FIELD THEORY

Sub Code : EC44 IA Marks : 25

Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03
Total Hrs. : 52 Exam Marks : 100
1. Electric Fields 18 hours
a. Coulombs law and Electric field intensity
b. Electric flux density, Gauss law and divergence
c. Energy and potential
d. Conductors, dielectrics and capacitance
e. Poissons and Laplaces equations
2. Magnetic fields 14 hours
a. The steady magnetic field
b. Magnetic forces, materials and inductance
3. Time varying fields and Maxwells equations 5 hours
4. Electromagnetic waves 15 hours
Text Books :
William H Hayt Jr and John A Buck, Engineering Electromagnetics, Tata McGraw-Hill,
6
th
Edition, 2001
Reference books :
John Krauss and Daniel A Fleisch, Electromagnetics with Application, McGraw-Hill, 5
th
Edition, 1999
Guru and Hiziroglu, Electromagnetics Field theory fundamentals, Thomson Asia Pvt. Ltd I
Edition, 2001
Joseph Edminster, Electromagnetics, Schaum Outline Series, McGraw-Hill
Edward C Jordan and Keith G Balmain, Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems, Prentice-
Hall of India, II Edition, 1968, Reprint 2002.
David K Cheng, Field and Wave Electromagnetics, Pearson Education Ais II Edition, 1989, Indian
Repr-01
Introduction to Field Theory
The behavior of a physical device subjected to electric field can be studied either by Field approach
or by Circuit approach. The Circuit approach uses discrete circuit parameters like RLCM, voltage
and current sources. At higher frequencies (MHz or GHz) parameters would no longer be discrete.
They may become non linear also depending on material property and strength of v and i
associated. This makes circuit approach to be difficult and may not give very accurate results.
Thus at high frequencies, Field approach is necessary to get a better understanding of performance of
the device.
FIELD THEORY
The Vector approach provides better insight into the various aspects of Electromagnetic
phenomenon. Vector analysis is therefore an essential tool for the study of Field Theory.
The Vector Analysis comprises of Vector Algebra and Vector Calculus.
Any physical quantity may be Scalar quantity or Vector quantity. A Scalar quantity is specified
by magnitude only while for a Vector quantity requires both magnitude and direction to be
specified.
Examples :
Scalar quantity : Mass, Time, Charge, Density, Potential, Energy etc.,
Represented by alphabets A, B, q, t etc
Vector quantity : Electric field, force, velocity, acceleration, weight etc., represented by alphabets
with arrow on top.
etc., B , E , B , A

Vector algebra : If C , B , A

are vectors and m, n are scalars then
(1) Addition
law e Associativ C ) B A ( ) C B ( A
law e Commutativ A B B A


+ + = + +
+ = +
(2) Subtraction
) B (- A B - A

+ =
(3) Multiplication by a scalar
law ve Distributi B m A m ) B A ( m
law ve Distributi A n A m A n) (m
law e Associativ ) A (m n ) A (n m
law e Commutativ m A A m




+ = +
= = +
=
=
A vector is represented graphically by a directed line segment.
A Unit vector is a vector of unit magnitude and directed along that vector.
A
a is a Unit vector along the direction of A

.
Thus, the graphical representation of A

and
A
a are
A a A or A / A a Also
a ctor Unit ve A Vector
A
A A
A

= =
Product of two or more vectors :
(1) Dot Product ( . )
0 , B } COS A { OR COS B ( A B . A s s =

B

u Cos A

u
Cos B

A . B = B . A (A Scalar quantity)
(2) CROSS PRODUCT (X)
C = A x B = n SIN B A
C x A B x A ) C B ( x A
A x B - B x A
vectors of system handed right a form C B A such that directed
B and A of plane lar to perpendicu r unit vecto is n and
) 0 ( B and A between angle is ' ' where
Ex.,





+ = +
=
s s
CO-ORDINATE SYSTEMS :
For an explicit representation of a vector quantity, a co-ordinate system is essential.
Different systems used :
Sl.No. System Co-ordinate variables Unit vectors
1. Rectangular x, y, z a
x
, a
y
, a
z
2. Cylindrical , |, z a

, a
|
, a
z
3. Spherical r, u, | a
r
, a
u
, a
|
These are ORTHOGONAL i.e., unit vectors in such system of co-ordinates are mutually
perpendicular in the right circular way.
r , z , z y x i.e.,
RECTANGULAR CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM :
Z
x=0 plane
a
z
p
y=0 Y
plane a
y
a
x
z=0 plane
X
y x z
x z y
z y x
x z z y y x
a a x a
a a x a
a a x a
0 a . a a . a a . a
=
=
=
= = =
a
z
is in direction of advance of a right circular screw as it is turned from a
x
to a
y
Co-ordinate variable x is intersection of planes OYX and OXZ i.e, z = 0 & y = 0
Location of point P :
If the point P is at a distance of r from O, then
If the components of r along X, Y, Z are x, y, z then
a r a z a y a x r
r z y x
= + + =

Equation of Vector AB :
Z and Y X, along B of components are B & B , B and
Z and Y X, along A of components are A & A , A where
A - B AB or B AB A
then a B a B a B B OB and
a A a A a A A OA If
z y s
z y s
z z y y x x
z z y y x x

= = +
+ + = =
+ + = =
Dot and Cross Products :
get we grouping, and by term term products' Cross ' Taking
) a B a B a (B x ) a A a A a (A B x A
C A B A B A ) a B a B a (B . ) a A a A a (A B . A
z z y y x x z z y y x x
z z y y x x z z y y x x z z y y x x
+ + + + =
+ + = + + + + =


z y x
z y x
z y x
B B B
A A A
a a a
B x A =

) AB . (AB AB AB length Vector
where
AB
AB
a
AB along Vector Unit
C and B , A sides of oid parallelop a of volume the represents ) C x B ( . A (ii)
parallel are B and A 0 0 Sin then 0 B x A
lar perpendicu are B and A 90 i.e., 0 Cos then 0 B . A (i)
vectors, zero non are C and B , A If
C C C
B B B
A A A
) C x B ( . A
AB
0
z y x
z y x
z y x
= =
=
= = =
= = =
=





