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Review of Functions

Mathematics 53
Institute of Mathematics - UP Diliman

8 November 2012

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Outline

Functions Basic Types of Functions Constructing a table of signs Piecewise-dened functions Operations on Functions Functions as Mathematical Models

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Outline

Functions Basic Types of Functions Constructing a table of signs Piecewise-dened functions Operations on Functions Functions as Mathematical Models

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Functions

Denition
Let X and Y be nonempty sets. A function f from X to Y , denoted f : X Y , is a rule that assigns to each element of X a unique element of Y .

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Functions

Denition
Let X and Y be nonempty sets. A function f from X to Y , denoted f : X Y , is a rule that assigns to each element of X a unique element of Y .

X : domain of f , denoted dom f

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Functions

Denition
Let X and Y be nonempty sets. A function f from X to Y , denoted f : X Y , is a rule that assigns to each element of X a unique element of Y .

X : domain of f , denoted dom f Y : codomain of f

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Functions

Denition
Let X and Y be nonempty sets. A function f from X to Y , denoted f : X Y , is a rule that assigns to each element of X a unique element of Y .

X : domain of f , denoted dom f Y : codomain of f


The set of all elements of Y that are assigned to some element of X is the range of f , denoted ran f

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Functions
Example
Consider f : X Y dened by the rule

x x2
where X = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.

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Functions
Example
Consider f : X Y dened by the rule

x x2
where X = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.

2 1 0 1 2

4 1 0 1 4

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Functions
Example
Consider f : X Y dened by the rule

x x2
where X = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.

2 1 0 1 2
domain: dom f

4 1 0 1 4

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Functions
Example
Consider f : X Y dened by the rule

x x2
where X = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.

2 1 0 1 2
domain: dom f = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2}

4 1 0 1 4

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Functions
Example
Consider f : X Y dened by the rule

x x2
where X = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.

2 1 0 1 2
domain: dom f = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} codomain: Y

4 1 0 1 4

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Functions
Example
Consider f : X Y dened by the rule

x x2
where X = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.

2 1 0 1 2
domain: dom f = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} codomain: Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}

4 1 0 1 4

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Functions
Example
Consider f : X Y dened by the rule

x x2
where X = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.

2 1 0 1 2
domain: dom f = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} codomain: Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} range: ran f
Math 53 (Part 1)

4 1 0 1 4

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Functions
Example
Consider f : X Y dened by the rule

x x2
where X = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.

2 1 0 1 2
domain: dom f = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} codomain: Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} range: ran f = {0, 1, 4}
Math 53 (Part 1)

4 1 0 1 4

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Functions

If x X , the symbol f ( x ) denotes the element y Y that is assigned to x.

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Functions

If x X , the symbol f ( x ) denotes the element y Y that is assigned to x. A function may be written as y = f ( x )
x: independent variable y: dependent variable

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Functions

If x X , the symbol f ( x ) denotes the element y Y that is assigned to x. A function may be written as y = f ( x )
x: independent variable y: dependent variable

Alternatively, a function f is a set of ordered pairs ( x, y), where

( x, y) f if and only if y = f ( x )

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Functions

Example
Consider f : X Y dened by the rule

x x2
where X = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.

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Functions

Example
Consider f : X Y dened by the rule

x x2
where X = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}. The function f may be written as:

f ( x ) = x2 or y = x2

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Functions

Example
Consider f : X Y dened by the rule

x x2
where X = {2, 1, 0, 1, 2} and Y = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}. The function f may be written as:

f ( x ) = x2 or y = x2 f = {(2, 4), (1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4)}

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Real-valued functions of a single variable

Real-valued functions of a single variable:


Codomain:

Math 53 deals with functions whose domain and range are subsets of

R.

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Real-valued functions of a single variable

Real-valued functions of a single variable:


Codomain:

Math 53 deals with functions whose domain and range are subsets of

R.

If the domain is not explicitly specied:


Domain: dom f = { x

R | f (x) is a real number}

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Real-valued functions of a single variable

Example
1

f ( x ) = x2

f (x) =

x2 2 x 3 x+1

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Real-valued functions of a single variable

Example
1

f ( x ) = x2 dom f = x2 2 x 3 x+1

f (x) =

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Real-valued functions of a single variable

Example
1

f ( x ) = x2 dom f = x2 2 x 3 x+1

f (x) =

dom f =

R \ {1}

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Zeroes of a function
Denition
A zero of a function f is a value of x for which f ( x ) = 0.

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Zeroes of a function
Denition
A zero of a function f is a value of x for which f ( x ) = 0.

Example
Find the zero(es) of f ( x ) =

x2 2 x 3 . x+1

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Zeroes of a function
Denition
A zero of a function f is a value of x for which f ( x ) = 0.

Example
Find the zero(es) of f ( x ) =

x2 2 x 3 . x+1

x2 2 x 3 x+1

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Zeroes of a function
Denition
A zero of a function f is a value of x for which f ( x ) = 0.

Example
Find the zero(es) of f ( x ) =

x2 2 x 3 . x+1

x2 2 x 3 x+1 2 x 2x 3

= =

0 0

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Zeroes of a function
Denition
A zero of a function f is a value of x for which f ( x ) = 0.

Example
Find the zero(es) of f ( x ) =

x2 2 x 3 . x+1

x2 2 x 3 x+1 2 x 2x 3

= = =

0 0 0

( x 3)( x + 1)

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Zeroes of a function
Denition
A zero of a function f is a value of x for which f ( x ) = 0.

Example
Find the zero(es) of f ( x ) =

x2 2 x 3 . x+1

x2 2 x 3 x+1 2 x 2x 3

= = = or

0 0 0 x = 1

( x 3)( x + 1) x=3

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Zeroes of a function
Denition
A zero of a function f is a value of x for which f ( x ) = 0.

Example
Find the zero(es) of f ( x ) =

x2 2 x 3 . x+1

x2 2 x 3 x+1 2 x 2x 3

= = = or

0 0 0 x = 1

( x 3)( x + 1) x=3

The only zero of f is x = 3.


