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Mathematics 53
Institute of Mathematics - UP Diliman
8 November 2012
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
1 / 69
Outline
Functions Basic Types of Functions Constructing a table of signs Piecewise-dened functions Operations on Functions Functions as Mathematical Models
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
2 / 69
Outline
Functions Basic Types of Functions Constructing a table of signs Piecewise-dened functions Operations on Functions Functions as Mathematical Models
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
3 / 69
Functions
Denition
Let X and Y be nonempty sets. A function f from X to Y , denoted f : X Y , is a rule that assigns to each element of X a unique element of Y .
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
4 / 69
Functions
Denition
Let X and Y be nonempty sets. A function f from X to Y , denoted f : X Y , is a rule that assigns to each element of X a unique element of Y .
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
4 / 69
Functions
Denition
Let X and Y be nonempty sets. A function f from X to Y , denoted f : X Y , is a rule that assigns to each element of X a unique element of Y .
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
4 / 69
Functions
Denition
Let X and Y be nonempty sets. A function f from X to Y , denoted f : X Y , is a rule that assigns to each element of X a unique element of Y .
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
4 / 69
Functions
Example
Consider f : X Y dened by the rule
x x2
where X = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
5 / 69
Functions
Example
Consider f : X Y dened by the rule
x x2
where X = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.
2 1 0 1 2
4 1 0 1 4
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
5 / 69
Functions
Example
Consider f : X Y dened by the rule
x x2
where X = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.
2 1 0 1 2
domain: dom f
4 1 0 1 4
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
5 / 69
Functions
Example
Consider f : X Y dened by the rule
x x2
where X = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.
2 1 0 1 2
domain: dom f = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2}
4 1 0 1 4
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
5 / 69
Functions
Example
Consider f : X Y dened by the rule
x x2
where X = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.
2 1 0 1 2
domain: dom f = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} codomain: Y
4 1 0 1 4
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
5 / 69
Functions
Example
Consider f : X Y dened by the rule
x x2
where X = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.
2 1 0 1 2
domain: dom f = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} codomain: Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
4 1 0 1 4
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
5 / 69
Functions
Example
Consider f : X Y dened by the rule
x x2
where X = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.
2 1 0 1 2
domain: dom f = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} codomain: Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} range: ran f
Math 53 (Part 1)
4 1 0 1 4
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
5 / 69
Functions
Example
Consider f : X Y dened by the rule
x x2
where X = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.
2 1 0 1 2
domain: dom f = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} codomain: Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} range: ran f = {0, 1, 4}
Math 53 (Part 1)
4 1 0 1 4
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
5 / 69
Functions
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
6 / 69
Functions
If x X , the symbol f ( x ) denotes the element y Y that is assigned to x. A function may be written as y = f ( x )
x: independent variable y: dependent variable
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
6 / 69
Functions
If x X , the symbol f ( x ) denotes the element y Y that is assigned to x. A function may be written as y = f ( x )
x: independent variable y: dependent variable
( x, y) f if and only if y = f ( x )
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
6 / 69
Functions
Example
Consider f : X Y dened by the rule
x x2
where X = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
7 / 69
Functions
Example
Consider f : X Y dened by the rule
x x2
where X = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}. The function f may be written as:
f ( x ) = x2 or y = x2
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
7 / 69
Functions
Example
Consider f : X Y dened by the rule
x x2
where X = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}. The function f may be written as:
f ( x ) = x2 or y = x2 f = {(2, 4), (1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4)}
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
7 / 69
Math 53 deals with functions whose domain and range are subsets of
R.
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
8 / 69
Math 53 deals with functions whose domain and range are subsets of
R.
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
8 / 69
Example
1
f ( x ) = x2
f (x) =
x2 2 x 3 x+1
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
9 / 69
Example
1
f ( x ) = x2 dom f = x2 2 x 3 x+1
f (x) =
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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Example
1
f ( x ) = x2 dom f = x2 2 x 3 x+1
f (x) =
dom f =
R \ {1}
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
9 / 69
Zeroes of a function
Denition
A zero of a function f is a value of x for which f ( x ) = 0.
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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Zeroes of a function
Denition
A zero of a function f is a value of x for which f ( x ) = 0.