B
B

AB
0 A

A
Differential length, surface and volume elements in rectangular co-ordinate systems
z y x
z y x
a dz a dy a dx r d
dz
z
r
dy
r
dx
x
r
r d
a z a y a x r
+ + =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
+ + =

y
Differential length 1 - - - - - ] dz dy dx [ r d
1/2 2 2 2
+ + =

Differential surface element, s d

1.
z
a dxdy : z to
r

2.
z
a dxdy : z to
r
------ 2
3.
z
a dxdy : z to
r

Differential Volume element

dv = d
x
d
y
d
z
------ 3
z
dx p
p dz
dy
r

r d r

+
0 y
x
Other Co-ordinate systems :-
Depending on the geometry of problem it is easier if we use the appropriate co-ordinate system than
to use the Cartesian co-ordinate system always. For problems having cylindrical symmetry
cylindrical co-ordinate system is to be used while for applications having spherical symmetry
spherical co-ordinate system is preferred.
Cylindrical Co-ordiante systems :-
z
P(, |, z) x = Cos |
y = Sin |
a
z
r

z = z
| a
p
r

y
z z
y / x tan
y x
1 -
2 2
=
=
+ =

x
0
1
z
r
h a
r

r
h ; a a
r
a Cos a Sin -
r
1

r
h ; a h a

r
a Sin a Cos

r
1 - - - - - - dz
z
r
d
r
d

r
r d
a z a Sin a Cos r
a z a y a x r
z z
y x
y x
z y x
z y x
=
c
c
= =
c
c
=
c
c
= =
c
c
= + =
c
c
=
c
c
= =
c
c
= + =
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
+ + =
+ + =

Thus unit vectors in (, |, z) systems can be expressed in (x,y,z) system as

2 2 2
2
z
z z z
y
x y x
(dz) ) d ( d r d and
2 - - - - - - a dz a d a d r d , Further
orthogonal are a and a , a ; a a
a Cos a Sin a a Cos a Sin - a
a Sin a Cos a a Sin a Cos a
+ + =
+ + =
=
+ = + =
= + =

y x
Differential areas :
z z
a dz) (d a ds
3 - - - - - - - a . ) d ( (dz) a ds
a . ) d ( ) (d a ds

=
=
=
Differential volume :
4 - - - - - dz d d d or
(dz) ) d ( ) (d d


=
=
Spherical Co-ordinate Systems :-
Z X = r Sin u Cos |
Y = r Sin u Sin |
z p Z = r Cos u
R
u r
0 y Y
x | r Sin|
X

d d dr Sin r v d
d dr r S d
d dr Sin r S d
d d Sin r S d
a d Sin r a d r a dr R d
d
R
d
R
dr
r
R
R d
a Cos a Sin -
R
/
R
a
a Sin a Sin Cos a Cos Cos
R
/
R
a
a Cos a Sin Sin a Cos Sin
r
R
/
r
R
a
a Cos r a Sin Sin r a Cos Sin r R
2
2
2
r
r
y x
z y x
z y x r
z y x
=
=
=
=
+ + =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
+ =
c
c
c
c
=
+ =
c
c
c
c
=
+ + =
c
c
c
c
=
+ + =

General Orthogonal Curvilinear Co-ordinates :-

z u
1
a
3
u
3
a
1
u
2
a
2
y
x
Co-ordinate Variables : (u
1
, u
2
, u
3
) ;
Here
u
1
is Intersection of surfaces u
2
= C & u
3
= C
u
2
is Intersection of surfaces u
1
= C & u
3
= C
u
3
is Intersection of surfaces u
1
= C & u
2
= C
3
3
2
2
1
1
3 2 1
3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1
3
3
2
2
1
1
3 2 1 z y x
1 3 3 2 2 1
3 2 1 3 2 1
u
R
h ,
u
R
h ,
u
R
h
; factors scale are h , h , h where
a du h a du h a du h
du
u
R
du
u
R
du
u
R
R d then
u & u , u of functions are z y, x, & a z a y a x R If
0 a . a & 0 a . a , 0 a . a if Orthogonal is System
u & u , u to l tangentia ors ubnit vect are a , a , a
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
+ + =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
+ + =
= = =

Co-ordinate Variables, unit Vectors and Scale factors in different systems

Systems Co-ordinate Variables Unit Vector Scale factors
General u
1
u
2
u
3
a
1
a
2
a
3
h
1
h
2
h
3
Rectangular x y z a
x
a
y
a
z
1 1 1
Cylindrical
|
z a
a
|
a
z
1 1
Spherical r
u |
a
r a
u
a
|
1 r r sin u
Transformation equations (x,y,z interms of cylindrical and spherical co-ordinate system
variables)
Cylindrical : x = Cos | , y = Sin | , z = z ; > 0, 0 s | s 2t - < z <
Spherical
x = r Sinu Cos| , y = r Sinu Cos| , z = r Sinu
r> 0 , 0 s u s t , 0 s | s 2t
) u , u , (u A A and ) u , u , (u A A
) u , u , (u A A where field Vector a is a A a A a A A &
field Scalar a ) u , u , u ( V V where
A h A h A h
u u u
a h a h a h
h h h
1
A x
) A h (h
u
) A h (h
u
) A h (h
u h h h
1
A .
a
u
v
h
1
a
u
v
h
1
a
u
v
h
1
V
3 2 1 3 3 3 2 1 2 2
3 2 1 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 1
3 2 1
3 3 2 2 1 1
3 2 1
3 3 2 2 1 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3
2 3 1
2
1 3 2
1 3 2 1
3
3 3
2
2 2
1
1 1
= =
= + + =
=
c
c
c
c
c
c
= V
1
]
1

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V

Vector Transformation from Rectangular to Spherical :

1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

=
1
1
1
]
1

+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
z
y
x
z y x
z y x
r z r y r x r
z y x r
r r
R r r R S
z z y y x x R
A
A
A
a . a a . a a . a
a . a a . a a . a
a . a a . a a . a
A
A
A
as A , A , A to related are A , A , A where
a A a A a A
a ) a . A ( a ) a A ( a ) a A ( A : Spherical
a A a A a A A : r Rectangula

R
Field Theory
A field is a region where any object experiences a force. The study of performance in the presence
of Electric field ) E (

, Magnetic field (|) is the essence of EM Theory.