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Graphs of Functions

Denition
The graph of a function f is the set of all points ( x, y) in the plane ( x, y) f .

R2 for which

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Graphs of Functions

Denition
The graph of a function f is the set of all points ( x, y) in the plane ( x, y) f .

R2 for which

The graph of a function is the geometric representation on the Cartesian plane of all points ( x, y) that satisfy y = f ( x ).

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Graphs of Functions
Example
The graph of f ( x ) = x2 :

4 3 2 1

The points on the graph of f are the points ( x, y) that satisfy the equation y = x2 .
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Graphs of Functions
Example
The graph of f ( x ) =

x2 2 x 3 : x+1

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Graphs of Functions
Example
The graph of f ( x ) =

x2 2 x 3 : x+1
x2 2 x 3 x+1

f (x) =

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Graphs of Functions
Example
The graph of f ( x ) =

x2 2 x 3 : x+1
x2 2 x 3 ( x 3)( x + 1) = x+1 ( x + 1)

f (x) =

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Graphs of Functions
Example
The graph of f ( x ) =

x2 2 x 3 : x+1
x2 2 x 3 ( x 3)( x + 1) = = x 3 if x = 1 x+1 ( x + 1)

f (x) =

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Graphs of Functions
Example
The graph of f ( x ) =

x2 2 x 3 : x+1
x2 2 x 3 ( x 3)( x + 1) = = x 3 if x = 1 x+1 ( x + 1)

f (x) =

3 2 1 0 1 1 2 3 4 5

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Graphs of Functions

Graphically:

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Graphs of Functions

Graphically: Coordinates of a point on the graph in terms of x: ( x, f ( x ))

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Graphs of Functions

Graphically: Coordinates of a point on the graph in terms of x: ( x, f ( x )) Domain: x-interval covered by the graph

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Graphs of Functions

Graphically: Coordinates of a point on the graph in terms of x: ( x, f ( x )) Domain: x-interval covered by the graph Range: y-interval covered by the graph

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Graphs of Functions

Graphically: Coordinates of a point on the graph in terms of x: ( x, f ( x )) Domain: x-interval covered by the graph Range: y-interval covered by the graph Zero of a function: x-intercept of the graph

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Graphs of Functions

Graphically: Coordinates of a point on the graph in terms of x: ( x, f ( x )) Domain: x-interval covered by the graph Range: y-interval covered by the graph Zero of a function: x-intercept of the graph Intervals where the function value (or y-value) is positive: portions where the graph lies above the x-axis

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Graphs of Functions

Graphically: Coordinates of a point on the graph in terms of x: ( x, f ( x )) Domain: x-interval covered by the graph Range: y-interval covered by the graph Zero of a function: x-intercept of the graph Intervals where the function value (or y-value) is positive: portions where the graph lies above the x-axis Intervals where the function value (or y-value) is negative: portions where the graph lies below the x-axis

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Consider the graph of f ( x ) =

x2 2 x 3 . x+1
1

1 0 1 2 3 4 5

( x , x 3)

Domain: Range: Zero:

Positive: Negative:

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Consider the graph of f ( x ) =

x2 2 x 3 . x+1
1

1 0 1 2 3 4 5

( x , x 3)

Domain: Range: Zero:

R \ {1}

Positive: Negative:

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Consider the graph of f ( x ) =

x2 2 x 3 . x+1
1

1 0 1 2 3 4 5

( x , x 3)

Domain: \ {1} Range: \ {4} Zero:

R R

Positive: Negative:

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Consider the graph of f ( x ) =

x2 2 x 3 . x+1
1

1 0 1 2 3 4 5

( x , x 3)

Domain: \ {1} Range: \ {4} Zero: x = 3

R R

Positive: Negative:

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Consider the graph of f ( x ) =

x2 2 x 3 . x+1
1

1 0 1 2 3 4 5

( x , x 3)

Domain: \ {1} Range: \ {4} Zero: x = 3

R R

Positive: (3, +) Negative:

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Consider the graph of f ( x ) =

x2 2 x 3 . x+1
1

1 0 1 2 3 4 5

( x , x 3)

Domain: \ {1} Range: \ {4} Zero: x = 3

R R

Positive: (3, +) Negative: (, 1) (1, 3)

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Outline

Functions Basic Types of Functions Constructing a table of signs Piecewise-dened functions Operations on Functions Functions as Mathematical Models

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Basic types of functions

Constant Functions - functions of the form f ( x ) = c, where c is a real number

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Basic types of functions

Constant Functions - functions of the form f ( x ) = c, where c is a real number

dom f =

R; ran f = {c}

graph: horizontal line intersecting the y-axis at y = c

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Basic types of functions


Example
Consider the constant function f ( x ) = 2.

3 2 1

1 1

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Basic types of functions

Linear Functions - functions of the form

f ( x ) = mx + b
with m = 0

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Basic types of functions

Linear Functions - functions of the form

f ( x ) = mx + b
with m = 0

dom f =

R; ran f = R

graph: m is slope; y-intercept is b

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Basic types of functions


Example
Consider the linear function f ( x ) = x + 1.

