.25
packets forwarded using destination host address
not used in today’s Internet packets between same source-dest pair may take
different paths
application
6. Receive data application
transport 5. Data flow begins application
3. Accept call transport application
network 4. Call connected transport
2. incoming call network transport
data link 1. Initiate call network
physical
data link data link 1. Send data 2. Receive data network
physical data link
physical
physical
4 billion
Forwarding table possible entries Longest prefix matching
otherwise 3
4
Datagram or VC network: why? Chapter 4: Network Layer
Internet (datagram) ATM (VC) 4. 1 Introduction 4.5 Routing algorithms
data exchange among evolved from telephony 4.2 Virtual circuit and Link state
computers
human conversation: datagram networks Distance Vector
“elastic” service, no strict
strict timing, reliability Hierarchical routing
4.3 What’s inside a
timing req.
requirements
“smart” end systems router 4.6 Routing in the
need for guaranteed
(computers)
service 4.4 IP: Internet
Internet
can adapt, perform RIP
“dumb” end systems Protocol
control, error recovery OSPF
telephones Datagram format
simple inside network, BGP
complexity inside IPv4 addressing
complexity at “edge”
network ICMP 4.7 Broadcast and
many link types
IPv6 multicast routing
different characteristics
5
Input Port Functions Three types of switching fabrics
Physical layer:
bit-level reception
Data link layer: Decentralized switching:
e.g., Ethernet given datagram dest., lookup output port
see chapter 5 using forwarding table in input port
memory
goal: complete input port processing at
‘line speed’
queuing: if datagrams arrive faster than
forwarding rate into switch fabric
6
Switching Via An Interconnection Output Ports
Network
7
Input Port Queuing
Fabric slower than input ports combined -> queueing
may occur at input queues
Head-of-the-Line (HOL) blocking: queued datagram
at front of queue prevents others in queue from
moving forward
queueing delay and loss due to input buffer overflow!