P1 : Obtain the equation for the line between the points P(1,2,3) and Q (2,-2,1)
z y x
a 2 - a 4 - a PQ =
P2 : Obtain unit vector from the origin to G (2, -2, 1)
Problems on Vector Analysis
Examples :-
1. Obtain the vector equation for the line PQ between the points P (1,2,3)m and Q (2, -2, 1) m
Z
PQ P (1,2,3)
Q(2,-2,-1)
0
Y
X
) a 2 - a 4 - a (
a 3) - (-1 a 2) - (-2 a 1) - (2
a ) z - (z a ) y - (y a ) x - (x PQ vector The
z y x
z y x
z p q y p q x p q
=
+ + =
+ + =
2. Obtain unit vector from origin to G (2,-2,-1)
G
G

0
) a 0.333 - a 0.667 - a (0.667 a
3 (-1) (-2) 2 G
G
G
a , or unit vect The
) a - a 2 - a (2
a 0) - (z a ) 0 - (y a ) 0 - (x G vector The
z y x g
2 2 2
g
z y x
z g y g x g
=
= + + =
=
=
+ + =

3. Given
z y x
z y x
a 5 a 2 - a 4 - B
a a 3 - a 2 A
+ =
+ =

B x A (2) and B . A (1) find

Solution :
) a 5 a 2 - a (-4 . ) a a 3 - a (2 B . A (1)
z y x z y x
+ + =

= - 8 + 6 + 5 = 3
Since a
x
. a
x
= a
y
. a
y
= a
z
. a
z
= 0 and a
x
a
y
= a
y
a
z
= a
z
a
x
= 0
(2)
5 2 4
1 3 2
a a a
B x A
z y x

=

= (-13 a
x
-14 a
y
- 16 a
z
)
4. Find the distance between A( 2, /6, 0) and B = ( 1, /2, 2)
Soln : The points are given in Cylindrical Co-ordinate (,|, z). To find the distance between two
points, the co-ordinates are to be in Cartesian (rectangular). The corresponding rectangular co-
ordinates are ( Cos|, Sin|, z)
2.64 2 1.73 AB) (
a 2 a 1.73 -
a 0) - (2 a 1) - (1 a 1.73 -
a ) A - (B a ) A - (B a ) A - (B AB
a 2 a a 2 a
2
Sin a
6
Cos B &
a a 1.73 a
6
Sin 2 a
6
Cos 2 A
2 2
z x
z y x
z z z y y y x x x
z y z y x
y x y x
= + =
+ =
+ + =
+ + =
+ = + + =
+ = + =

5. Find the distance between A( 1, /4, 0) and B = ( 1, 3/4, )

Soln : The specified co-ordinates (r, u, |) are spherical. Writing in rectangular, they are (r Sin
u Cos |, r Sin u Sin |, r Cos u).
Therefore, A & B in rectangular co-ordinates,
1.732 0.5) 0.5 (2
) AB . AB ( AB
a (-0.707) a 0.707) (- a 1.414 -
a ) A - (B a ) A - (B a ) A - (B AB
) a 0.707 a 0.707 (
) a
4
3
Cos a Sin
4
3
Sin a Cos
4
3
Sin ( B
) a 0.707 a 0.707 (
) a
4
Cos 1 a 0 Sin
4
Sin 1 a 0 Cos
4
Sin (1 A
1/2
1/2
z y x
z z z y y y x x x
y x
z y x
y x
z y x
= + + =
=
+ + =
+ + =
=
+ + =
+ =
+ + =

6. Find a unit vector along AB in Problem 5 above.

AB
AB
a
AB
= = [ - 1.414 a
x
+ (-0.707) a
y
+ (-0.707) a
z
]
1.732
1
= ) a 408 . 0 a 0.408 - a 0.816 - (
z y x

7. Transform ordinates. - Co l Cylindrica in F into ) a 6 a 8 - a (10 F
z y x

+ =
Soln :
a ) a . F ( a ) a . F ( a ) a . F ( F
z z p p Cyl

+ + =

0 1 -
2 2
z
x x z y x
y x z y x
y x z y x
38.66 -
x
y
tan Sin y
12.81 y x Cos x
a 6 a ) Cos 8 - Sin (-10 a ) Sin 8 - Cos (10
a )] a ( . ) a 6 a 8 - a (10 [
a )] a Cos a Sin (- . ) a 6 a 8 - a 10 ( [
a )] a Sin a (Cos . ) a 6 a 8 - a [(10
= = =
= + = =
+ + =
+ +
+ + +
+ + =

) a 6 a (12.8
a 6 a 38.66)] (- Cos 8 - 38.66) (- Sin 10 [- a ] 38.66) - ( Sin 8 - 38.66) (- Cos 10 [ F
z
z p Cyl
+ =
+ + =

8. Transform a z a x - a y B
z y x
+ =

into Cylindrical Co-ordinates.

z
z
2 2
z y x z y x
y x z y x
z z Cyl
z y x
a z a -
a z a ] Cos - Sin - [ a ] Sin Sin - Cos Sin [
a z a )] a Cos a Sin (- ). a z a Cos - a Sin ( [
a )] a Sin a (Cos ). a z a Cos - a Sin ( [
a ) a . (B a ) a (B. a ) a (B. B
a z a Cos - a Sin B
Sin y , Cos x
+ =
+ + =
+ + + +
+ + =
+ + =
+ =
= =

9. Transform
x
a 5 into Spherical Co-ordinates.

a Sin 5 a Sin Cos 5 a Cos Sin 5
a )] a Cos a Sin (- . a 5 [
a ] a Sin - a Sin Cos a Cos (Cos . a 5 [
a )] a Cos a Sin Sin a Cos (Sin . a 5 [
a ) a (A. a ) a (A. a ) a (A. A
r
y x x
z y x x
r z y x x
r r Sph
+ =
+
+ +
+ + + =
+ + =
10. Transform to Cylindrical Co-ordinates z) , , ( Q at a 4x) - (y - a y) x (2 G
y x
+ =
Soln :
Sin y , Cos x
a ] Cos ) 4x - (y - Sin y) x (2 - [
a ] Sin 4x) - (y - Cos y) 2x ( [
0 a ] a Cos a Sin - [ . ] a 4x) - (y - a y) x (2 [
a ] a Sin a Cos [ . ] a 4x) - (y - a y) x (2 [ G
a ) a (G. a ) a (G. a ) a (G. G
y x y x
x y x Cyl
Cyl

= =
+ +
+ =
+ + +
+ + + =
+ + =
z z

|
x
y

a ) Cos Sin 3 - Sin Cos 4 (
a ) Sin - Cos Sin 5 Cos 2 (
a ] Cos 4 Cos Sin - Sin - Cos Sin 2 - [
a ] Cos Sin 4 Sin - Cos Sin Cos 2 [
a ] Cos ) Cos 4 - Sin ( - Sin ) Sin Cos 2 ( - [
a ] Sin ) Cos 4 - Sin ( - Cos ) Sin Cos 2 ( [ G
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
Cyl
+
+ =
+ +
+ + =
+ +
+ =
11. Find a unit vector from ( 10, 3/4, /6) to (5, /4, )
Soln :
A(r, u, |) expressed in rectangular co-ordinates
) a 0.72 a 0.24 - a 0.65 (-
AB
B A
a
14.77 10.6 3.53 9.65 AB
a 10.6 a 3.53 - a 9.65 - A - B AB
a 3.53 a 3.53 - B a 7.07 - a 3.53 a 6.12 A
a
4
Cos 5 a Sin
4
Sin 5 a Cos
4
Sin 5 B
a
4
3
Cos 10 a
6
Sin
4
3
Sin 10 a
6
Cos
4
3
Sin 10 A
a Cos r a Sin Sin r a Cos Sin r OA
z y x AB
2 2 2
z y x
z x z y x
z y x
z y x
z y x
+ = =
= + + =
+ = =
+ = + =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =

