SIX MONTH INDUSTRIAL TRAINING MID-TERM REPORT

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the 7th semester curriculum of degree of

Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science & Engineering of PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR

Under the guidance of: (Name of the Teachers/ Industry Instructor) Kapil Bhutani

Submitted By: Name:Savneet kaur Inst Roll No:71 Uni. Regd. No: 90410305518

Submitted to: Pooja wadhwa

Department of CSE & IT

INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ABHIPUR, MOHALI

INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

ABHIPUR SAS NAGAR MOHALI

Network Planning

COMPANY

SUBMITTED BY:

Telecoma Technologies pvt. ltd. Ph 3b2(Above Dominos) Mohali (Punjab)

Savneet kaur CSE 7th B Univ.roll no:90410305518 Batch:2009-2013

Abstract
The report discusses the role of network planning in todays world of Telecommunications. This study demonstrates to verify whether the network meets the given requirements, on the basis of which network was designed, to verify

whether the parameters and configurations are defined correctly or not, and, to investigate network problems related to poor quality, signal level, interference etc We sought to demonstrate the steps to be taken-up to fulfill the objectives of using a network planning tools which are summarized as the collection of Data and extraction of relevant information from it, analysis of the extracted data and suggesting changes in the network configuration based on the analysis. It also demonstrates the optimization of the network,to check the performance of the network, just after it is made operational and to get the best possible quality of service which includes suggesting changes in the defined parameters & configurations on the basis of network planning data analysis.

Table of Content

Sr.No

Topic Name

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Introduction Title of Project Objective Schedule of activities Project Description Conclusion Achievements till date Remaining work

INTRODUCTION TO COMPANY PROFILE

COMPANY NAME: TELCOMA TECHNOLOGIES Pvt. Ltd. About Company: TELCOMA TECHNOLOGIES Pvt. Ltd. is an ISO 9001:2008 Certified Company is a provider of Telecommunication based Solutions, including Network Solutions, System Integration service, Corporate Solutions and Telecom Education.

The team at Telcoma Technologies is well-qualified and strongly motivated and committed to providing the high level of personal service and customer satisfaction. All processes within Telcoma Technologies are aligned towards the highest quality standards and formally certified to ISO 9001:2008. Company "Believe in the Best", be it people, products or services. Companys solutions include 2G & 3G telcom network solutions, Network deployment & integration, Performance, RF optimization and Drive testing, Value added services, Next generation networks, New technologies and Telecom education.Our experienced engineers make sure that you get the best possible solutions. Companys approach to everything emanates from this corporate philosophy. With every new day the quest for acquiring new competencies continues. Forever searching, experimenting, innovating, learning, moving ahead with our sincere efforts and dedication, shaping the future, and challenging our competencies to create new opportunities, is a never-ending process. TELCOMA

is a globally recognized name in the field of telecommunication training, and engineers with TELCOMA Certified Wireless Expert - GLOBAL (TCWEGLOBAL) certification are recognized by industry worldwide. TRAINING ON LIVE PROJECTS: Companys Live Projects include 2G & 3G telcom network solutions, Network deployment & integration, Performance, RF optimization and Drive testing, Value added services, Next generation networks, New technologies and Telecom education. We provide cost effective and most reliable soultions for business. Company is always ready to face new challanges and deadlines. Quality is the first and foremost thing that company take care of.

CURRENT PROJECTS: TELCOMA TECHNOLOGIES Pvt. Ltd has tie up with RELIANCE and ALCATEL-LUCENT.

RF Optimization and Drive Testing Project for Reliance Communications in Punjab Circle (Chandigarh, Ludhiana, Patiala). Physical Site verification Drive Test. Physical & Parametric Optimization. Monitoring KPI Statistics. Reporting & MIS for site acceptance. Program Management.

Company partner with you to build and implement innovative strategies and solutions to help you remain competitive, improve performance, and transform the way you conduct business .

Title of Project: Network Planning

Objective: Network planning and design is an iterative process, encompassing

topological design, network-synthesis, and network realization, and is aimed at ensuring that a new network or service meets the needs of the subscriber and operator. To plan the efficient and cost effective network. During the process of Network Planning and Design, estimates are made of the expected traffic intensity and traffic load that the network must support.

Achievements till Date:

1. Planning 2. Boosters 3. Net Monitor 4. OMT 5. VOIP 6.UMTS

Schedule of activities: 1. Study network requirements

2. Nominal cell planning 3. Site survey selection 4. Frequency planning 5. Parameter planning 6. Detailed network planning 7. System tuning

Project Description:
1.1 Network Roll Out For 2G &3G. This project is based on the telecommunication. The network planning is not only to define the initial network roll-out targets, but also to provide moving targets to the continuous process that takes the whole life time of the network. Before the2G and 3G network is launched, all the work is focused on estimating how the network should look like. After the network launch customer intake and behaviour will decide the network development direction. The most demanding tasks are to gather all the required information for the planning work and making the network roll-out decisions based on all these estimations, operator demands and assumptions of future costs. Cost estimations are usually very sensitive to the changes in basic assumptions and it is crucial that all assumptions are recorded to the network roll-out plan. Network roll out is the foundation to establish a 2G& 3G network. In this project we will design a network theoretically as well as practically. the whole planning of a network give details about the frequency need, type of media required , type of antennas , orientation ,how was the clutter in that area, How many sites we need to establish a good network etc

begin

Pre-Planning: Define network services, basic network configuration parameters

Main Planning: Site survey, digital map, link budget, coverage plan, capacity plan

End

1.2 Aim of network rollout The main aim of radio network planning is to provide cost effective solution in terms of coverage and quality. The process of radio network planning starts with

collecting the parameters such as network requirement of coverage and capacity. These inputs are used to make a theoretical coverage and capacity plan.Coverage planning would be defined as the coverage area services probability and related signals strength.Capacity planning would include subscribers and traffic behavior in a region. The requirement of radio planner is to cover 100% of the area but usually it is impossible. So efforts are made to design a network that covers all the regions that may have good traffic and to have coverage hole with no traffic zone.