Example
Find the zero(es) of f ( x ) =
x2 2 x 3 . x+1
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
10 / 69
Zeroes of a function
Denition
A zero of a function f is a value of x for which f ( x ) = 0.
Example
Find the zero(es) of f ( x ) =
x2 2 x 3 . x+1
x2 2 x 3 x+1
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
10 / 69
Zeroes of a function
Denition
A zero of a function f is a value of x for which f ( x ) = 0.
Example
Find the zero(es) of f ( x ) =
x2 2 x 3 . x+1
x2 2 x 3 x+1 2 x 2x 3
= =
0 0
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
10 / 69
Zeroes of a function
Denition
A zero of a function f is a value of x for which f ( x ) = 0.
Example
Find the zero(es) of f ( x ) =
x2 2 x 3 . x+1
x2 2 x 3 x+1 2 x 2x 3
= = =
0 0 0
( x 3)( x + 1)
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
10 / 69
Zeroes of a function
Denition
A zero of a function f is a value of x for which f ( x ) = 0.
Example
Find the zero(es) of f ( x ) =
x2 2 x 3 . x+1
x2 2 x 3 x+1 2 x 2x 3
= = = or
0 0 0 x = 1
( x 3)( x + 1) x=3
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
10 / 69
Zeroes of a function
Denition
A zero of a function f is a value of x for which f ( x ) = 0.
Example
Find the zero(es) of f ( x ) =
x2 2 x 3 . x+1
x2 2 x 3 x+1 2 x 2x 3
= = = or
0 0 0 x = 1
( x 3)( x + 1) x=3
Graphs of Functions
Denition
The graph of a function f is the set of all points ( x, y) in the plane ( x, y) f .
R2 for which
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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Graphs of Functions
Denition
The graph of a function f is the set of all points ( x, y) in the plane ( x, y) f .
R2 for which
The graph of a function is the geometric representation on the Cartesian plane of all points ( x, y) that satisfy y = f ( x ).
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
11 / 69
Graphs of Functions
Example
The graph of f ( x ) = x2 :
4 3 2 1
The points on the graph of f are the points ( x, y) that satisfy the equation y = x2 .
Math 53 (Part 1) Review of Functions 8 November 2012 12 / 69
Graphs of Functions
Example
The graph of f ( x ) =
x2 2 x 3 : x+1
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
13 / 69
Graphs of Functions
Example
The graph of f ( x ) =
x2 2 x 3 : x+1
x2 2 x 3 x+1
f (x) =
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
13 / 69
Graphs of Functions
Example
The graph of f ( x ) =
x2 2 x 3 : x+1
x2 2 x 3 ( x 3)( x + 1) = x+1 ( x + 1)
f (x) =
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
13 / 69
Graphs of Functions
Example
The graph of f ( x ) =
x2 2 x 3 : x+1
x2 2 x 3 ( x 3)( x + 1) = = x 3 if x = 1 x+1 ( x + 1)
f (x) =
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
13 / 69
Graphs of Functions
Example
The graph of f ( x ) =
x2 2 x 3 : x+1
x2 2 x 3 ( x 3)( x + 1) = = x 3 if x = 1 x+1 ( x + 1)
f (x) =
3 2 1 0 1 1 2 3 4 5
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
13 / 69
Graphs of Functions
Graphically:
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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Graphs of Functions
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
14 / 69
Graphs of Functions
Graphically: Coordinates of a point on the graph in terms of x: ( x, f ( x )) Domain: x-interval covered by the graph
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
14 / 69
Graphs of Functions
Graphically: Coordinates of a point on the graph in terms of x: ( x, f ( x )) Domain: x-interval covered by the graph Range: y-interval covered by the graph
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
14 / 69
Graphs of Functions
Graphically: Coordinates of a point on the graph in terms of x: ( x, f ( x )) Domain: x-interval covered by the graph Range: y-interval covered by the graph Zero of a function: x-intercept of the graph
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
14 / 69
Graphs of Functions
Graphically: Coordinates of a point on the graph in terms of x: ( x, f ( x )) Domain: x-interval covered by the graph Range: y-interval covered by the graph Zero of a function: x-intercept of the graph Intervals where the function value (or y-value) is positive: portions where the graph lies above the x-axis
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
14 / 69
Graphs of Functions
Graphically: Coordinates of a point on the graph in terms of x: ( x, f ( x )) Domain: x-interval covered by the graph Range: y-interval covered by the graph Zero of a function: x-intercept of the graph Intervals where the function value (or y-value) is positive: portions where the graph lies above the x-axis Intervals where the function value (or y-value) is negative: portions where the graph lies below the x-axis
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
14 / 69
x2 2 x 3 . x+1
1
1 0 1 2 3 4 5
( x , x 3)
Positive: Negative:
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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x2 2 x 3 . x+1
1
1 0 1 2 3 4 5
( x , x 3)
R \ {1}
Positive: Negative:
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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x2 2 x 3 . x+1
1
1 0 1 2 3 4 5
( x , x 3)
R R
Positive: Negative:
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
15 / 69
x2 2 x 3 . x+1
1
1 0 1 2 3 4 5
( x , x 3)
R R
Positive: Negative:
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
15 / 69
x2 2 x 3 . x+1
1
1 0 1 2 3 4 5
( x , x 3)
R R
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
15 / 69
x2 2 x 3 . x+1
1
1 0 1 2 3 4 5
( x , x 3)
R R
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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Outline
Functions Basic Types of Functions Constructing a table of signs Piecewise-dened functions Operations on Functions Functions as Mathematical Models
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
16 / 69
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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dom f =
R; ran f = {c}
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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3 2 1
1 1
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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f ( x ) = mx + b
with m = 0
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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f ( x ) = mx + b
with m = 0
dom f =
R; ran f = R
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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3 2 1
1 1
m = 1, y-intercept: 1
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c
with a = 0
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c
with a = 0
dom f =
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c
with a = 0
dom f =
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c
with a = 0
dom f =
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c
with a = 0
dom f =
If a > 0:
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c
with a = 0
dom f =
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c
with a = 0
dom f =
b2 graph: parabola with vertex at 2ba , 4ac 4a b2 If a > 0: parabola opens upward, ran f = 4ac 4a , +
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c
with a = 0
dom f =
b2 graph: parabola with vertex at 2ba , 4ac 4a b2 If a > 0: parabola opens upward, ran f = 4ac 4a , +
If a < 0:
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
21 / 69
f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c
with a = 0
dom f =
b2 graph: parabola with vertex at 2ba , 4ac 4a b2 If a > 0: parabola opens upward, ran f = 4ac 4a , + b2 If a < 0: parabola opens downward, ran f = , 4ac 4a
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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4 3 2 1
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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4 3 2 1
3 2 1 0 1 1 2
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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The extreme function value of f occurs at x = 2ba and the extreme function b2 value of f is f 2ba = 4ac 4a
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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Example
Consider the quadratic function f ( x ) = x2 2 x + 3.
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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Example
Consider the quadratic function f ( x ) = x2 2 x + 3. Since a < 0
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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Example
Consider the quadratic function f ( x ) = x2 2 x + 3. Since a < 0
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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f ( x ) = a n x n + a n 1 x n 1 + + a 1 x + a 0
where n
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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f ( x ) = a n x n + a n 1 x n 1 + + a 1 x + a 0
where n
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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f ( x ) = a n x n + a n 1 x n 1 + + a 1 x + a 0
where n
dom f =
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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f ( x ) = a n x n + a n 1 x n 1 + + a 1 x + a 0
where n
dom f = Constant, linear and quadratic functions are special types of polynomial functions
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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f ( x ) = a n x n + a n 1 x n 1 + + a 1 x + a 0
where n
dom f = Constant, linear and quadratic functions are special types of polynomial functions
Graphs of polynomial functions: Unit 3
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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p( x ) , where p and q are q( x ) polynomial functions, and q is not the constant zero function.
Rational Functions - functions of the form f ( x ) =
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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p( x ) , where p and q are q( x ) polynomial functions, and q is not the constant zero function.