3 2 1

1 1

m = 1, y-intercept: 1

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Basic types of functions

Quadratic Functions - functions of the form

f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c
with a = 0

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Basic types of functions

Quadratic Functions - functions of the form

f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c
with a = 0

dom f =

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Basic types of functions

Quadratic Functions - functions of the form

f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c
with a = 0

dom f =

graph: parabola with vertex at

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Basic types of functions

Quadratic Functions - functions of the form

f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c
with a = 0

dom f =

b2 graph: parabola with vertex at 2ba , 4ac 4a

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Basic types of functions

Quadratic Functions - functions of the form

f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c
with a = 0

dom f =

b2 graph: parabola with vertex at 2ba , 4ac 4a

If a > 0:

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Basic types of functions

Quadratic Functions - functions of the form

f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c
with a = 0

dom f =

b2 graph: parabola with vertex at 2ba , 4ac 4a

If a > 0: parabola opens upward,

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Basic types of functions

Quadratic Functions - functions of the form

f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c
with a = 0

dom f =

b2 graph: parabola with vertex at 2ba , 4ac 4a b2 If a > 0: parabola opens upward, ran f = 4ac 4a , +

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Basic types of functions

Quadratic Functions - functions of the form

f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c
with a = 0

dom f =

b2 graph: parabola with vertex at 2ba , 4ac 4a b2 If a > 0: parabola opens upward, ran f = 4ac 4a , +

If a < 0:

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Basic types of functions

Quadratic Functions - functions of the form

f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c
with a = 0

dom f =

b2 graph: parabola with vertex at 2ba , 4ac 4a b2 If a > 0: parabola opens upward, ran f = 4ac 4a , + b2 If a < 0: parabola opens downward, ran f = , 4ac 4a

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Basic types of functions


Example
Consider the quadratic function f ( x ) = x2 .

4 3 2 1

A parabola opening upward with vertex at (0, 0)

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Basic types of functions


Example
Consider the quadratic function f ( x ) = x2 2 x + 3.

4 3 2 1

3 2 1 0 1 1 2

A parabola opening downward with vertex at (1, 4)

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Basic types of functions

Extreme function values of a quadratic function:


a > 0: f has a minimum function value a < 0: f has a maximum function value

The extreme function value of f occurs at x = 2ba and the extreme function b2 value of f is f 2ba = 4ac 4a

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Basic types of functions

Example
Consider the quadratic function f ( x ) = x2 2 x + 3.

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Basic types of functions

Example
Consider the quadratic function f ( x ) = x2 2 x + 3. Since a < 0

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Basic types of functions

Example
Consider the quadratic function f ( x ) = x2 2 x + 3. Since a < 0

f has a maximum function value which occurs at x = 1


The maximum value of f ( x ) is f (1) = 4

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Basic types of functions

Polynomial Functions - functions of the form

f ( x ) = a n x n + a n 1 x n 1 + + a 1 x + a 0
where n

W, an , an1, ..., a0 are real numbers, with an = 0.

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Basic types of functions

Polynomial Functions - functions of the form

f ( x ) = a n x n + a n 1 x n 1 + + a 1 x + a 0
where n

W, an , an1, ..., a0 are real numbers, with an = 0.

leading coefcient: an degree of f : n

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Basic types of functions

Polynomial Functions - functions of the form

f ( x ) = a n x n + a n 1 x n 1 + + a 1 x + a 0
where n

W, an , an1, ..., a0 are real numbers, with an = 0. R

leading coefcient: an degree of f : n

dom f =

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Basic types of functions

Polynomial Functions - functions of the form

f ( x ) = a n x n + a n 1 x n 1 + + a 1 x + a 0
where n

W, an , an1, ..., a0 are real numbers, with an = 0. R

leading coefcient: an degree of f : n

dom f = Constant, linear and quadratic functions are special types of polynomial functions

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Basic types of functions

Polynomial Functions - functions of the form

f ( x ) = a n x n + a n 1 x n 1 + + a 1 x + a 0
where n

W, an , an1, ..., a0 are real numbers, with an = 0. R

leading coefcient: an degree of f : n

dom f = Constant, linear and quadratic functions are special types of polynomial functions
Graphs of polynomial functions: Unit 3

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Basic types of functions

p( x ) , where p and q are q( x ) polynomial functions, and q is not the constant zero function.
Rational Functions - functions of the form f ( x ) =

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Basic types of functions

p( x ) , where p and q are q( x ) polynomial functions, and q is not the constant zero function.
Rational Functions - functions of the form f ( x ) = Domain: { x

R | q ( x ) = 0}

Graphs of rational functions: Unit 3

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Graphs of Functions
Example
Consider the rational function f ( x ) =

x2 2 x 3 . x+1

3 2 1 0 1 1 2 3 4 5

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Basic types of functions

Functions involving rational exponents or radicals - functions of the form

f (x) =

x = x /n
1

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Basic types of functions

Functions involving rational exponents or radicals - functions of the form

f (x) = n is odd: dom f =

x = x /n
1

n is even: dom f = [0, )

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Basic types of functions


Example
Square root function: f ( x ) =

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Basic types of functions


Example
Square root function: f ( x ) =

y=

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Basic types of functions


Example
Square root function: f ( x ) =

y=

x = y2 = x

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Basic types of functions


Example
Square root function: f ( x ) =

y=

x = y2 = x, y 0

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Basic types of functions


Example
Square root function: f ( x ) =

y=

x = y2 = x, y 0

2 1 0 1 2 3 4

2 1 0 1 2 3 4

1 2

1 2

The graph of x = y2 The graph of f ( x ) =


Math 53 (Part 1)

The graph of y =

x is the upper branch of the parabola x = y2


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Basic types of functions

Trigonometric/Circular Functions sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant functions

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Basic types of functions

Trigonometric/Circular Functions sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant functions In Math 53, the trigonometric functions are viewed as functions on the set of real numbers.

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Basic types of functions

Example
f ( x ) = sin x

32

2
1

3 2

5 2

7 2

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Basic types of functions

Example
f ( x ) = cos x

32

2
1

3 2

5 2

7 2

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Basic Types of Functions


Example
f ( x ) = tan x

32

3 2

5 2

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Outline

Functions Basic Types of Functions Constructing a table of signs Piecewise-dened functions Operations on Functions Functions as Mathematical Models

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Constructing a table of signs

A table of signs shows when a given mathematical expression is positive, zero or negative.

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Constructing a table of signs

A table of signs shows when a given mathematical expression is positive, zero or negative. Two Methods:
1

Interval Method Test Value Method

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Constructing a table of signs

A table of signs shows when a given mathematical expression is positive, zero or negative. Two Methods:
1

Interval Method Test Value Method

In both cases, one must determine the numbers where the given mathematical expression is zero or undened.