12. Transform a 6 a 8 - a 10 F
z y x
+ =

into F

in Spherical Co-orindates.
) a 0.783 a 5.38 a (11.529 F
a 0.781) x 8 - 0.625 - x (-10
a (0.625)) x 0.42 x 8 - 0.781 x 0.42 x 10 (
a (-0.625)) x 0.9 x 8 - 0.781 x 0.9 x (10 F
0.781 (-38.66) Cos Cos 0.42 64.69 Cos Cos
0.625 - (-38.66) Sin Sin 0.9 64.69 Sin Sin
38.66 -
10
8 -
tan
64.89
200
6
Cos
r
z
Cos ; 200 6 8 10 r
a ) Cos 8 - Sin 10 (-
a ) Sin 6 - Sin Cos 8 - Cos Cos (10
a ) Cos 6 Sin Sin 8 - Cos Sin (10
a ) a . F ( a ) a . F ( a ) a . F ( F
a Cos a Sin - a
a Sin - a Sin Cos a Cos Cos a
a Cos a Sin Sin a Cos Sin a
r
r
0 1 -
0 1 - 1 - 2 2 2
r
r r Sph
y x
z y x
z y x r

+ + =
+
+
=
= = = =
= = = =
= =
= = = = + + =
+
+
+ =
+ + =
+ =
+ =
+ + =

Line Integrals
In general orthogonal Curvilinear Co-ordinate system
} } } }
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
C
3 3 3
C
2 2 2
C C
1 1 1
3 3 2 2 1 1
3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1
du F h du F h du F h dl . F
a F a F a F F
a du h a du h a du h dl

Conservative Field A field | is said to be conservative if it is such that 0 dl .

C
= u V
}
contour. closed a around taken is it if zero is and a and b between potential the represent dl .
and intensity field electric the represent - E
then flux, tic electrosta is If ). ! path on the depend not (does (a) - b) ( d dl .
b
a
b
a
}
} }
u V
u V =
u u = u = u V

}
= u V 0 dl . i.e.,
Therefore ES flux field is Conservative.
EXAMPLES :
13. Evaluate line integral
}
= dl . a I

where
y x
a x) - (y a y) (x a + + =

(4,2) B to (1,1) A from x y along

2
=
Soln : a dy a dx dl
y x
+ =
} } }
+ + =
= =
+ + =
2
1
2
1
2 2
2
dy ) y - (y dy 2y y) (y dl . a
dx dy dy 2 or x y
dy ) x - (y dx y) (x dl . a

}
+ + =
2
1
2 2 3
dy ) y - y y 2 y (2
}
+ + =
2
1
2 3
dy y) y y (2
3
1
11
3
1
1 -
3
2
12
3
4
- 2
3
8
8
2
1
3
1
2
1
-
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
y
3
y
2 4
y 2
2 3 4
2
1
2 3 4
= =

'
'

'
'
+ + =

'
'
+ +

'
'
+ + =

'
'
+ +

=
14. Evaluate the Integral
}
=
S
ds . E I

where a radius of hunisphere is S and a x E
x
=

Soln:
If S is hemisphere of radius a, then S is defined by
3
a 2
x
3
2
x a d Cos d Sin a ds . E
2 0 , 2 / 0
d d Cos Sin a ds . E
d d Sin a . a ) Cos Sin ( a ds . E ds . E
Cos Sin a x ; a Cos Sin x E
a ) a (E. a ) a (E. a ) a . (E E
a d d Sin a ds
a d ) Sin (a ) d (a ds
; 0 z , a z y x
3 /2
0
2
0
3 2 3 3
2 3
2
r
2
r
r r
r r
r
2
r
2 2 2 2

= = =
< < < <
=
= =
= =
+ + =
=
=
> = + +
} } }

where r, r
1
, r
2
.. r
m
are the vector distances of q, q
1
, q
m
from origin, 0.
m
r - r

is distance between charge q
m
and q.
m
a is unit vector in the direction of line joining q
m
to q.
Electric field is the region or vicinity of a charged body where a test charge experiences a force.
It is expressed as a scalar function of co-ordinates variables. This can be illustrated by drawing
force lines and these may be termed as Electric Flux represented by and unit is coulomb
(C).
Electric Flux Density ) D (

is the measure of cluster of electric lines of force. It is the number

of lines of force per unit area of cross section.
i.e.,
}
= =
S
2
surface to normal or unit vect is n where C ds n D or c/m
A

D

Electric Field Intensity ) E (

at any point is the electric force on a unit +ve charge at that point.
i.e., c / N a
r 4
q
q
F
E
1
2
1 0
1
e
= =

C E D or c / N
D
c / N a
r 4
q 1
0
0
1
2
1
1
0

e =
e
=

'
'
e
=

in vacuum
In any medium other than vacuum, the field Intensity at a point distant r m from + Q C is
C a
r 4
Q
D or C E D and
m) / V or ( c / N a
r 4
Q
E
r
2
0
r
2
0

= e e =
e e
=

r
r
Thus D

is independent of medium, while E

depends on the property of medium.

r

+QC q = 1 C (Test Charge)

Source charge
E

E
0 r , m
Electric Field Intensity E

for different charge configurations

1. E

due to Array of Discrete charges

Let Q, Q
1
, Q
2
, Q
n
be +ve charges at P, P
1
, P
2
, .. P
n
. It is required to find E

at
P.
Q
1
1
r

n
E

P
1
Q
2
2
r

P
2
E

1
E

P
2
1
r

Q
n
0
P
r
n
r

m / V a
r - r
Q
4
1
E
m 2
m
m
0
r _
e
=

2. E

due to continuous volume charge distribution

R
a
R

v
C / m
3
The charge is uniformly distributed within in a closed surface with a volume charge density of
v
C / m
3
i.e,
v d
Q d
and dv Q
V
V
V
= =
}

C / N a
) r - (r 4
) (r
E
a
R 4
V
a
R 4
Q
E
R
2 1
0
1
r
R
2
0
R
2
0
1
}
e
=
e
A
=
e
A
= A
V
V
V