1.3 SOFTWARE USED MCOM ASSET EFT TEMS PLANNER

1.3.1 MCOM: Mobile Communications Network Application (MCOM) was first introduced as a Mapbasic application tool to create a graphical representation of a mobile network in MapInfo. Starting version 3.0, MCOM has become a stand-alone application. Using OLE Automation technology, MCOM acts as an OLE client with MapInfo running in the background. This allows MCOM to have the flexibility and versatility to integrate new functions that MapBasic cannot provide. In this latest version, you get the similar user-interface as in MapInfo plus the additional ND/NPI tools. MCOMs features can be categorized into following groups: Cell Planning Tools Drive Test Analysis Tools [GSM only] STS Analysis Tools

System Requirements For Mcom MCOM2001 requires MapInfo application to be installed in your PC with a minimum physical memory of 32Mb. It has been tested for both Window 95/98 and NT Operating Systems. 1.3.2 TEMS PLANNER TEMS CellPlanner Universal is an advanced tool for designing and planning 2G, 2.5G, and 3G networks.Designed and developed by Ericsson, TEMS Cell-Planner Universal provides superior planning capabilities to save time and money during network deployment. TEMS CellPlanner Universal meets the needs of todays complex radio network s. It features open interfaces, a new more flexible architecture, and support for all major technologies. It also utilizes unique, patented algorithms for accuracy and speed. The modular platform makes it easy to customize and add new functionality. TEMS CellPlanner Universal provides a flexible system configuration and an efficient working environment. Operators can choose stand-alone configuration for quick and easy planning in the field; no database installation is required. Choosing network configuration allows multiple users, as part of a team, to share network data and simultaneously plan a common network. This team approach is regulated by a unique system of security features for safe and secure handling of data.

Here is the view of TEMS planner :

Some important features of Tems planner: 2G and 3G co planning Gsm/gprs/edge support Quality performance indicator Propagation modeling Geographical information system

1.3.3 EFT (ERICSSON ENGINEERING TOOL) During the initial phases of the network design process, a reliable radio wave propagation tool is necessary. This need continues to exist even for the most mature radio networks. One of the primary responsibilities of an RF engineer is to improve the radio network when required to do so. This could be the result of growth or decreased performance. Ericsson Engineering Tool (EET) is based on experience and continual development adapted to a rapidly changing technology.

EET is based on Planet by Mobile Systems International Ltd. (MSI). It is a UNIX open-windows-based software package designed to simplify the process of planning and optimizing a cellular network. Some important features of asset tool are as follow: Network dimensioning Frequency planning Predicting EET can import radio survey files which can be used to tune the prediction model for the area where the network is to be planned. Data can be imported and exported to OSS 1.3.4 ASSET Asset is also a rf planning tool .it is a GUI support tool. This software is used to design a network . it provides a step by step procedure to design a network . following can be done by using ASSET. Adding site and site database Analysis for all sites. Use to analysis network with and without frequency hopping turn-on Used for predictions for coverage Frequency re use pattern Layer configurations Coverage threshold and types Easy to export and import data from different softwares.

1.4 Network planning project organization: Network planning team: network pre planning and post planning and giving site proposal as an output. Site acquisition team: responsible for actual site location finding via technical survey, lease contract etc. Construction team: responsible for construction work of site and stability check. Telecom team: responsible for installation and commissioning of site and also for acceptance test.

 Optimization team: responsible for pre-launching optimization phase. 1.5 Network planning project There are three types of network planning project. 1. All the planning is done by the operator if they had the desired knowledge the risk factor is that the operator might not have the full knowledge of the equipments of the vendor. 2. Operator is involve in defining the network planning criteria after the roll out finish the care phase has to be out sourced but it can be done by those who has sufficient knowledge. 3. Network planning consultancy: - for planning function of a particular aspect of the job. This is done for the new technology to come these are different from the equipment vendor. 1.7 Planning criteria and targets: The target is to plan the network in a cost effective way. It start with current market situation analysis like competitors, market share, network coverage area, services, traffic behavior, nature of targeted user and average use of that services. Target is to generate revenue for this has to provide coverage capacity and quality. Pre planning: 1. Coverage planning 2. Capacity planning 3. Dimensioning Detailed planning 1. Frequency planning 2. Neighbor planning 3. Parameter planning Optimization 1. Acceptance test 2. Verification 3. Quality check

 Market Analysis 1. competitors analysis 2. potential customers 3. traffic 4. network coverage 5. user profile Customers Requirements 1. Coverage department 2. Capacity department 3. Quality department 4. Financial limitation 5. Future deployment plans

2. NETWORK ROLLOUT PROCESS Network rollout can be described briefly as all the activities involved in determining which sites will be used for the radio equipment, which equipment will be used, and how the equipment will be configured. Planning means building a network able to provide service to the customers wherever they are In order to ensure coverage and to avoid interference, every cellular network needs planning.