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Constructing a table of signs

Example
Determine the intervals where the the graph of f ( x ) = the x-axis.

2 x2 x3 lies above 2 x2 3 x + 1

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Constructing a table of signs

Example
Determine the intervals where the the graph of f ( x ) = the x-axis. We want to determine the intervals for which

2 x2 x3 lies above 2 x2 3 x + 1

2 x2 x3 2 x2 3 x + 1

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Constructing a table of signs

Example
Determine the intervals where the the graph of f ( x ) = the x-axis. We want to determine the intervals for which

2 x2 x3 lies above 2 x2 3 x + 1

2 x2 x3 >0 2 x2 3 x + 1

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Constructing a table of signs


Interval Method: rewrite the expression as a product of factors whose table of signs are easily determined.

2 x2 x3 2 x2 3 x + 1

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Constructing a table of signs


Interval Method: rewrite the expression as a product of factors whose table of signs are easily determined.

2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Constructing a table of signs


Interval Method: rewrite the expression as a product of factors whose table of signs are easily determined.

2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undened at: x = 1 2, 1

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

38 / 69

Constructing a table of signs


Interval Method: rewrite the expression as a product of factors whose table of signs are easily determined.

2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undened at: x = 1 2, 1

( , 0)
x2 2x 1 x1 2x x 2 (2 x ) (2x 1)( x 1)

1 0, 2

1 2, 1

(1, 2)

(2, +)

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

38 / 69

Constructing a table of signs


Interval Method: rewrite the expression as a product of factors whose table of signs are easily determined.

2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undened at: x = 1 2, 1

( , 0)
x2 2x 1 x1 2x x 2 (2 x ) (2x 1)( x 1)

1 0, 2

1 2, 1

(1, 2) +

(2, +) +

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

38 / 69

Constructing a table of signs


Interval Method: rewrite the expression as a product of factors whose table of signs are easily determined.

2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undened at: x = 1 2, 1

( , 0)
x2 2x 1 x1 2x x 2 (2 x ) (2x 1)( x 1)

1 0, 2

1 2, 1

(1, 2) +

(2, +) +

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

38 / 69

Constructing a table of signs


Interval Method: rewrite the expression as a product of factors whose table of signs are easily determined.

2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undened at: x = 1 2, 1

( , 0)
x2 2x 1 x1 2x x 2 (2 x ) (2x 1)( x 1)

1 0, 2

1 2, 1

(1, 2) + +

(2, +) + +

+ +

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

38 / 69

Constructing a table of signs


Interval Method: rewrite the expression as a product of factors whose table of signs are easily determined.

2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undened at: x = 1 2, 1

( , 0)
x2 2x 1 x1 2x x 2 (2 x ) (2x 1)( x 1)

1 0, 2

1 2, 1

(1, 2) + +

(2, +) + +

+ +

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

38 / 69

Constructing a table of signs


Interval Method: rewrite the expression as a product of factors whose table of signs are easily determined.

2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undened at: x = 1 2, 1

( , 0)
x2 2x 1 x1 2x x 2 (2 x ) (2x 1)( x 1)

1 0, 2

1 2, 1

(1, 2) + + +

(2, +) + + +

+ +

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

38 / 69

Constructing a table of signs


Interval Method: rewrite the expression as a product of factors whose table of signs are easily determined.

2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undened at: x = 1 2, 1

( , 0)
x2 2x 1 x1 2x x 2 (2 x ) (2x 1)( x 1)

1 0, 2

1 2, 1

(1, 2) + + + +

(2, +) + + +

+ +

+ +

+ + +

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

38 / 69

Constructing a table of signs


Interval Method: rewrite the expression as a product of factors whose table of signs are easily determined.

2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undened at: x = 1 2, 1

( , 0)
x2 2x 1 x1 2x x 2 (2 x ) (2x 1)( x 1)

1 0, 2

1 2, 1

(1, 2) + + + +

(2, +) + + +

+ +

+ +

+ + +

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

38 / 69

Constructing a table of signs


Interval Method: rewrite the expression as a product of factors whose table of signs are easily determined.

2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undened at: x = 1 2, 1

( , 0)
x2 2x 1 x1 2x x 2 (2 x ) (2x 1)( x 1)

1 0, 2

1 2, 1

(1, 2) + + + +

(2, +) + + +

+ + +

+ +

+ + +

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

38 / 69

Constructing a table of signs


Interval Method: rewrite the expression as a product of factors whose table of signs are easily determined.

2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undened at: x = 1 2, 1

( , 0)
x2 2x 1 x1 2x x 2 (2 x ) (2x 1)( x 1)

1 0, 2

1 2, 1

(1, 2) + + + +

(2, +) + + +

+ + +

+ + +

+ + +

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

38 / 69

Constructing a table of signs


Interval Method: rewrite the expression as a product of factors whose table of signs are easily determined.

2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undened at: x = 1 2, 1

( , 0)
x2 2x 1 x1 2x x 2 (2 x ) (2x 1)( x 1)

1 0, 2

1 2, 1

(1, 2) + + + +

(2, +) + + +

+ + +

+ + +

+ + +

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

38 / 69

Constructing a table of signs


Interval Method: rewrite the expression as a product of factors whose table of signs are easily determined.

2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undened at: x = 1 2, 1

( , 0)
x2 2x 1 x1 2x x 2 (2 x ) (2x 1)( x 1)

1 0, 2

1 2, 1

(1, 2) + + + + +

(2, +) + + +

+ + +

+ + +

+ + +

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

38 / 69

Constructing a table of signs


Interval Method: rewrite the expression as a product of factors whose table of signs are easily determined.

2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undened at: x = 1 2, 1

( , 0)
x2 2x 1 x1 2x x 2 (2 x ) (2x 1)( x 1)

1 0, 2

1 2, 1

(1, 2) + + + + +

(2, +) + + +

+ + +

+ + +

+ + +

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

38 / 69

Constructing a table of signs


Interval Method: rewrite the expression as a product of factors whose table of signs are easily determined.