R
a is unit vector directed from source to filed point.
3. Electric field intensity E

due to a line charge of infinite length with a line charge density

of
l
C / m
R
a
P
R

dl
l
C / m
L
C / N a
R
dl
4
1
E
R
L
2
0
p
}
e
=
l

4. E

due to a surface charge with density of

S
C / m
2
R
a
P (Field point)
ds R

(Source charge)
C / N a
R
ds
4
1
E
R
S
2
0
p
}
e
=
S

Electrical Potential (V) The work done in moving a unit +ve charge from Infinity to that is
called the Electric Potential at that point. Its unit is volt (V).
Electric Potential Difference (V
12
) is the work done in moving a unit +ve charge from one point
to (1) another (2) in an electric field.
Relation between E

and V
If the electric potential at a point is expressed as a Scalar function of co-ordinate variables (say
x,y,z) then V = V(x,y,z)
V - E (2) and (1) From
(2) - - - - - - - - - dl . V dV
dz
V
dy
y
V
dx
x
V
dV Also,
(1) - - - - - - - - dl . E - dl
q
f
- dV
V =
V =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
= =

z
Determination of electric potential V at a point P due to a point charge of + Q C
l
a
dR R +

0 u
+ Q R

P
R
a
At point P, C / N a
R 4
Q
E
R
2
0
e
=

Therefore, the force f

on a unit charge at P.
N a
R 4
Q
E x 1 f
R
2
0
p
e
= =

The work done in moving a unit charge over a distance dl in the electric field is
field) scalar (a Volt
R 4
Q
V
dR
R 4
Q
- ) a . a (
R 4
dl Q
- V
dl . E - dl . f - dV
2
0
P
2
0
l R
R
2
0
p
e
=
e
=
e
=
= =
} }

R

Electric Potential Difference between two points P & Q distant R
p
and R
q
from 0 is
volt
R
1
-
R
1
4
Q
) V - (V V
q p 0
q p pq
1
1
]
1

e
= =

Electric Potential at a point due to different charge configurations.

1. Discrete charges
. Q
1
. P
Q
2
R
m
Q
m
V
R
Q
4
1
V
n
1
m
m
0
1P _
e
=

2. Line charge
x P V dl
R
l
4
1
V
l
l
0
2P
}
e
=

l
C / m
3. Surface charge
x P V
R
ds
4
1
V
S
S
0
3P
}
e
=

s
C / m
2
4. Volume charge
x P
R V
R
dv
4
1
V
V
V
0
4P
}
e
=

5. Combination of above V
5P
= V
1P
+ V
2P
+ V
3P
+ V
4P

v
C/ m
3
Equipotential Surface : All the points in space at which the potential has same value lie on a
surface called as Equipotential Surface.
Thus for a point change Q at origin the spherical surface with the centre of sphere at the
origin, is the equipotential surface.
Sphere of
Radius , R
R
P
equipotential surfaces
Q
V
0 R
Potential at every point on the spherical surface is
potential surface ial equipotent two potential of difference is V
volt
R 4
Q
V
PQ
0
R
e
=

Gausss law : The surface integral of normal component of D

emerging from a closed surface is

equal to the charge contained in the space bounded by the surface.
i.e.,
}
=
S
(1) C Q ds n . D

where S is called the Gaussian Surface.

By Divergence Theorem,
} }
V =
S V
dv D . ds n . D

----------- (2)
Also,
}
=
V
V
dv Q ---------- (3)
From 1, 2 & 3,
D . = V

----------- (4) is point form (or differential form) of Gausss law while
equation (1) is Integral form of Gauss law.
Poissons equation and Laplace equation
In equation 4, E D
0

e =
equation Laplace 0 V 0, If
equation Poisson - V
/ V) (- . or / E .
2
0
2
0 0
= V =
e
V
e = V V e = V

0
+Q
Till now, we have discussed (1) Colulombs law (2) Gauss law and (3) Laplace equation. The
determination of E

and V can be carried out by using any one of the above relations. However,
the method of Coulombs law is fundamental in approach while the other two use the physical
concepts involved in the problem.
(1) Coulombs law : Here E

is found as force f

per unit charge. Thus for the simple case of

point charge of Q C,
}
=

'
'
e
=
l
2
0
Volt dl E V
M V/
R
Q
4
1
E

(2) Gausss law : An appropriate Gaussian surface S is chosen. The charge enclosed is
determined. Then
}
}
=
=
l
S
enc
volt dl E V Also
determined are E hence and D Then
Q ds n D

(3) Laplace equation : The Laplace equation 0 V

2
= V is solved subjecting to different
boundary conditions to get V. Then, V - E V =

Solutions to Problems on Electrostatics :-

1. Data : Q
1
= 12 C , Q
2
= 2 C , Q
3
= 3 C at the corners of equilateral triangle d m.
To find :
3
Q on F

Solution :
z y
2 3
2 3
23
z y
z y
1 3
1 3
13
23
2
2
13
2
1
0
3
3
23 13 3 3
z y 3
2 1 y 2
1
3
2
3 1
1 3 2 1
3 2 1 3 2 1
a 0.866 a 0.5 -
r - r
r - r
a
a 0.866 a 0.5
d
a d 0.866 a d 0.5
r - r
r - r
a
a
d
Q
a
d
Q
4
Q
F
X F F F is F force The
a 0.866 a d 0.5 r
P P a d r
Y d 0 r
m d) 0.866 d, 0.5 (0, P
d d m 0) d, (0, P
P m (0,0,0) P
Z n origin the at
P with plane, YZ in lie P and P , P If
meter. d side of triangle l equilatera of corners the P and P , P at lie Q and Q , Q Let
+ = =
+ =
+
= =
1
]
1

+
e
=
+ =
+ =
=
=
=
=
=

Substituting,
) a 0.924 a (0.38 a where N a 0.354 F
13.11
12.12 5
a 12.12 a 5
d
10 x 27
) a 0.866 a 0.5 - (
d
10 x 2
) a 0.866 a 0.5 (
d
10 x 12
10 x 9 ) 10 x (3 F
z y F F 3
2 2
z y
2
3 -
z y
2
-6
z y
2
-6
9 6 -
3
+ = =
1
]
1

+
+
=
1
]
1

+ + + =

2. Data : At the point P, the potential is V ) z y (x V

2 2 2
p
+ + =
To find :
(1) V for expression general using by V (3) (1,1,2) Q and P(1,0.2) given V (2) E
PQ PQ p

Solution :
/m V ] a 3z a y 2 a x 2 [ -
a
z
V
a
y
V
a
x
V
- V - E ) 1 (
z
2
y x
z
p
y
p
x
p
p p
+ + =
1
]
1

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V =

V 1 - V - V V (3)
V 1 - 0 y 0
dz 3z dy 2y dx 2x dl . E - V ) 2 (
P Q PQ
0 2
1
1
0
1
2
2
2
P
Q
p PQ
= =
= + + =
+ + = =
} } } }