Flow chart of network planning

Begin

Network requirement

Nominal cell planning

Site survey selection

Frequency planning

Parameter planning

Detailed network planning

System tuning

End

2.1 STEP 1: NETWORK REQUIREMENTS The cell planning process starts with traffic and coverage analysis. The analysis should produce information about the geographical area and the expected need of capacity. The types of data collected are:

 Cost Capacity Coverage Grade of Service (GoS) Available frequencies Speech Quality Index System growth capability The traffic demand (i.e. how many subscribers will join the system and how much traffic will be generated) provides the basis for cellular network engineering. Geographical distribution of traffic demand can be calculated by using demographic data such as: Population distribution Car usage distribution Income level distribution Land usage data Telephone usage statistics Other factors such as subscription charges, call charges, and price of mobile stations 2.2 STEP 2: NOMINAL CELL PLAN Upon compilation of the data received from the traffic and coverage analysis, a nominal cell plan is produced. The nominal cell plan is a graphical representation of the network and simply looks like a cell pattern on a map. However, a lot of work lies behind it Nominal cell plans are the first cell plans produced and form the basis for further planning. Quite often a nominal cell plan, together with one or two examples of coverage predictions, is included in tenders. At this stage, coverage and interference predictions are usually started. Such planning needs computer-aided analysis tools for radio propagation studies, e.g. Ericssons planning tool known as the Ericsson Engineering Tool (EET). 2.2 STEP 3: SURVEYS (AND RADIO MEASUREMENTS) The nominal cell plan has been produced and the coverage and interference predictions have been roughly verified. Now it is time to visit the sites where the radio equipment will be placed

and perform radio measurements. The former is important because it is necessary to assess the real environment to determine whether it is a suitable site location when planning a cellular network. The latter is very important because even better predictions can be obtained by using field measurements of the signal strengths in the actual terrain where the mobile station will be located. 2.4 STEP 4: SYSTEM DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION Once we optimize and can trust the predictions generated by the planning tool, the dimensioning of the RBS equipment, BSC, and MSC is performed. The final cell plan is then produced. As the name implies, this plan is later used during system installation. In addition, a document called Cell Design Data (CDD) containing all cell parameters for each cell is completed. System installation, commissioning, and testing are performed following final cell planning and system design. 2.5 STEP 5 FREQUANCY PLANNING The main goal of the frequency-planning task is to increase the efficiency of the spectrum usage, keeping the interference in the network below some predefined level. Therefore it is always related to interference predictions. There are two basic approaches to solve the frequency assignment problem. Frequency reuse patterns Automatic frequency allocation Some softwares are used with automatic frequency allocation algorithms for finding the optimum solutions. 2.6. STEP 6: SYSTEM TUNING After the system has been installed, it is continually evaluated to determine how well it meets the demand. This is called system tuning. It involves: Checking that the final cell plan was implemented successfully Evaluating customer complaints Checking that the network performance is acceptable Changing parameters and performing other measures (if needed) The system needs constant retuning because the traffic and number of subscribers increases continuously. Eventually, the system reaches a point where it must be

expanded so that it can manage the increasing load and new traffic. At this point, a coverage analysis is performed and the cell planning process cycle begins again. 3.Network requirements Database Antenna patterns Path loss predictions 3.1.1 Database: Several types of databases are available, depending on the scenario a computation should be done. Following types of data is available Topographical Database 3D Vector Building Databases 3D Indoor Databases

3.1.2 Antenna patterns Each antenna has a unique radiation pattern.This pattern can be represented graphically by plotting the received time-averaged power, as a function of angle with respect to the direction of maximum power in a log-polar diagram. The pattern is representative of the antennas performance in a testenvironment. However, it only applies to the freespace environment in which the test measurement takes place. Upon installation, the pattern becomes more complex due to the extra factors affecting propagation under field conditions. Thus the real effectiveness of any antenna is measured in the field. ISOTROPIC ANTENNA: An isotropic antenna is a completely non-directional antenna that radiates equally in all directions. Since all practical antennas exhibit some degree of directivity, the isotropic antenna exists only as a mathematical concept. The isotropic antenna can be used as a reference to specify the gain of a practical antenna. The gain of an antenna referenced isotropically is the ratio between the power required in the practical antenna and the power required in an isotropic antenna to achieve the same field strength in the desired direction of the measured practical antenna. The directive gain in relation to an isotropic antenna is called dBi.

HALF-WAVE DIPOLE ANTENNA: A half-wave dipole antenna may also be used as a gain reference for practical antennas. The half-wave dipole is a straight conductor cut to one-half of the electrical wavelength with the radio frequency signal fed to the middle of the conductor. Figure illustrates the radiation pattern of the half-wave dipole which normally is referred to as a dipole. Whereas the isotropic antennas three dimensional radiation pattern is spherical, the dipole antennas three dimensional pattern is shaped like a donut.

When choosing an antenna for a specific application, the manufacturers data sheet must be consulted. The data sheet contains information including antenna gain, beam width (vertical and horizontal), and graphs showing the vertical and horizontal patterns. The patterns displayed are those of a directional antenna. The antennas gain is approximately 15 dBd.

3.1.3 Path loss predictions: For the installation of mobile radio systems, wave propagation models are necessary to determine the propagation characteristics. The path loss predictions are required for the coverage planning, the determination of multipath effects as well as for interference and cell calculations, which are the basis for the high-level network planning process. signal path loss is a particularly important element in the design of any radio communications system or wireless system. The radio signal path loss will determine many elements of the radio communications system in particular the transmitter power, and the antennas, especially their gain, height and general location. The radio path loss will also affect other elements such as the required receiver sensitivity, the form of transmission used and this planning process includes the prediction of the received power in order to determine the parameter sets of the base transceiver stations (or access points)..