2 x2 x3 x 2 (2 x ) = (2x 1)( x 1) 2 x2 3 x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undened at: x = 1 2, 1

( , 0)
x2 2x 1 x1 2x x 2 (2 x ) (2x 1)( x 1)

1 0, 2

1 2, 1

(1, 2) + + + + +

(2, +) + + +

+ + +

+ + +

+ + +

The graph of f lies above the x-axis in the intervals (, 0) 0, 1 2 (1, 2).
Math 53 (Part 1) Review of Functions 8 November 2012 38 / 69

Constructing a table of signs


Test Value Method: test a value in the specied interval

( , 0)
x) (2x 1)( x 1) x 2 (2

1 0, 2

1 2, 1

(1, 2)

(2, +)

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Constructing a table of signs


Test Value Method: test a value in the specied interval

( , 0)
x) (2x 1)( x 1)
Sample point in (, 0): x = 1

1 0, 2

1 2, 1

(1, 2)

(2, +)

x 2 (2

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Constructing a table of signs


Test Value Method: test a value in the specied interval

( , 0)
x) (2x 1)( x 1)
Sample point in (, 0): x = 1

1 0, 2

1 2, 1

(1, 2)

(2, +)

x 2 (2

( 1)2 (3) (3)(2)

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Constructing a table of signs


Test Value Method: test a value in the specied interval

( , 0)
x) (2x 1)( x 1) x 2 (2

1 0, 2

1 2, 1

(1, 2)

(2, +)

+ ( 1)2 (3) (3)(2)

Sample point in (, 0): x = 1

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Constructing a table of signs


Test Value Method: test a value in the specied interval

( , 0)
x) (2x 1)( x 1) x 2 (2

1 0, 2

1 2, 1

(1, 2)

(2, +)

+ ( 1)2 (3) (3)(2)

Sample point in (, 0): x = 1 Sample point in 0, 1 2 :

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Constructing a table of signs


Test Value Method: test a value in the specied interval

( , 0)
x) (2x 1)( x 1) x 2 (2

1 0, 2

1 2, 1

(1, 2)

(2, +)

+ ( 1)2 (3) (3)(2)

Sample point in (, 0): x = 1

(+)(+) Sample point in 0, 1 2 :

()()

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Constructing a table of signs


Test Value Method: test a value in the specied interval

( , 0)
x) (2x 1)( x 1) x 2 (2

1 0, 2

1 2, 1

(1, 2)

(2, +)

+ ( 1)2 (3) (3)(2)

Sample point in (, 0): x = 1

(+)(+) Sample point in 0, 1 2 :

()()

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Constructing a table of signs


Test Value Method: test a value in the specied interval

( , 0)
x) (2x 1)( x 1) x 2 (2

1 0, 2

1 2, 1

(1, 2)

(2, +)

Sample point in (, 0): x = 1

( 1)2 (3) (3)(2)

(+)(+) Sample point in 0, 1 2 :

()()

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Constructing a table of signs


Test Value Method: test a value in the specied interval

( , 0)
x) (2x 1)( x 1) x 2 (2

1 0, 2

1 2, 1

(1, 2) +

(2, +)

Sample point in (, 0): x = 1

( 1)2 (3) (3)(2)

(+)(+) Sample point in 0, 1 2 :

()()

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Constructing a table of signs


Test Value Method: test a value in the specied interval

( , 0)
x) (2x 1)( x 1) x 2 (2

1 0, 2

1 2, 1

(1, 2) +

(2, +)

Sample point in (, 0): x = 1

( 1)2 (3) (3)(2)

(+)(+) Sample point in 0, 1 2 :

()()

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Constructing a table of signs


Test Value Method: test a value in the specied interval

( , 0)
x) (2x 1)( x 1) x 2 (2

1 0, 2

1 2, 1

(1, 2) +

(2, +)

Sample point in (, 0): x = 1

( 1)2 (3) (3)(2)

(+)(+) Sample point in 0, 1 2 :


We get the same result:

()()

The graph of f lies above the x-axis in the intervals (, 0) 0, 1 2 (1, 2).

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Constructing a table of signs


Example
Find the domain of f ( x ) =

5 x . x2 1

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Constructing a table of signs


Example
Find the domain of f ( x ) = Domain: x

5 x . x2 1

5x 0 R such that x 21

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Constructing a table of signs


Example
Find the domain of f ( x ) = Domain: x

5 x . x2 1

5x 0 R such that x 21

Zero at: x = 0, Undened at: x = 1, 1

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Constructing a table of signs


Example
Find the domain of f ( x ) = Domain: x

5 x . x2 1

5x 0 R such that x 21

Zero at: x = 0, Undened at: x = 1, 1

5 x x2 1

( , 1)

(1, 0)

(0, 1)

(1, +)

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Constructing a table of signs


Example
Find the domain of f ( x ) = Domain: x

5 x . x2 1

5x 0 R such that x 21

Zero at: x = 0, Undened at: x = 1, 1

5 x x2 1

( , 1) +

(1, 0)

(0, 1)

(1, +)

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Constructing a table of signs


Example
Find the domain of f ( x ) = Domain: x

5 x . x2 1

5x 0 R such that x 21

Zero at: x = 0, Undened at: x = 1, 1

5 x x2 1

( , 1) +

(1, 0)

(0, 1)

(1, +)

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Constructing a table of signs


Example
Find the domain of f ( x ) = Domain: x

5 x . x2 1

5x 0 R such that x 21

Zero at: x = 0, Undened at: x = 1, 1

5 x x2 1

( , 1) +

(1, 0)

(0, 1) +

(1, +)

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Constructing a table of signs


Example
Find the domain of f ( x ) = Domain: x

5 x . x2 1

5x 0 R such that x 21

Zero at: x = 0, Undened at: x = 1, 1

5 x x2 1

( , 1) +

(1, 0)

(0, 1) +

(1, +)

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Constructing a table of signs


Example
Find the domain of f ( x ) = Domain: x

5 x . x2 1

5x 0 R such that x 21

Zero at: x = 0, Undened at: x = 1, 1

5 x x2 1
Therefore,

( , 1) +

(1, 0)

(0, 1) +

(1, +)

dom f = (, 1) [0, 1)

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Outline

Functions Basic Types of Functions Constructing a table of signs Piecewise-dened functions Operations on Functions Functions as Mathematical Models

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Piecewise-dened functions

Piecewise-dened functions are functions that are dened by more than one expression. Such functions can be written in the form

f1 (x) f2 (x) f (x) = . . . f n (x)


where X1 , ..., Xn

if if if if

x X1 x X2 . . . x Xn

R with Xi Xj = for all i = j.