3. Data : Q = 64.4 nC at A (-4, 2, -3) m A

To find : m (0,0,0) 0 at E

0
E

Solution : 0
C / N a 20 a
29
9 x 64.4
E
) a 0.56 a 0.37 - a (0.743 ) AO (
29
1
AO
AO
a
a 3 a 2 - a 4 a 3) (0 a 2) - (0 a 4) (0 AO
C N/ ] a [
(AO)
36
10
x 4
10 x 64.4
C / N a
(AO) 4
Q
E
AO AO 0
z y x AO
z y x z y x
AO
2
9 -
9 -
AO
2
0
0
= =
+ = = =
+ = + + + + =
=
e
=

4. Q
1
= 100 C at P
1
(0.03 , 0.08 , - 0.02) m
Q
2
= 0.12 C at P
2
(- 0.03 , 0.01 , 0.04) m
F
12
= Force on Q
2
due to Q
1
= ?
Solution :
N a 9 F
a 10 x 9 x
0.11
10 x 0.121 x 10 x 100
F
) a 0.545 a 0.636 - a 0.545 - ( a
m 0.11 R ; ) a 0.06 a 0.07 - a 0.06 - (
) a 0.02 - a 0.08 a (0.03 - ) a 0.04 a 0.01 a (-0.03 R - R R
a
R 4
Q Q
F
12 12
12
9
2
6 - 6 -
12
z y x 12
12 z y x
z y x z y x 1 2 12
12
2
12 0
2 1
12
=
=
+ =
= + =
+ + + = =
e
=

5. Q
1
= 2 x 10
-9
C , Q
2
= - 0.5 x 10
-9
C C
(1) R
12
= 4 x 10
-2
m , ? F
12
=

(2) Q
1
& Q
2
are brought in contact and separated by R
12
= 4 x 10
-2
m ? F
`
12
=

Solution :
(1)
) (repulsive N 12.66 F
a N 12.66 a 10 x 9 x
16
1.5
a
) 10 x 4 ( x
36
10
x 4
) 10 x 1.5 (
F
C 10 x 1.5 ) Q (Q
2
1
Q Q contact into brought When (2)
e) (attractiv N 5.63 a 10 x
16
9 -
a
) 10 x 4 ( x
36
10
x 4
10 x 0.5 - x 10 x 2
F
`
12
12 12
13 18 -
2
12
2 2 -
9 -
2 9 -
`
12
9 -
2 1
`
2
`
1
12
5 -
12
2 2 -
9 -
-9 -9
12

=
= = =
= + = =
+ = = =
+

6. Y
P
3
x x
P
1
P
2
x x
0 X
Q
1
= Q
2
= Q
3
= Q
4
= 20 C
Q
P
= 200 C at P(0,0,3) m
P
1
= (0, 0 , 0) m P
2
= (4, 0, 0) m
P
3
= (4, 4, 0) m P
4
= (0, 4, 0) m
F
P
= ?
Solution :
a
R
Q
a
R
Q
a
R
Q
a
R
Q
36
10
4
Q
F
a 0.6 a 0.8 - a ; m 5 R ; a 3 a 4 - R
a 0.47 a 0.625 - a 0.625 - a ; m 6.4 R ; a 3 a 4 - a 4 - R
a 0.6 a 0.8 - a m 5 R ; a 3 a 4 - R
a a m 3 R a 3 R
F F F F F
4p
2
4p
4
3p
3
3p
3
2p
2
2p
2
1p
2
1p
1
9 -
p
p
z y 4p 4p z y 4p
z y x 3p 3p z y x 3p
z x 2p 2p z x 2p
z 1p 1p z 1p
4p 3p 2p 1p p
1
1
]
1

+ + + =
+ = = + =
+ = = + =
+ = = + =
= = =
+ + + =

6 -
z y
2
z y x
2
z x
2
z
2
9 6 -
10 x 20
) a 0.6 a 0.8 - (
5
1
) a 0.47 a 0.625 - a (-0.625
6.4
1
) a 0.6 a 0.8 - (
5
1
a
3
1
10 x 9 x 10 x 00 2
1
1
1
1
]
1

+ +
+ + + +
=
) a 0.6 a 0.8 - (
25
100
) a 0.47 a 0.625 - a (-0.625
40.96
100
) a 0.6 a 0.8 (-
25
100
a
9
100
10 x x10 x10 x9x10 00x10 2
z y
z y x z x z
2 - 6 - 9 9 6 -
1
1
1
1
]
1

+ +
+ + + +
=
N a 17.23 N ) a 17 a 1.7 - a 1.7 (-
) a 2.4) 1.15 2.4 (11.11 a 3.2) - (-1.526
6.4
1
a ) 526 . 1 2 . 3 ( 36 . 0
p z y x
z y
2
x
= + =
1
]
1

+ + + + + =
7. Data : Q
1
, Q
2
& Q
3
at the corners of equilateral triangle of side 1 m.
Q
1
= - 1C, Q
2
= -2 C , Q
3
= - 3 C
To find : E

at the bisecting point between Q

2
& Q
3
.
Solution :
Z
P
1
Q
1
Q
2
P E
1P
Q
3
Y
P
2
E
2P
E
3P
P
3

V/m k 18 37.9 m / V 0 a 12 a 36 a 1.33 a 4 10 x 9
a 12 a 8 - a 1.33 10 x 9
) a - (
0.5
10 x 3 -
) a - (
0.5
10 x 2 -
) a - (
0.866
10 x 1 -
36
10
4
1
E
a - a 0.5 R a 0.5 - R
a a 0.5 R a 0.5 R
a - a 0.866 R a 0.866 - R
a
R
Q
a
R
Q
a
R
Q
4
1
E E E E
0 3
z y z y
3
y y z
3
y
2
6 -
y
2
6 -
z
2
6 -
9 - P
y 3P 3P y 3P
y 2P 2P y 2P
z 1P 1P z 1P
3P 2
3P
3
2P 2
2P
2
1P 2
1P
1
0
3P 2P 1P P
Z = + + = + =
+ =
1
]
1

+ + =
= = =
= = + =
= = =
1
]
1

+ +
e
=
+ + =

Z
E
1P
E
P
( E
P
) = 37.9 k V / m
Y
E
2P
(E
3P
E
2P
) E
3P
P
1
: (0, 0.5, 0.866) m
P
2
: (0, 0, 0) m
P
3
: (0, 1, 0) m
P : (0, 0.5, 0) m
8. Data P
l
= 25 n C /m on (-3, y, 4) line in free space and P : (2,15,3) m
To find : E
P
Solution :
Z
l
= 25 n C / m
A
R