4.1 NOMINAL CELL PLANNING: Upon compilation of the data received from the traffic and coverage analysis, a nominal cell plan is produced. The nominal cell plan is a graphical representation of the network and simply looks like a cell pattern on a map. However, a lot of work lies behind it . Nominal cell plans are the first cell plans produced and form the basis for further planning. Quite often a nominal cell plan, together with one or two examples of coverage predictions, is included in tenders. At this stage, coverage and interference predictions are usually started. Following is the procedure of cell planning using the MCOM : 4.2Getting started with MCOM To get started with MCOM, first create a new MCOM Project file (*.mcm). This project file contains general information of the project, links the corresponding MapInfo workspace files and STS databases. The project file also contains customised settings. MCOM Project has .mcm extension. You can open a project file from File menu or Open Project button in the Main Toolbar. For quick starts, double-clicking the project file in Windows Explorer will launch MCOM and open the file. 4.2.1Creating a new project file 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. On the File menu, click New or Click New In Project Properties Dialog, enter Network name and Country Select the Map Projection type, which will be used in creating map data. n) Select the type of network: GSM or TDMA Select the Frequency Group file Click OK In the File name box, type a name for the project.

4.2.2Getting Network Data into MCOM After creating the project file, the second step is to extract network data such as the site, carrier and neighbour databases into MCOM. MCOM offers a user-friendly Import Wizard to help you to perform these tasks.

In the Import Wizard, the following import types are supported: Import MCOM Text Database files; Site data, Carrier data and Neighbour data. for more information about this format. Import Carrier and Neighbour data from one or more BSC dump files, either from the OSS or FIOL terminals. [GSM only] Import Carrier and Neighbour data from one or more MSC dump files, either from the OSS or FIOL terminals. [TDMA only] Import MCOM Version 2 MapInfo Database files (e.g. Msite.tab,Mcarrier.tab and Mniegh.tab) Import Site data from EET's Site Database. Import Map Vector Data Importing MCOM Text Database On the Cell-Planning menu, click Import Wizard Select MCOM2001 Data Text file in the import types list. Select the import files (Site data, Carrier data & Neighbour data) and click Next Select the output directory and click Next Select the size of the antenna and carrier font Enter the Offset for X and Y if required For Carrier file import, you can choose to update the BSC and CI fields in MCOM2001 Site database from the Carrier database clicking Create New Folder button. Importing Site data from EET's Site Database. Since most Ericsson customers use EET or TCP as their Cell Planning Tool, MCOM2001 provides an easy way to import the site database directly from EETs Site Database. Following are the steps: On the Cell-Planning menu, click Import Wizard Select Import EET Site Database in the import types list and click Next Select the EET Site database and flag type files and click Next. 4.3 Working with Cell-Planning Tools MCOM2001 provides a geographical presentation of a mobile network using the MapInfo engine. 4.3.1 Redrawing the Sites on the map 1. In the Cell-Planning menu, click Redraw Sites

2. 3. 4. 5.

Select the new Antenna size Select the new Carrier Font size Select the new STS Label Position If you want to keep the same Thematic layer after redrawing,tick the Preserve Thematic Layer checkbox 6. Click OK In the Redraw Sites dialog box, user can 1. " choose to not to redraw certain object by ticking the No Redraw checkbox 2. " use the existing size value in the database field Ant_size or Font_size 3. User can also select a group of cells required to be redrawn using the Redraw Selection tool button. . 4.3.2 Managing Site Database MCOM2001 offers a Site Database control for you to add new site, edit an existing site or delete a site. You can view the Site Database control from CellPlanningSite Database or clicking the Site Database tool button Following are the functions in the Site Database control: Add New SitesAfter entering the new site Id, a new site with a single cell will added to MCOMSite database. This new cell do not has any Site object until provide the co-ordinates in the Edit Site control. This new cell also does not contain any carrier data until you edit the site in the Edit Site control. Delete SiteDelete the selected Site in the list box. Once deleted, MCOM will remove the carrier data and STS label data from the MCOM Database. Find the siteOnce click MCOM will centre the map to the selected site Edit SiteOnce clicked, the Edit Site control will be displayed.

site database dialog box 4.3.3 Edit the Site Data You can edit all any site information using the Edit Site control. The Edit Site dialog can be displayed from the Site Database or using the Click -on Map Edit Site tool button Following are the functions in the Edit Site control: Change the Site information such as Site Id, Site name Move the site using Position Site function. After clicking the Position Site button, click a new location on the map to get the latitude and longitude. Press Apply to move the site. Add, delete or Edit the cell information Commit AllSave all changes made in the MCOMSite, MCOMCarrier, MCOMSTS database 4.3.4 Carrier data of a cell From the main menu: In the Cell-Planning menu, click Edit Carrier 1. Carrier Database Dialog will appear. 2. Double-click the cell which you want to edit its Carrier data 3. Edit the Carrier data 4. Click OK to take effect From the toolbar: 1. Click Edit Frequency Tool button On the map, click the carrier text that you want to edit 2. Edit the Carrier Data 3. Click OK to take effect

Edit site data base dialog box

The above figure shows the nominal cells.