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Piecewise-dened functions
Example
An example of a piecewise function is the signum function (or sign function), denoted by sgn and dened by

1 0 sgn x = 1

if if if

x<0 x=0 x>0

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Piecewise-dened functions
Example
An example of a piecewise function is the signum function (or sign function), denoted by sgn and dened by

1 0 sgn x = 1

if if if

x<0 x=0 x>0

1 1

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The Absolute Value Function

Absolute Value Function - denoted by | x | and dened by

|x| =

x2 =

x, x 0 x, x < 0

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The Absolute Value Function

The graph of f ( x ) = | x |

3 2 1

Math 53 (Part 1)

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The Greatest Integer Function

Greatest Integer Function (GIF)

[[ x ]]: greatest integer less than or equal to x

Example
1 2 3 4 5

[[2.4]] [[2]] [[0]] [[2.1]] [[ ]]

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The Greatest Integer Function

Greatest Integer Function (GIF)

[[ x ]]: greatest integer less than or equal to x

Example
1 2 3 4 5

[[2.4]] = 2 [[2]] [[0]] [[2.1]] [[ ]]

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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The Greatest Integer Function

Greatest Integer Function (GIF)

[[ x ]]: greatest integer less than or equal to x

Example
1 2 3 4 5

[[2.4]] = 2 [[2]] = 2 [[0]] [[2.1]] [[ ]]

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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The Greatest Integer Function

Greatest Integer Function (GIF)

[[ x ]]: greatest integer less than or equal to x

Example
1 2 3 4 5

[[2.4]] = 2 [[2]] = 2 [[0]] = 0 [[2.1]] [[ ]]

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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The Greatest Integer Function

Greatest Integer Function (GIF)

[[ x ]]: greatest integer less than or equal to x

Example
1 2 3 4 5

[[2.4]] = 2 [[2]] = 2 [[0]] = 0 [[2.1]] = 3 [[ ]]

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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The Greatest Integer Function

Greatest Integer Function (GIF)

[[ x ]]: greatest integer less than or equal to x

Example
1 2 3 4 5

[[2.4]] = 2 [[2]] = 2 [[0]] = 0 [[2.1]] = 3 [[ ]] = 4

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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The Greatest Integer Function

As a piecewise function:

[[ x ]] =

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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The Greatest Integer Function

As a piecewise function:

[[ x ]] =

1,

Math 53 (Part 1)

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8 November 2012

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The Greatest Integer Function

As a piecewise function:

[[ x ]] =

1,

1 x

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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The Greatest Integer Function

As a piecewise function:

[[ x ]] =

1,

1 x < 0

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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The Greatest Integer Function

As a piecewise function:

1, 0, [[ x ]] =

1 x < 0

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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The Greatest Integer Function

As a piecewise function:

1, 0, [[ x ]] =

1 x < 0 0x

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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The Greatest Integer Function

As a piecewise function:

1, 0, [[ x ]] =

1 x < 0 0x<1

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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The Greatest Integer Function

As a piecewise function:

1, 0, [[ x ]] = 1,

1 x < 0 0x<1 1x<2

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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The Greatest Integer Function

As a piecewise function:

1, 0, [[ x ]] = 1, 2,

1 x < 0 0x<1 1x<2 2x<3

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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The Greatest Integer Function

As a piecewise function:

. . . 1, 0, [[ x ]] = 1, 2, . . .

. . .

1 x < 0 0x<1 1x<2 2x<3


. . .

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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The Greatest Integer Function

As a piecewise function:

. . . 1, 0, [[ x ]] = 1, 2, . . .
In general,

. . .

1 x < 0 0x<1 1x<2 2x<3


. . .

[[ x ]] = n,

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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The Greatest Integer Function

As a piecewise function:

. . . 1, 0, [[ x ]] = 1, 2, . . .
In general,

. . .

1 x < 0 0x<1 1x<2 2x<3


. . .

[[ x ]] = n, for

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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The Greatest Integer Function

As a piecewise function:

. . . 1, 0, [[ x ]] = 1, 2, . . .
In general,

. . .

1 x < 0 0x<1 1x<2 2x<3


. . .

[[ x ]] = n, for n x

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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The Greatest Integer Function

As a piecewise function:

. . . 1, 0, [[ x ]] = 1, 2, . . .
In general,

. . .

1 x < 0 0x<1 1x<2 2x<3


. . .

[[ x ]] = n, for n x < n + 1 where n Z

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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The Greatest Integer Function


The graph of f ( x ) = [[ x ]]

4 3 2 1

1 1 2 3 4

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Outline

Functions Basic Types of Functions Constructing a table of signs Piecewise-dened functions Operations on Functions Functions as Mathematical Models

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Operations on Functions
Denition (Operations on Functions)
Let f and g be functions, c
1 2 3

R.

Addition: ( f + g)( x ) = f ( x ) + g( x ); Multiplication: ( f g)( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ); Division:

dom( f + g) = dom f dom g dom( f g) = dom f dom g dom( f g) = dom f dom g

Subtraction: ( f g)( x ) = f ( x ) g( x );

f (x) f (x) = ; g g( x )

dom
5

f = (dom f dom g) \ { x dom g | g( x ) = 0} g Composition: ( f g)( x ) = f ( g( x )); dom( f g) = { x dom g | g( x ) dom f }


Scalar Multiplication: c f ( x ) = c ( f ( x ));

dom c f = dom f

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Operations on Functions

Example
Express the function F ( x ) = sin2 (3 x 1) as a composition of three functions listed among the basic types of functions.