Rational Functions - functions of the form f ( x ) = Domain: { x
R | q ( x ) = 0}
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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Graphs of Functions
Example
Consider the rational function f ( x ) =
x2 2 x 3 . x+1
3 2 1 0 1 1 2 3 4 5
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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f (x) =
x = x /n
1
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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x = x /n
1
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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y=
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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y=
x = y2 = x
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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y=
x = y2 = x, y 0
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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y=
x = y2 = x, y 0
2 1 0 1 2 3 4
2 1 0 1 2 3 4
1 2
1 2
The graph of y =
Trigonometric/Circular Functions sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant functions
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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Trigonometric/Circular Functions sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant functions In Math 53, the trigonometric functions are viewed as functions on the set of real numbers.
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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Example
f ( x ) = sin x
32
2
1
3 2
5 2
7 2
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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Example
f ( x ) = cos x
32
2
1
3 2
5 2
7 2
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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32
3 2
5 2
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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Outline
Functions Basic Types of Functions Constructing a table of signs Piecewise-dened functions Operations on Functions Functions as Mathematical Models
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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A table of signs shows when a given mathematical expression is positive, zero or negative.
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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A table of signs shows when a given mathematical expression is positive, zero or negative. Two Methods:
1
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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A table of signs shows when a given mathematical expression is positive, zero or negative. Two Methods:
1
In both cases, one must determine the numbers where the given mathematical expression is zero or undened.
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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Example
Determine the intervals where the the graph of f ( x ) = the x-axis.
2 x2 x3 lies above 2 x2 3 x + 1
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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Example
Determine the intervals where the the graph of f ( x ) = the x-axis. We want to determine the intervals for which
2 x2 x3 lies above 2 x2 3 x + 1
2 x2 x3 2 x2 3 x + 1
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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Example
Determine the intervals where the the graph of f ( x ) = the x-axis. We want to determine the intervals for which
2 x2 x3 lies above 2 x2 3 x + 1
2 x2 x3 >0 2 x2 3 x + 1
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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2 x2 x3 2 x2 3 x + 1
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undened at: x = 1 2, 1
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undened at: x = 1 2, 1
( , 0)
x2 2x 1 x1 2x x 2 (2 x ) (2x 1)( x 1)
1 0, 2
1 2, 1
(1, 2)
(2, +)
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undened at: x = 1 2, 1
( , 0)
x2 2x 1 x1 2x x 2 (2 x ) (2x 1)( x 1)
1 0, 2
1 2, 1
(1, 2) +
(2, +) +
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undened at: x = 1 2, 1
( , 0)
x2 2x 1 x1 2x x 2 (2 x ) (2x 1)( x 1)
1 0, 2
1 2, 1
(1, 2) +
(2, +) +
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undened at: x = 1 2, 1
( , 0)
x2 2x 1 x1 2x x 2 (2 x ) (2x 1)( x 1)
1 0, 2
1 2, 1
(1, 2) + +
(2, +) + +
+ +
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undened at: x = 1 2, 1
( , 0)
x2 2x 1 x1 2x x 2 (2 x ) (2x 1)( x 1)
1 0, 2
1 2, 1
(1, 2) + +
(2, +) + +
+ +
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undened at: x = 1 2, 1
( , 0)
x2 2x 1 x1 2x x 2 (2 x ) (2x 1)( x 1)
1 0, 2
1 2, 1
(1, 2) + + +
(2, +) + + +
+ +
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undened at: x = 1 2, 1
( , 0)
x2 2x 1 x1 2x x 2 (2 x ) (2x 1)( x 1)
1 0, 2
1 2, 1
(1, 2) + + + +
(2, +) + + +
+ +
+ +
+ + +
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
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2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undened at: x = 1 2, 1
( , 0)
x2 2x 1 x1 2x x 2 (2 x ) (2x 1)( x 1)
1 0, 2
1 2, 1
(1, 2) + + + +
(2, +) + + +
+ +
+ +
+ + +
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
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2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undened at: x = 1 2, 1
( , 0)
x2 2x 1 x1 2x x 2 (2 x ) (2x 1)( x 1)
1 0, 2
1 2, 1
(1, 2) + + + +
(2, +) + + +
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
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2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undened at: x = 1 2, 1
( , 0)
x2 2x 1 x1 2x x 2 (2 x ) (2x 1)( x 1)
1 0, 2
1 2, 1
(1, 2) + + + +
(2, +) + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
Math 53 (Part 1)
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2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undened at: x = 1 2, 1
( , 0)
x2 2x 1 x1 2x x 2 (2 x ) (2x 1)( x 1)
1 0, 2
1 2, 1
(1, 2) + + + +
(2, +) + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
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2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undened at: x = 1 2, 1
( , 0)
x2 2x 1 x1 2x x 2 (2 x ) (2x 1)( x 1)
1 0, 2
1 2, 1
(1, 2) + + + + +
(2, +) + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
Math 53 (Part 1)
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2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undened at: x = 1 2, 1
( , 0)
x2 2x 1 x1 2x x 2 (2 x ) (2x 1)( x 1)
1 0, 2
1 2, 1
(1, 2) + + + + +
(2, +) + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
Math 53 (Part 1)
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2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undened at: x = 1 2, 1
( , 0)
x2 2x 1 x1 2x x 2 (2 x ) (2x 1)( x 1)
1 0, 2
1 2, 1
(1, 2) + + + + +
(2, +) + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
The graph of f lies above the x-axis in the intervals (, 0) 0, 1 2 (1, 2).