4.4 LINK BUDGET PLANNING Linkbudget is a calculation to balance the uplink and downlink signal strength. The effect of this calculation is basically applicable only in places where the signal level is very low (below -95dbm) - usually at the fringe of a cell.

In mobile communication environment the mobile ERP is the limiting factor, i.e. Up link limited. The losses/gain due to the following components equally affect both up & down links, so these components have negligible effect on the path balance equation. The common components are BS (Base station) cable loss, BS connector loss, BS antenna gain, MS (Mobile station) antenna gain, MS cable loss, Body/polarization loss. Down Link equ. PApwr - Comb. Loss- Other losses = -102 dBm (mobile recv. Sens.) Up Link equ. Mob. ERP- Div. Gain- Other losses = -104 dBm (Base recv. Sens.) Combining the above equations PApwr -Comb. Loss = Mob. ERP + Div. Gain*- 102+104 = 33 dBm + 4 dB + 2 dB = 39 dBm * RBS 918 uses Max ratio combining scheme (MRCB) for which 4 dB Diversity gain is Conservative Since PA output power is adjusted insteps of 2 dB by BSTPWRRED parameter, 40 dBm at the output of the combiner results in a balanced path. Accompanying table is provided to illustrate above calculations. PApwr in the table is before the combiner. Attenuation factor for Filter combiner = 2.1 dB, for Hybrid combiner = 4.8 dB. R.F Link Budget for FILTER combiner Note: Enter all losses as negative values Uplink downlink MS/BS transmit 33 43 dbm pwr MS/BS transmit 33 48.2 dbm ERP BS comb. Loss -4,8 db BS cable loss -3 -3 db BS connector -1 -1 db loss BS antenna gain 13 13 dbd

MS antenna 0 0 gain MS cable loss 0 0 BS diversity 4 gain Fade margin -6 -6 Body -4 -4 polarization Max path loss 140 140.2 Path imbalance -0.2 0.2 MS/BS rcv -104 -102 sens. 5.DETAILED NETWORK DESIGN:

db db db db db db dbm

Detailed network design begins after the survey. The data collected during the survey is used in detailed planning of the network. The tool used for the detailed planning is ASSET tool of planning. This tool will gives the final design to the BSS department for the construction. Here is the procedure of the detailed site design. 1. Adding sites-: For a new project user will need to firstly lay down MSC and BSC in hierarchical order. the panel at the left side of the ASSET window.

3add site 2add bsc 1add msc

Fig.5.1 The above window shows the addition of MSC, BSC to the particular site.

After site creation following window will appear. It has all the details of the sites under BSC.

Fig 5.2 site data base of bsc 2. In every site there are three cells normally. Following window will add cell to the site.

Fig5.3 cells creation under a site.

3. After cell creation we will add the data which is to be implemented. Then we wil add cel configuration, neighbors of that particular cell. In cel configuration we wil add the type of antenna used, type of feeder used, azimuth required for the particular cell . feeder length etc.

Fig 5.4 cell configuration

4. Next we will add the hoping, carriers and antenna /trx.

Fig 5.5 adding general information to a sector of a cell

5. After adding all the data to cell we will analysis it and if required we will change or modify it . the analysis part is done by array creation this is done by using ASSET tool.

Fig 5.6 array creation for analysis In analysis part we will analysis the frequency hoping, minimum signal level at which a cell is considered to be serving cell, prediction models. 6. For any modification click on setting ->option Eg. we want to change the carriers the following window will appear.

Fig. 5.7 change carriers

6 SYSTEM TUNNING After an initial cell plan has been compiled and approved, it is time to begin the installation of the network equipment. As a time-saving measure, we can begin to optimize the performance of the radio network as it is being built up. Here we will use these tools. The major benefit of using these tools comes not only from their initial use but through their continued use to monitor and improve network performance. 6.1 ERICSSON ENGINEERING TOOL (EET) During the initial phases of the network design process, a reliable radio wave propagation tool is necessary. This need continues to exist even for the most mature radio networks. One of the primary responsibilities of an RF engineer is to improve the radio network when required to do so. This could be the result of growth or decreased performance. Ericsson Engineering Tool (EET) is based on experience and continual development adapted to a rapidly changing technology.

EET is based on Planet by Mobile Systems International Ltd. (MSI). It is a UNIX open windows-based software package designed to simplify the process of planning and optimizing a cellular network. Some of the more important features of EET are discussed in the following sections 6.2.1 NETWORK DIMENSIONING In the software , it is easy to create new sites or move old ones. All information about the sites is stored in the site database. It is possible to make changes to one site, a group of sites, or all sites. A height path profile can be displayed between any two points on the map. This is very useful for microwave link planning. 6.2.2 FREQUENCY PLANNING EET allows the allocation of channels or frequency groups to a cell. It is possible to do this manually or automatically. The frequency assignments are stored in the carrier database. The frequencies can be displayed by labeling the cell with the Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN), the group name, or by color coding the coverage areas according to the frequency groups. 6.2.3 PREDICTING When the sites are created it is time to initiate a prediction. It is possible to predict one site, a group of sites, or all sites. The result of the prediction is the pathloss from the sites. After predicting, arrays for coverage and interferences (C/I and C/A) can be created. The signal strength and interference levels are calculated for each pixel. The advantage of having both prediction and array steps in this procedure is that it speeds up the calculations.