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Operations on Functions

Example
Express the function F ( x ) = sin2 (3 x 1) as a composition of three functions listed among the basic types of functions. Let

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Operations on Functions

Example
Express the function F ( x ) = sin2 (3 x 1) as a composition of three functions listed among the basic types of functions. Let

f (x)

x2

Math 53 (Part 1)

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Operations on Functions

Example
Express the function F ( x ) = sin2 (3 x 1) as a composition of three functions listed among the basic types of functions. Let

f (x) g( x )

= =

x2 sin x

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Operations on Functions

Example
Express the function F ( x ) = sin2 (3 x 1) as a composition of three functions listed among the basic types of functions. Let

f (x) g( x ) h( x )

= = =

x2 sin x 3x 1

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Operations on Functions

Example
Express the function F ( x ) = sin2 (3 x 1) as a composition of three functions listed among the basic types of functions. Let

f (x) g( x ) h( x )
Then

= = =

x2 sin x 3x 1

F ( x ) = ( f g h) ( x )

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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = x2 and g( x ) = x + h, where h is a nonzero constant. Find

1 [( f g) ( x ) f ( x )]. h

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = x2 and g( x ) = x + h, where h is a nonzero constant. Find

1 [( f g) ( x ) f ( x )]. h 1 [( f g) ( x ) f ( x )] h

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = x2 and g( x ) = x + h, where h is a nonzero constant. Find

1 [( f g) ( x ) f ( x )]. h 1 [( f g) ( x ) f ( x )] h 1 [ f ( g( x )) f ( x )] h

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = x2 and g( x ) = x + h, where h is a nonzero constant. Find

1 [( f g) ( x ) f ( x )]. h 1 [( f g) ( x ) f ( x )] h 1 [ f ( g( x )) f ( x )] h f ( x + h) f ( x ) h

= =

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = x2 and g( x ) = x + h, where h is a nonzero constant. Find

1 [( f g) ( x ) f ( x )]. h 1 [( f g) ( x ) f ( x )] h 1 [ f ( g( x )) f ( x )] h f ( x + h) f ( x ) h ( x + h )2 x 2 h

= = =

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = x2 and g( x ) = x + h, where h is a nonzero constant. Find

1 [( f g) ( x ) f ( x )]. h 1 [( f g) ( x ) f ( x )] h 1 [ f ( g( x )) f ( x )] h f ( x + h) f ( x ) h ( x + h )2 x 2 h 2 ( x + 2xh + h2 ) x2 h

= = = =

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = x2 and g( x ) = x + h, where h is a nonzero constant. Find

1 [( f g) ( x ) f ( x )]. h 1 [( f g) ( x ) f ( x )] h 1 [ f ( g( x )) f ( x )] h f ( x + h) f ( x ) h ( x + h )2 x 2 h 2 ( x + 2xh + h2 ) x2 h 2xh + h2 h


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= = = = =

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = x2 and g( x ) = x + h, where h is a nonzero constant. Find

1 [( f g) ( x ) f ( x )]. h 1 [( f g) ( x ) f ( x )] h 1 [ f ( g( x )) f ( x )] h f ( x + h) f ( x ) h ( x + h )2 x 2 h 2 ( x + 2xh + h2 ) x2 h 2xh + h2 h 2x + h


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= = = = = =

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

Operations on Functions

Example
Let f ( x ) = | x | and g( x ) = x2 1. Express ( f g) ( x ) as a piecewise function.

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Operations on Functions

Example
Let f ( x ) = | x | and g( x ) = x2 1. Express ( f g) ( x ) as a piecewise function. Recall:

|x| =

x2 =

x, x 0 x, x < 0

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Operations on Functions

Example
Let f ( x ) = | x | and g( x ) = x2 1. Express ( f g) ( x ) as a piecewise function. Recall:

|x| =
Therefore,

x2 =

x, x 0 x, x < 0

( f g) ( x ) = f ( g( x )) = | x2 1| =

x2 1, ( x 2 1),

x2 1 0 x2 1 < 0

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = | x | and g( x ) = x2 1. Express ( f g) ( x ) as a piecewise function.

( f g) ( x ) = f ( g( x )) = | x2 1| =

x2 1, ( x 2 1),

x2 1 0 x2 1 < 0

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Review of Functions

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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = | x | and g( x ) = x2 1. Express ( f g) ( x ) as a piecewise function.

( f g) ( x ) = f ( g( x )) = | x2 1| =
( , 1) +

x2 1, ( x 2 1),
(1, +) + + +

x2 1 0 x2 1 < 0

x1 x+1 x2 1

(1, 1) +

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = | x | and g( x ) = x2 1. Express ( f g) ( x ) as a piecewise function.

( f g) ( x ) = f ( g( x )) = | x2 1| =
( , 1) +

x2 1, ( x 2 1),
(1, +) + + +

x2 1 0 x2 1 < 0

x1 x+1 x2 1

(1, 1) +

( f g ) ( x ) = | x 2 1| =

x2 1, 1 x2 ,

x 1 or x 1 1 < x < 1

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Review of Functions

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( f g ) ( x ) = | x 2 1| =

x2 1, 1 x2 ,

x 1 or x 1 1 < x < 1

3 2 1

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Review of Functions

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Operations on Functions

Example
Let f ( x ) = 2 x + 1 and g( x ) = [[ x ]]. Express ( g f ) ( x ) as a piecewise function.

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Operations on Functions

Example
Let f ( x ) = 2 x + 1 and g( x ) = [[ x ]]. Express ( g f ) ( x ) as a piecewise function.

( g f ) ( x ) = [[2x + 1]] = n

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Operations on Functions

Example
Let f ( x ) = 2 x + 1 and g( x ) = [[ x ]]. Express ( g f ) ( x ) as a piecewise function.