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( , 0)
x) (2x 1)( x 1) x 2 (2
1 0, 2
1 2, 1
(1, 2)
(2, +)
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( , 0)
x) (2x 1)( x 1)
Sample point in (, 0): x = 1
1 0, 2
1 2, 1
(1, 2)
(2, +)
x 2 (2
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( , 0)
x) (2x 1)( x 1)
Sample point in (, 0): x = 1
1 0, 2
1 2, 1
(1, 2)
(2, +)
x 2 (2
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( , 0)
x) (2x 1)( x 1) x 2 (2
1 0, 2
1 2, 1
(1, 2)
(2, +)
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( , 0)
x) (2x 1)( x 1) x 2 (2
1 0, 2
1 2, 1
(1, 2)
(2, +)
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( , 0)
x) (2x 1)( x 1) x 2 (2
1 0, 2
1 2, 1
(1, 2)
(2, +)
()()
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( , 0)
x) (2x 1)( x 1) x 2 (2
1 0, 2
1 2, 1
(1, 2)
(2, +)
()()
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( , 0)
x) (2x 1)( x 1) x 2 (2
1 0, 2
1 2, 1
(1, 2)
(2, +)
()()
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( , 0)
x) (2x 1)( x 1) x 2 (2
1 0, 2
1 2, 1
(1, 2) +
(2, +)
()()
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( , 0)
x) (2x 1)( x 1) x 2 (2
1 0, 2
1 2, 1
(1, 2) +
(2, +)
()()
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( , 0)
x) (2x 1)( x 1) x 2 (2
1 0, 2
1 2, 1
(1, 2) +
(2, +)
()()
The graph of f lies above the x-axis in the intervals (, 0) 0, 1 2 (1, 2).