If the user would like to change, e.g. the output power at one site, there is no need for a new prediction because the change does not affect the pathloss. The user only has to create a new array. Creating arrays is just a matter of adding dB, so it is not very time-consuming. On the other hand, predictions are more complicated. 6.2.4 TOOLS

Using EET, the user can spread traffic on the map to plan for capacity. The traffic can be displayed with different colors for different amounts of Erlangs/km or the user can highlight the cells that do not meet the specified GoS. It is possible to import data from a test mobile and display the information on the map. EET can import radio survey files which can be used to tune the prediction model for the area where the network is to be planned. Data can be imported and exported to OSS.

6.3 TEST MOBILE SYSTEM (TEMS) The TEst Mobile System (TEMS) is a test tool used to read and control the information sent over the air interface between the base station and the mobile station in a GSM system. It can also be used for radio coverage measurements. Furthermore, TEMS can be used both for field measurements and post processing. TEMS consists of a mobile station with special software, a portable PC, and optionally a GPS receiver . The mobile can be used both in active state and idle mode, additionally, it can be use in any GSM network, depending on the SIM card. Both layer two and layer three messages can be monitored and recorded.

The MS can simulate GSM 900 power class 2 to 4. It is possible to lock on a single frequency. The MS can test each time slot on a selected frequency to verify that all TCHs are available and functioning. The PC is used for presentation, control, and storage of the measurements. For the serving cell, it is possible to display, e.g. RxLev, Rxqual, TX power, TA, Base Station Identity Code (BSIC), and ARFCN. For the six strongest neighboring cells, it is possible to display RxLev, BSIC, and ARFCN. The information can be displayed in real-time or recorded and replayed.

The GPS receiver gives the position of the measurements. When the satellite signals are shadowed by obstacles, the GPS system may be used for dead reckoning. The TEMS measurements can be imported to EET with the use of File and Information Converting System (FICS). This means that the measurements can be displayed on the map so that, e.g. the measured handovers can be compared with the predicted cell boundaries. FICS can also convert to EXCEL and word processing packages.

6.3.1TEMS TRANSMITTER For the generation of test signals, it is suitable (however not mandatory) to use one or several TEMS Transmitters. The TEMS Transmitter is a small unit that transmits in the GSM downlink band. The output power is adjustable between 17 and 27 dBm. A complete editable BCCH is transmitted while the other 7 time slots contain an unmodulated carrier. In absence of TEMS Transmitters, a Test TransMitter (TTM) can also be used. This is a narrow band Continuous Wave (CW) transmitter with a maximum output power of 43 dBm. Additionally, the regular transmitter can be used for this function. 6.3.2 TEMS RECEIVER The recommended receiver is TEMS Light equipment. This is a TEMS mobile station connected to a small Fujitsu PC operated with a pen. The TEMS Light program is a reduced version of normal TEMS but with the possibility to log fixpoints by marking them with the pen on a scanned map. The information in the log files is displayed on the scanned map as color marks associated with a window containing more information about each mark. If TEMS Light is not available, the standard TEMS equipment or a Test Measurement Receiver (TMR) can be used. An even faster coverage verification can be made by using TEMS Pocket. This is a test mobile station with some TEMS functions available on the mobile display. TEMS Pocket cannot be operated from a computer. Areas where the signal may be weak are checked by locking TEMS Pocket to the used Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN) and Base Station Identity Code (BSIC) and reading the signal from the display. There is also an audible warning to indicate a low signal. 6.4 HOT SPOT FINDER It is important to deploy microcells where the heaviest traffic is located (also known as hot spots). One way to find suitable locations for mi crocells is Hot Spot Finder. The Hot Spot Finder is a GH388 mobile modified to transmit a BCCH/BSIC combination signal. Basically, it acts as a dummy cell. The mobiles in the surrounding cells will treat the Finder as a neighbor and include BCCH/BSIC combination signals in the measurement reports. Different locations and antenna types and positions can be tested prior to the implementation of the microcell. The potential traffic is

estimated by looking at the measurement reports for the mobiles in the surrounding cells. 6.5 OPERATIONS SUPPORT SYSTEM (OSS) The GSM Operations Support System (OSS) is a UNIX based tool that enables the supervision, planning, and engineering of a network from one central location.

Oss main window

6.6 CELLULAR NETWORK ADMINISTRATION (CNA)

One of the most important aspects of managing a cellular radio network is that of managing the individual cells. The cells represent the infrastructure from which the mobile subscriber accesses the network. Hence, a poorly managed infrastructure will most likely be reflected by dissatisfied customers and a subsequent loss of revenue. The purpose of the Cellular Network Administration (CNA) feature is to provide a user-friendly interface from which a user can manage the cells in an efficient and controlled manner. Normally, there is a multitude of radio related parameters that need to be set in several different network elements in a consistent manner in order to achieve a well-balanced, properly functioning radio network. Default parameters are used when the operator does not enter a parameter value. Parameters can be copied from one cell and pasted into another. It is also possible to create profile areas collecting all cell parameters commonly used for different types of cells. Cell parameters are validated at the time of the entry.

This particular feature helps to reduce the possibility of incorrect cell parameters and increases the efficiency of personnel as the number of cells in the network increases as shown in figure.