(2, 15, 3) m
P
Y
X
The line charge is parallel to Y axis. Therefore E
PY
= 0
m / V a 88.23 E
a
5.1 x
36
10
2
x 25
a
2
E
) a 0.167 - a (0.834
R
R
a
m 5.1 R ; ) a - a (5 a 4) - (3 a (-3)) - (2 AP R
R P
R 9 - R
0
l
P
z x R
z x z x
=
=
e
=
= =
= = = + = =

R
9. Data : P
1
(2, 2, 0) m ; P
2
(0, 1, 2) m ; P
3
(1, 0, 2) m
Q
2
= 10 C ; Q
3
= - 10 C
To find : E
1
, V
1
Solution :
V 3000
3
10
3
10
10 x 9
R
Q
R
Q
4
1
V
m / V ) a 0.707 a (0.707 14.14 ] a a [ 10
) a 0.67 a 0.67 a (0.33
9
10
) a 0.67 - a 0.33 a (0.67
9
10
10 x 9 E
a 0.67 a 0.67 a 0.33 a 3 R a 2 a 2 a R
a 0.67 - a 0.33 a 0.67 a 3 R ) a 2 - a a (2 R
a
R
Q
a
R
Q
4
1
E E E
6 - 6 -
9
31
3
21
2
0
1
y x y x
3
z y x
6 -
z y x
6 -
9
1
z y x 31 31 z y x 31
z y x 21 21 z y x 21
31 2
31
3
21 2
21
2
0
21 21 1
=
1
]
1

+ =
1
]
1

+
e
=
+ = + =
1
]
1

+ + + + =
+ + = = + + =
+ = = + =
1
]
1

+
e
= + =

V 3000 V m V / 14.14 E
1 1
= =
10. Data : Q
1
= 10 C at P
1
(0, 1, 2) m ; Q
2
= - 5 C at P
2
(-1, 1, 3) m
P
3
(0, 2, 0) m
To find : (1) 0 E for 0) 0, (0, at Q (2) E
3x 3
=

Solution :

m / V 10 a 12.32 - a 6.77 a 1.23 -
) a 3.68 a 1.23 - a (-1.23 ) a 16 - a (8
) a 0.9 - a 0.3 a (0.3
) 11 (
10 x 5 -
) a 0.894 - a (0.447
) 5 (
10 x 10
10 x 9 E
a 0.9 - a 0.3 a 0.3
R
R
a
) a 0.894 - a 0.447 (
R
R
a
11 R a 3 - a a a 3) - (0 a 1) - (2 a 1) (0 R
5 R a 2 - a a 2) - (0 a 1) - (2 R
a
R
Q
a
R
Q
4
1
E (1)
3
z y x
z y x z y
z y x
2
6 -
z y
2
6 -
9
3
z y x
23
23
23
z y
13
13
13
23 z y x z y x 23
13 z y z y 13
23 2
23
2
13 2
13
1
0
3
+ =
+ + =
1
]
1

+ + =
+ = =
= =
= + = + + + =
= = + =
1
]
1

+
e
=

zero be cannot E
a 1.23 - E
a 2 R ; a
R
Q
a
R
Q
a
R
Q
10 x 9 E (2)
3x
x 3x
y 03 03 2
03
23 2
23
2
13 2
13
1 9
3

=
=
1
]
1

+ + =
11. Data : Q
2
= 121 x 10
-9
C at P
2
(-0.02, 0.01, 0.04) m
Q
1
= 110 x 10
-9
C at P
1
(0.03, 0.08, 0.02) m
P
3
(0, 2, 0) m
To find : F
12

Solution :
0.088 R ] a [
10 x 7.8 x
36
10
4
10 x 110 x 10 x 121
F
a 0.02 a 0.07 - a 0.05 - R ; N a
R 4
Q Q
F
12 12
3 -
9 -
9 - 9 -
12
z y x 12 12 2
12 0
2 1
12
= =
+ =
e
=

N a 0.015 F
12 12
=

12. Given V = (50 x

2
yz + 20y
2
) volt in free space
Find V
P
, m 3) - 2, (1, P at a and E
np P

Solution :

a 0.16 - a 0.234 a 0.957 a ; m / V a 6.5 62
a 100 - a 150 a 600
a (2) 50 - a (-3) 50 - a (-3) (2) 100 - E
a y x 50 - a z x 50 - a z y x 100 - E
a V - a V - a V
x
- V - E
V 220 - (2) 20 (-3) (2) (1) 50 V
z y x P P
z y x
z y x P
z
2
y
2
x
z y x
2 2
P
+ = =
+ =
=
=
c
c
c
c
c
c
= V =
= + =

z y
Additional Problems
A1. Find the electric field intensity E

at P (0, -h, 0) due to an infinite line charge of density

l
C / m along Z axis.
+
Z
A dz
AP
R

z
dE
Py
P u
Y
dE
Pz
h 0
d
P
E

P
a X
-
Solution :
Source : Line charge
l
C / m. Field point : P (0, -h, 0)

a
R
z
R 4
dz
- dE a
R
h
R 4
dz
- dE
a E d a E d a
R
z
- a
R
h
-
R 4
dz
dE
a z - a h -
R
1
R
R
a
h z AP R
a h - a z - AP R ; m / V a
R 4
dz
a
R 4
dQ
dE
z
2
0
l
Pz y
2
0
l
Py
z Pz y Py z y
2
0
l
P
z y R
2 2
y z R
2
0
l
R
2
0
P
e
=
e
=
+ =
1
]
1

e
=
= =
+ = =
= =
e
=
e
=

Expressing all distances in terms of fixed distance h,

h = R Cos u or R = h Sec u ; z = h tan u , dz = h sec
2
u du
0 ] Cos [
h 4

E
d Sin
h 4

-
Sec h
tan h
x
Sec h 4
d Sec h
- dE
a
h 2

- 2 x
h 4

- ] Sin [
h 4

- E
d Cos
h 4

- Cos x
Sec h 4
d Sec h
- dE
2 /
2 / -
0
l
Pz
0
l
2 2
0
2
l
Pz
y
0
l
0
l 2 /
2 / -
0
l
Py
0
l
2 2
0
2
l
Py
=
e
=
e
=

e
=
e
=
e
= +
e
=
e
=
e
=

m V / a
h 2

- E
y
0
l

e
=
An alternate approach uses cylindrical co-ordinate system since this yields a more general insight
into the problem.
Z +
A dz
z R

u P ( , t / 2, 0)
0 Y
P
t / 2
AP
X
-
0 ] Cos [
4

E
d ) Sin (-
4

d
Sec 4
Sec x tan x
dE (ii)
2

2 x
4

] Sin [
4

E
d Cos
4

d
Sec 4
Sec x x
dE (i)
Sec
Cos

R and d Sec dz , tan z

and of in terms distances all expressing and , n variable integratio as A P

O Taking
dz z
R 4

- dE (ii) ; dz
R 4

dE (i)
a dE a dE a
R
z
- a
R

R 4
dz
dE
C dz dQ
) a z - a (
R
1
a and a z - a R where
m / V a
R 4
dQ
dE
is dQ to due dE intensity field The
at Z. change elemental the is dz dQ
2 /
2 / -
0
l
P
0
l
3 3
0
2
l
P
0
l
0
l 2 /
2 / -
0
l
P
0
l
3 3
0
2
l
P
2
2
0
l
P
2
0
l
P
P P z
2
0
l
P
z R z
R
2
0
P
P
l
=
e
=
e
=
e