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5 x . x2 1
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5 x . x2 1
5x 0 R such that x 21
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5 x . x2 1
5x 0 R such that x 21
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5 x . x2 1
5x 0 R such that x 21
5 x x2 1
( , 1)
(1, 0)
(0, 1)
(1, +)
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5 x . x2 1
5x 0 R such that x 21
5 x x2 1
( , 1) +
(1, 0)
(0, 1)
(1, +)
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5 x . x2 1
5x 0 R such that x 21
5 x x2 1
( , 1) +
(1, 0)
(0, 1)
(1, +)
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5 x . x2 1
5x 0 R such that x 21
5 x x2 1
( , 1) +
(1, 0)
(0, 1) +
(1, +)
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5 x . x2 1
5x 0 R such that x 21
5 x x2 1
( , 1) +
(1, 0)
(0, 1) +
(1, +)
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5 x . x2 1
5x 0 R such that x 21
5 x x2 1
Therefore,
( , 1) +
(1, 0)
(0, 1) +
(1, +)
dom f = (, 1) [0, 1)
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Outline
Functions Basic Types of Functions Constructing a table of signs Piecewise-dened functions Operations on Functions Functions as Mathematical Models
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Piecewise-dened functions
Piecewise-dened functions are functions that are dened by more than one expression. Such functions can be written in the form
if if if if
x X1 x X2 . . . x Xn
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Piecewise-dened functions
Example
An example of a piecewise function is the signum function (or sign function), denoted by sgn and dened by
1 0 sgn x = 1
if if if
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Piecewise-dened functions
Example
An example of a piecewise function is the signum function (or sign function), denoted by sgn and dened by
1 0 sgn x = 1
if if if
1 1
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|x| =
x2 =
x, x 0 x, x < 0
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The graph of f ( x ) = | x |
3 2 1
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Example
1 2 3 4 5
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Example
1 2 3 4 5
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Example
1 2 3 4 5
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Example
1 2 3 4 5
Math 53 (Part 1)
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Example
1 2 3 4 5
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Example
1 2 3 4 5
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As a piecewise function:
[[ x ]] =
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As a piecewise function:
[[ x ]] =
1,
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As a piecewise function:
[[ x ]] =
1,
1 x
Math 53 (Part 1)
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As a piecewise function:
[[ x ]] =
1,
1 x < 0
Math 53 (Part 1)
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As a piecewise function:
1, 0, [[ x ]] =
1 x < 0
Math 53 (Part 1)
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As a piecewise function:
1, 0, [[ x ]] =
1 x < 0 0x
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As a piecewise function:
1, 0, [[ x ]] =
1 x < 0 0x<1
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As a piecewise function:
1, 0, [[ x ]] = 1,
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As a piecewise function:
1, 0, [[ x ]] = 1, 2,
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As a piecewise function:
. . . 1, 0, [[ x ]] = 1, 2, . . .
. . .
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As a piecewise function:
. . . 1, 0, [[ x ]] = 1, 2, . . .
In general,
. . .
[[ x ]] = n,
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As a piecewise function:
. . . 1, 0, [[ x ]] = 1, 2, . . .
In general,
. . .
[[ x ]] = n, for
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As a piecewise function:
. . . 1, 0, [[ x ]] = 1, 2, . . .
In general,
. . .
[[ x ]] = n, for n x
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As a piecewise function:
. . . 1, 0, [[ x ]] = 1, 2, . . .
In general,
. . .
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4 3 2 1
1 1 2 3 4
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Outline
Functions Basic Types of Functions Constructing a table of signs Piecewise-dened functions Operations on Functions Functions as Mathematical Models
Math 53 (Part 1)
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Operations on Functions
Denition (Operations on Functions)
Let f and g be functions, c
1 2 3
R.
Subtraction: ( f g)( x ) = f ( x ) g( x );
f (x) f (x) = ; g g( x )
dom
5
dom c f = dom f
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Operations on Functions
Example
Express the function F ( x ) = sin2 (3 x 1) as a composition of three functions listed among the basic types of functions.
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Operations on Functions
Example
Express the function F ( x ) = sin2 (3 x 1) as a composition of three functions listed among the basic types of functions. Let
Math 53 (Part 1)
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Operations on Functions
Example
Express the function F ( x ) = sin2 (3 x 1) as a composition of three functions listed among the basic types of functions. Let
f (x)
x2
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Operations on Functions
Example