6.7 CELLULAR NETWORK ADMINISTRATION INTERFACE (CNAI) The Cellular Network Administration Interface (CNAI) is an external interface to Cellular Network Administration. The CNAI allows for an external cell planning tool, e.g. EET, to exchange information with the CNA database. The data is exchanged between the two via ASCII coded text files. The essence of this interface is to provide simplified data import and export capabilities to CNA for ease of user handling of the data transfer mechanism. Cell planning data can be used as an example. The OSS interacts with the Ericsson Engineering Tool (EET). Such external systems can retrieve data from the actual radio network, reengineer the new cell data, and transfer back the new cell data in a simple manner. This avoids time-consuming manual entry. 7. SYSTEM GROWTH If the number of subscribers in a system continues to increase, at some point it becomes necessary to increase the capacity of the system. There are several ways to do this: 1. Increase the frequency band (e.g. a GSM 900 operator might buy GSM 1800 licenses) 2. -rate

3. Make frequency re-use tighter (e.g. going from a 4/12 re-use pattern to a 3/9 re-use pattern by implementing frequency hopping) 4. ler After a description of the regular procedure for adding new sites (cell split), tightening of the re-use pattern by means of Multiple. Re-use Pattern (MRP) is briefly discussed. These methods of adapting to system growth will directly affect the cell planning process. 7.1 THE WAY FORWARD For increased capacity in GSM radio networks is also known as The Way Forward. The Way Forward is a that combines a number of techniques, features, and service products. Together they provide substantial capacity gain in GSM mobile telephone networks without the need for additional radio frequency spectrum. The focus of The Way Forward lies on tight frequency reuse and the implementation of micro cells which together provide almost unlimited possibilities of capacity expansion. The Way Forward solution concept has been developed in cooperation with GSM operators to ensure the fulfillment of customer needs and requirements. Each time The Way Forward is implemented, it is adapted to the local environment and the customers individual requirements. The following procedures (cell split and multiple re-use patterns) are directly involved in The Way Forward method 7.1.2 CELL SPLIT It is clear that a smaller cell size increases the traffic capacity. However, a smaller cell size means more sites and a higher cost for the infrastructure. Obviously, it is preferable not to work with an unnecessarily small cell size. What is needed is a method that matches cell sizes to the capacity requirements. The system is started using a large cell size, however, when the system capacity needs to be expanded, the cell size is decreased in order to meet the new requirements. This normally also calls for using different cell sizes in different areas. This method is called cell split, and is illustrated in Figure 1 through Figure 4. Initially, the largest possible cell size is used considering coverage range (Figure 1). Next step is to introduce three cells per site (Figure -2), using the original sites and feeding the cells from the corners. This represents a cell split of 1 to 3, (Figure-3). Now the number of sites is still the same, but the number of cells are three times as many as before.

The following step is to do a cell split of, e.g. 1 to 4 (Figure -4). As seen from the figure, the old sites are still used in the new cell plan, but additional sites are now required.

Figure-1 cell split phase 0

FIGURE -2 cell split phase1

Fig:3 cell split 1:3 (phase 2) Cell split 1 to 3 (Figure-3) requires three times as many cells. After the split, the capacity is three times higher per area unit, and the cell area is three times smaller. The antenna directions on the site that existed before the split must be changed by 30 degrees

Fig-4 cell split 1:4(phase-3) Cell split 1 to 4 (Figure-4) requires four times as many sites. After the split, the capacity is four times higher per area unit, and the cell area is four times smaller. There is no need to change the antenna directions in a 1:4 cell split.

NETWORK ROLLOUT FOR 3G 8.1 About 3G 3G Systems are intended to provide a global mobility with wide range of services including telephony, paging, messaging, Internet and broadband data. International Telecommunication union (ITU) started the process of defining the standard for third generation systems, referred to as International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT-2000). In Europe European Telecommunications Standard Institute(ETSI) was responsible of UMTS standardisation process. In 1998 Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) was formed to continue the technical specification work. 3GPP has five main UMTS standardisation areas: Radio Access Network, Core Network, Terminals, Services and System Aspects and GERAN.

3GPP Radio Access group is responsible of: Radio Layer 1, 2 and 3 RR specification Iub, Iur and Iu Interfaces UTRAN Operation and Maintenance requirements BTS radio performance specification Conformance test specification for testing of radio aspects of base stations Specifications for radio performance aspects from the system point of view 3GPP Core Network group is responsible of: Mobility management, call connection control signalling between the user equipment and the core network. Core network signaling between the core network nodes. Definition of interworking functions between the core network and external networks. Packet related issues. Core network aspects of the lu interface and Operation and Maintenance requirements 3GPP Terminal group is responsible of: Service capability protocols Messaging Services end-to-end interworking USIM to Mobile Terminal interface Model/framework for terminal interfaces and services (application) execution Conformance test specifications of terminals, including radio aspects

3GPP Services and System Aspects group is responsible of: Definition of services and feature requirements. Development of service capabilities and service architecture for cellular, fixed and cordless applications. Charging and Accounting

 Network Management and Security Aspects Definition, evolution, and maintenance of overall architecture. 8.2 UMTS Services UMTS offers teleservices (like speech or SMS) and bearer services, which provide the capability for information transfer between access points. It is possible to negotiate and renegotiate the characteristics of a bearer service at session or connection establishment and during ongoing session or connection. Both connection oriented and connectionless services are offered for Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint communication. Bearer services have different QoS parameters for maximum transfer delay, delay variation and bit error rate. Offered data rate targets are: 144 kbits/s satellite and rural outdoor 384 kbits/s urban outdoor 2048 kbits/s indoor and low range outdoor UMTS network services have different QoS classes for four types of traffic: Conversational class (voice, video telephony, video gaming) Streaming class (multimedia, video on demand, webcast) Interactive class (web browsing, network gaming, database access) Background class (email, SMS, downloading)

UMTS will also have a Virtual Home Environment (VHE). It is a concept for personal service environment portability across network boundaries and between terminals. Personal service environment means that users are consistently presented with the same personalised features, User Interface customisation and services in whatever network or terminal, wherever the user may be located. UMTS also has improved network security and location based services. 8.3 UMTS Architecture A UMTS network consist of three interacting domains; Core Network (CN), UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) and User Equipment (UE). The main function of the core network is to provide switching, routing and transit for user traffic. Core network also contains the databases and network management functions.