=
e
=
e
=
e
=
e
=
e
=
= = = =
=
e
=
e
=
+ =
1
]
1

e
=
=
= =
e
=
=

z
z
z
z z
l

m / V a
2

0
l
P
e
=

Thus, direction in radial is E

A2. Find the electric field intensity E

at (0, -h, 0) due to a line charge of finite length along Z

axis between A (0, 0, z
1
) and B(0, 0, z
2
)
Z
B (0, 0, z
2
)
dz
P u
2
A(0, 0, z
1
)
u
1
Y
X
Solution :

2
- ,
2
, to - from extending is line the If
m / V a ) Cos - (Cos a ) Sin - (Sin
h 4

E
a ) Cos (
h 4

a ) Sin (-
h 4

a d Sin
h 4

- a d Cos
h 4

- E d E
a
R
z
- a
R
h
R 4
dz
dE
1 2
z 2 1 y 2 1
0
l
P
z
0
l
y
0
l
z
0
l
y
0
l
z
z
P P
z
2
0
l
P
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1

= =

e
+ =
e
+
e
+ =
e e
= =
1
]
1

e
=
} } }

y
m V / a
h 2
-
E
y
l
P

0
e
=

A3. Two wires AB and CD each 1 m length carry a total charge of 0.2 C and are disposed as
shown. Given BC = 1 m, find BC. of midpoint P, at E

P
A B . C
1 m
1 m
D
Solution :
(1)
u
1
= 180
0
u
2
= 180
0
A B P
1 m
, , nate) (Indetermi
0
0
a Cos - Cos a ) Sin - (Sin -
h 4

E
z 1 2 y 1 2
0
l
P
AB
= +
e
=

a
z
(2) P
ay
C
u
1
u
1
= - tan
-1
5 . 0
1
= - 63.43
0
u
2
= 0
D


) a 1989.75 a (-3218 a 0.447) - (1 a 0.894 - 10 x 3.6 E
a 63.43) Cos - 0 (Cos a (-63.43)) (Sin -
0.5
36
10
4
10 x 0.2
a ) Cos - (Cos a ) Sin - (Sin -
h 4

E
z y z y
3
P
z y 9 -
6 -
z 1 2 y 1 2
0
l
P
CD
CD
+ = + =
+ =
+
e
=

Since E
AB

is indeterminate, an alternate method is to be used as under :

Z
dE
Pz
d
dy
y B Y P dE
Py
A
L R
d L
1
-
d
1
4

t 4

E
dt
t 4
-
dE
d
1
t ; L y
d L
1
t , 0 y ; dt - dy - ; t - y - d L Let
dy
y) - d (L 4
a
dE
) a (-
R
1
a ; a y) - d (L R
m / V a
R 4
dy
dE
0
l
d
1
d L
1
0
l
P
2
0
l
P
2
0
y l
Py
y R R
R
2
0
l
P
1
]
1

+ e
=
1
]
1

e
+ =
e
=
= =
+
= = = = +
+ e

=
= + =
e
=
+

m V /
d L
1
-
d
1
4

E
l
P
1
]
1

+ e
=
0

m V/ a 2400 a 0.67] - 2 [ 1800 E

a
1.5
1
-
0.5
1
36
10
4
10 x 0.2
E
y y P
y 9 -
-6
P
AB
AB
= =
1
]
1

) a 0.925 a 0.381 (- a where

m / V a 2152
) a 1990 a (-820
a 1990 a 3218 - a 2400 E E E
z y P
P
z y
z y y P P P
CD AB
+ =
=
+ =
+ = + =

A4. Develop an expression for E

due to a charge uniformly distributed over an infinite plane

with a surface charge density of
S
C / m
2
.
Solution :
Let the plane be perpendicular to Z axis and we shall use Cylindrical Co-ordinates. The source
charge is an infinite plane charge with
S
C / m
2
.
dE
P
Z
u R AP

=
z P
0 Y
d|
|
X A

) a z a - (
R
1
a
) a z a - ( R
OP OA - OP AO AP
z R
z
+ =
+ =
+ = + =

The field intensity

P
dE due to dQ =
S
ds =
S
(d| d) is along AP and given by
d d ) a z a - (
R 4

a
R 4
d d
dE
z
3
0
R
2
0
P

+
e
=
e
=
S S
Since radial components cancel because of symmetry, only z components exist
d
R
z
2 x
4

R
d z
d
4

dE E
d d
R 4
z
dE
0
3
0 0
3
2
0 0 S
P P
3
0
P
} } } }

e
=
e
= =
e
=

S S
S

z is fixed height of above plane and let A P

O = be integration variable. All distances are

expressed in terms of z and u
= z tan u , d = z Sec
2
u du ; R = z Sec u ; = 0, u = 0 ; = , u = t / 2
plane) to (normal a
2

a ] Cos [-
2

d Sin
2

d Sec z
Sec z
tan z z
2

E
z
0
S
z
2 /
0
0
S
2 /
0 0
S 2
0
3 3
0
S
P
e
=
e
=
e
=
e
=
} }

A5. Find the force on a point charge of 50 C at P (0, 0, 5) m due to a charge of 500 tC that is
uniformly distributed over the circular disc of radius 5 m.
Z
P
h =5 m
0 Y
|
X
Solution :
Given : = 5 m, h = 5 m and Q = 500 tC
To find : f
p
& q
p
= 50 C
N a 56.55 f
10 x 50 x a 10 x 1131 f
C / N a 10 x 1131
a 10 x 36 x
25 x 2
500
a
36
10
x ) 5 ( 2
10 x 500
a
2
A
Q
a
2

E where q x E f
z P
6 -
z
3
P
z
3
z
3
z 9 -
2
6 -
z
0
z
0
S
P P P P
=
=
=
=

=
e
=
e
= =