Express the function F ( x ) = sin2 (3 x 1) as a composition of three functions listed among the basic types of functions. Let
f (x) g( x )
= =
x2 sin x
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Operations on Functions
Example
Express the function F ( x ) = sin2 (3 x 1) as a composition of three functions listed among the basic types of functions. Let
f (x) g( x ) h( x )
= = =
x2 sin x 3x 1
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Operations on Functions
Example
Express the function F ( x ) = sin2 (3 x 1) as a composition of three functions listed among the basic types of functions. Let
f (x) g( x ) h( x )
Then
= = =
x2 sin x 3x 1
F ( x ) = ( f g h) ( x )
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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = x2 and g( x ) = x + h, where h is a nonzero constant. Find
1 [( f g) ( x ) f ( x )]. h
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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = x2 and g( x ) = x + h, where h is a nonzero constant. Find
1 [( f g) ( x ) f ( x )]. h 1 [( f g) ( x ) f ( x )] h
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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = x2 and g( x ) = x + h, where h is a nonzero constant. Find
1 [( f g) ( x ) f ( x )]. h 1 [( f g) ( x ) f ( x )] h 1 [ f ( g( x )) f ( x )] h
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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = x2 and g( x ) = x + h, where h is a nonzero constant. Find
1 [( f g) ( x ) f ( x )]. h 1 [( f g) ( x ) f ( x )] h 1 [ f ( g( x )) f ( x )] h f ( x + h) f ( x ) h
= =
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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = x2 and g( x ) = x + h, where h is a nonzero constant. Find
1 [( f g) ( x ) f ( x )]. h 1 [( f g) ( x ) f ( x )] h 1 [ f ( g( x )) f ( x )] h f ( x + h) f ( x ) h ( x + h )2 x 2 h
= = =
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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = x2 and g( x ) = x + h, where h is a nonzero constant. Find
1 [( f g) ( x ) f ( x )]. h 1 [( f g) ( x ) f ( x )] h 1 [ f ( g( x )) f ( x )] h f ( x + h) f ( x ) h ( x + h )2 x 2 h 2 ( x + 2xh + h2 ) x2 h
= = = =
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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = x2 and g( x ) = x + h, where h is a nonzero constant. Find
= = = = =
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = x2 and g( x ) = x + h, where h is a nonzero constant. Find
= = = = = =
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = | x | and g( x ) = x2 1. Express ( f g) ( x ) as a piecewise function.
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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = | x | and g( x ) = x2 1. Express ( f g) ( x ) as a piecewise function. Recall:
|x| =
x2 =
x, x 0 x, x < 0
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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = | x | and g( x ) = x2 1. Express ( f g) ( x ) as a piecewise function. Recall:
|x| =
Therefore,
x2 =
x, x 0 x, x < 0
( f g) ( x ) = f ( g( x )) = | x2 1| =
x2 1, ( x 2 1),
x2 1 0 x2 1 < 0
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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = | x | and g( x ) = x2 1. Express ( f g) ( x ) as a piecewise function.
( f g) ( x ) = f ( g( x )) = | x2 1| =
x2 1, ( x 2 1),
x2 1 0 x2 1 < 0
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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = | x | and g( x ) = x2 1. Express ( f g) ( x ) as a piecewise function.
( f g) ( x ) = f ( g( x )) = | x2 1| =
( , 1) +
x2 1, ( x 2 1),
(1, +) + + +
x2 1 0 x2 1 < 0
x1 x+1 x2 1
(1, 1) +
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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = | x | and g( x ) = x2 1. Express ( f g) ( x ) as a piecewise function.
( f g) ( x ) = f ( g( x )) = | x2 1| =
( , 1) +
x2 1, ( x 2 1),
(1, +) + + +
x2 1 0 x2 1 < 0
x1 x+1 x2 1
(1, 1) +
( f g ) ( x ) = | x 2 1| =
x2 1, 1 x2 ,
x 1 or x 1 1 < x < 1
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( f g ) ( x ) = | x 2 1| =
x2 1, 1 x2 ,
x 1 or x 1 1 < x < 1
3 2 1
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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = 2 x + 1 and g( x ) = [[ x ]]. Express ( g f ) ( x ) as a piecewise function.
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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = 2 x + 1 and g( x ) = [[ x ]]. Express ( g f ) ( x ) as a piecewise function.
( g f ) ( x ) = [[2x + 1]] = n
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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = 2 x + 1 and g( x ) = [[ x ]]. Express ( g f ) ( x ) as a piecewise function.
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = 2 x + 1 and g( x ) = [[ x ]]. Express ( g f ) ( x ) as a piecewise function.
2x + 1
<
n+1
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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = 2 x + 1 and g( x ) = [[ x ]]. Express ( g f ) ( x ) as a piecewise function.
2x + 1 2x
< <
n+1 n
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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = 2 x + 1 and g( x ) = [[ x ]]. Express ( g f ) ( x ) as a piecewise function.
2x + 1 2x x
n+1 n n 2
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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = 2 x + 1 and g( x ) = [[ x ]]. Express ( g f ) ( x ) as a piecewise function.