The basic Core Network architecture for UMTS is based on GSM network with GPRS. All equipment has to be modified for UMTS operation and services. The UTRAN provides the air interface access method for User Equipment. Base Station is referred as Node-B and control equipment for Node-B's is called Radio Network Controller (RNC). It is necessary for a network to know the approximate location in order to be able to page user equipment. Here is the list of system areas from largest to smallest. UMTS systems (including satellite) Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) MSC/VLR or SGSN Location Area Routing Area (PS domain) UTRAN Registration Area (PS domain) Cell Sub cell

8.3.1User Equipment The UMTS standard does not restrict the functionality of the User Equipment in any way. Terminals work as an air interface counter part for Node-B and have many different types of identities. Most of these UMTS identity types are taken directly from GSM specifications. 1) 2) 3) 4) International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) Packet Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (P-TMSI) Temporary Logical Link Identity (TLLI)

5) Mobile station ISDN (MSISDN) 6) International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI) 7) International Mobile Station Equipment Identity and Software Number (IMEISV) UMTS mobile station can operate in one of three modes of operation: PS/CS mode of operation: The MS is attached to both the PS domain and CS domain, and the MS is capable of simultaneously operating PS services and CS services. PS mode of operation: The MS is attached to the PS domain only and may only operate services of the PS domain. However, this does not prevent CS-like services to be offered over the PS domain (like VoIP). CS mode of operation: The MS is attached to the CS domain only and may only operate services of the CS domain. 8.3.2 Radio Access Network Wide band CDMA technology was selected to for UTRAN air interface. UMTS WCDMA is a Direct Sequence CDMA system where user data is multiplied with quasi-random bits derived from WCDMA Spreading codes. In UMTS, in addition to channelisation, Codes are used for synchronisation and scrambling. WCDMA has two basic modes of operation: Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD). UTRAN interfaces are shown on UMTS Network page. The functions of Node-B are: Air interface Transmission / Reception Modulation / Demodulation CDMA Physical Channel coding Micro Diversity Error Handing Closed loop power control

8.3.3Core Network The Core Network is divided in circuit switched and packet switched domains. Some of the circuit switched elements are Mobile services Switching Centre

(MSC), Visitor location register (VLR) and Gateway MSC. Packet switched elements are Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN). Some network elements, like EIR, HLR, VLR and AUC are shared by both domains. The Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is defined for UMTS core transmission. ATM Adaptation Layer type 2 (AAL2) handles circuit switched connection and packet connection protocol AAL5 is designed for data delivery.

The architecture of the Core Network may change when new services and features are introduced. Number Portability DataBase (NPDB) will be used to enable user to change the network while keeping their old phone number. Gateway Location Register (GLR) may be used to optimise the subscriber handling between network boundaries. MSC, VLR and SGSN can merge to become a UMTS MSC. 9 NETWORK PLANNING METHODS This section includes a comparison of the different methods of analysis that could be carried out to analyze a UMTS network. It is important the we understand the differences between these methods to understand: their merits and demerits likely advantages of tools employing them The aim of this section is to understand the alternatives and how/when they might be used. There are basically two possible types of 3rd Generation planning methods Static Calculation A deterministic algorithm is used to analyse the performance of the network configured within the planning tool. Repeating an analysis gives the same result. Simulation Statistical processes and an iterative system status calculation used to analyse the performance of the network configured within the planning tool. Repeating an analysis may give different results. 9.1 Static Calculation Static Calculation is a similar approach to that taken in ASSET for GSM planning. A statistical analysis of the network is used to derive design thresholds.

 In UMTS the following mechanisms must be accounted for: Soft handover gain (typically ~5dB at the cell edge) Interference Margins (both intra cell and inter cell) Control and signaling overheads Fade Margins (to design to a given coverage probability) Special technique margins (Adaptive antennas, Transmit diversity, Smart Radio) 9.2 Simulation There are two types of simulation that might be used for radio planning Static Simulations Static simulations analyse the performance of a snapshot of the network. A snapshot is an instance in time, with UEs in statistically determined places. One or more snapshots of the network are taken. In each snapshot a mobile or terminal list is generated. The ability of each terminal to make its connection to the network is calculated through an iterative process. Various failure mechanisms will typically be considered (maximum mobile power, maximum Node B power reached, no available channels, low pilot Ec/Io, uplink/downlink interference). The performance of the network is then analysed from the results of the snapshots carried out. Dynamic Simulations Dynamic simulations simulate UEs moving through the network in successive timeslots. Dynamic simulations look at mobiles moving through the network. A mobile list is generated and solved for the first timeslot. The simulation may consider time to be split into: chip periods bit periods timeslots (SNR considered) Successive timeslots are then simulated dependant upon the results of the previous timeslot.

 New mobiles are simulated coming into the network and terminating their calls.

Remaining Work: 1. Planning parameters

2. Capacity Planning 3.3G Planning 4. Switching 5. SS7 protocols

Conclusion: In the end I would like to conclude that in order to build a highly
effective and congestion free network which can meet our all requirement .we can used the above planned network .This planned network will help us to achieve the efficient and cost effective network.