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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = 2 x + 1 and g( x ) = [[ x ]]. Express ( g f ) ( x ) as a piecewise function.
( g f ) ( x ) = [[2x + 1]] = n, if
n n1 x< 2 2
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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = 2 x + 1 and g( x ) = [[ x ]]. Express ( g f ) ( x ) as a piecewise function.
( g f ) ( x ) = [[2x + 1]] = n, if
n n1 x< 2 2
[[2x + 1]] =
. . . 1, 0, 1, 2,
. . .
. . . if if if if
1 x < 1 2 1 2 x <0
0x<
1 2 1 2
x<1
. . .
Math 53 (Part 1)
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4 3 2 1
1 1 2 3 4
Math 53 (Part 1)
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Example
Graph g( x ) =
2 x.
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Example
Graph g( x ) =
2 x.
2x
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Example
Graph g( x ) =
2 x.
y y
2
= =
2x
2 x, y 0
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Example
Graph g( x ) =
2 x.
y y
2
= = =
2x
2 x, y 0 2 y2 , y 0
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Example
Graph g( x ) =
2 x.
y y
2
= = =
2x
2 x, y 0 2 y2 , y 0
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2 x.
1 1 2
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Example
Graph h( x ) = 4 x2 .
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Example
Graph h( x ) = 4 x2 .
4 x2
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Example
Graph h( x ) = 4 x2 .
y y
2
= =
4 x2
4 x2 , y 0
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Example
Graph h( x ) = 4 x2 .
y y
2
= = =
4 x2
4 x2 , y 0 4, y 0
x 2 + y2
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Example
Graph h( x ) = 4 x2 .
y y
2
= = =
4 x2
4 x2 , y 0 4, y 0
x 2 + y2
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Graph h( x ) = 4 x2 .
1 1 2
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x < 2
2 x 2 .
x>2
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x < 2
2 x 2 .
x>2
if if if if
x < 2
2 x 2
2<x<6 x6
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x < 2
2 x 2 .
x>2
if if if if
x < 2
2 x 2
2<x<6 x6
if if if if
x < 2 2 x 2, x = 1 2<x<6 x6
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Review of Functions
if if if if
x < 2 2 x 2, x = 1 2<x<6 x6
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 1
10
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if if if if
x < 2 2 x 2, x = 1 2<x<6 x6
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 1
10
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if if if if
x < 2 2 x 2, x = 1 2<x<6 x6
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 1
10
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if if if if
x < 2 2 x 2, x = 1 2<x<6 x6
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 1
10
Math 53 (Part 1)
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if if if if
x < 2 2 x 2, x = 1 2<x<6 x6
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 1
10
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Outline
Functions Basic Types of Functions Constructing a table of signs Piecewise-dened functions Operations on Functions Functions as Mathematical Models
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
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Math 53 (Part 1)
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Math 53 (Part 1)
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Math 53 (Part 1)
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A = xy
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A = xy
Since the perimeter of the eld is 240 meters:
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A = xy
Since the perimeter of the eld is 240 meters:
2 x + 2y
= 240
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
67 / 69
A = xy
Since the perimeter of the eld is 240 meters:
2 x + 2y
= 240 y = 120 x
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
67 / 69
A = xy
Since the perimeter of the eld is 240 meters:
2 x + 2y
= 240 y = 120 x
A( x ) = x (120 x ) = x2 + 120x
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
67 / 69
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
68 / 69
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
68 / 69
xy
= 14 y = x 14
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
68 / 69
xy
= 14 y = x 14
P( x ) = x ( x 14) = x2 14x
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
68 / 69
xy
= 14 y = x 14
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
68 / 69
xy
= 14 y = x 14
The two numbers are 7 and 7, and the minimum product is P(7) = 49.
Math 53 (Part 1) Review of Functions 8 November 2012 68 / 69
Announcements
Unit 1 Module will be available on 16 November 2012. Google site: https://sites.google.com/a/math.upd.edu.ph/m53-s2-1213 All lecture slides will be posted in the website. A printerfriendly, condensed version of slides for the 1st three lectures will be uploaded in the website prior to the lecture.
Math 53 (Part 1)
Review of Functions
8 November 2012
69 / 69