( g f ) ( x ) = [[2x + 1]] = n if n 2x + 1 < n + 1

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Operations on Functions

Example
Let f ( x ) = 2 x + 1 and g( x ) = [[ x ]]. Express ( g f ) ( x ) as a piecewise function.

( g f ) ( x ) = [[2x + 1]] = n if n 2x + 1 < n + 1


n

2x + 1

<

n+1

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Operations on Functions

Example
Let f ( x ) = 2 x + 1 and g( x ) = [[ x ]]. Express ( g f ) ( x ) as a piecewise function.

( g f ) ( x ) = [[2x + 1]] = n if n 2x + 1 < n + 1


n n1

2x + 1 2x

< <

n+1 n

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Operations on Functions

Example
Let f ( x ) = 2 x + 1 and g( x ) = [[ x ]]. Express ( g f ) ( x ) as a piecewise function.

( g f ) ( x ) = [[2x + 1]] = n if n 2x + 1 < n + 1


n n1 n1 2

2x + 1 2x x

< < <

n+1 n n 2

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = 2 x + 1 and g( x ) = [[ x ]]. Express ( g f ) ( x ) as a piecewise function.

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = 2 x + 1 and g( x ) = [[ x ]]. Express ( g f ) ( x ) as a piecewise function.

( g f ) ( x ) = [[2x + 1]] = n, if

n n1 x< 2 2

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = 2 x + 1 and g( x ) = [[ x ]]. Express ( g f ) ( x ) as a piecewise function.

( g f ) ( x ) = [[2x + 1]] = n, if

n n1 x< 2 2

[[2x + 1]] =

. . . 1, 0, 1, 2,
. . .

. . . if if if if

1 x < 1 2 1 2 x <0
0x<
1 2 1 2

x<1

. . .

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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4 3 2 1

1 1 2 3 4

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Other Graphing Examples

Example
Graph g( x ) =

2 x.

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Other Graphing Examples

Example
Graph g( x ) =

2 x.

2x

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Other Graphing Examples

Example
Graph g( x ) =

2 x.

y y
2

= =

2x

2 x, y 0

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Review of Functions

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Other Graphing Examples

Example
Graph g( x ) =

2 x.

y y
2

= = =

2x

2 x, y 0 2 y2 , y 0

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Review of Functions

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Other Graphing Examples

Example
Graph g( x ) =

2 x.

y y
2

= = =

2x

2 x, y 0 2 y2 , y 0

The graph of g is the upper branch of the parabola x = 2 y2 .

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Review of Functions

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Other Graphing Examples


Example
Graph g( x ) =

2 x.

1 1 2

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Review of Functions

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Other Graphing Examples

Example

Graph h( x ) = 4 x2 .

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Other Graphing Examples

Example

Graph h( x ) = 4 x2 .

4 x2

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Other Graphing Examples

Example

Graph h( x ) = 4 x2 .

y y
2

= =

4 x2

4 x2 , y 0

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Other Graphing Examples

Example

Graph h( x ) = 4 x2 .

y y
2

= = =

4 x2

4 x2 , y 0 4, y 0

x 2 + y2

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Other Graphing Examples

Example

Graph h( x ) = 4 x2 .

y y
2

= = =

4 x2

4 x2 , y 0 4, y 0

x 2 + y2

The graph of h is the lower semicircle of the circle x2 + y2 = 4.

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Other Graphing Examples


Example

Graph h( x ) = 4 x2 .

1 1 2

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Other Graphing Examples


Example
x+4 x3 + x2 Graph f ( x ) = x+1 | x 6|
if if if

x < 2

2 x 2 .
x>2

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Review of Functions

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Other Graphing Examples


Example
x+4 x3 + x2 Graph f ( x ) = x+1 | x 6|
if if if

x < 2

2 x 2 .
x>2
if if if if

x+4 x 2 ( x + 1) f (x) = x+1 ( x 6) x6

x < 2

2 x 2
2<x<6 x6

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Review of Functions

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Other Graphing Examples


Example
x+4 x3 + x2 Graph f ( x ) = x+1 | x 6|
if if if

x < 2

2 x 2 .
x>2
if if if if

x+4 x 2 ( x + 1) f (x) = x+1 ( x 6) x6 x+4 x2 f (x) = x +6 x6


Math 53 (Part 1)

x < 2

2 x 2
2<x<6 x6

if if if if

x < 2 2 x 2, x = 1 2<x<6 x6
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Review of Functions

Other Graphing Examples


x+4 x2 The graph of f ( x ) = x + 6 x6
4 3 2 1

if if if if

x < 2 2 x 2, x = 1 2<x<6 x6

5 4 3 2 1 0 1 1

10

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Review of Functions

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Other Graphing Examples


x+4 x2 The graph of f ( x ) = x + 6 x6
4 3 2 1

if if if if

x < 2 2 x 2, x = 1 2<x<6 x6

5 4 3 2 1 0 1 1

10

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Other Graphing Examples


x+4 x2 The graph of f ( x ) = x + 6 x6
4 3 2 1

if if if if

x < 2 2 x 2, x = 1 2<x<6 x6

5 4 3 2 1 0 1 1

10

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Other Graphing Examples


x+4 x2 The graph of f ( x ) = x + 6 x6
4 3 2 1

if if if if

x < 2 2 x 2, x = 1 2<x<6 x6

5 4 3 2 1 0 1 1

10

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Other Graphing Examples


x+4 x2 The graph of f ( x ) = x + 6 x6
4 3 2 1

if if if if

x < 2 2 x 2, x = 1 2<x<6 x6

5 4 3 2 1 0 1 1

10

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Outline

Functions Basic Types of Functions Constructing a table of signs Piecewise-dened functions Operations on Functions Functions as Mathematical Models

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Functions as Mathematical Models

Express a certain situation as a functional relationship between certain quantities

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Review of Functions

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Functions as Mathematical Models


Example
A rectangular eld has a perimeter of 240 meters. Express the area of the eld as a function of its width.

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Review of Functions

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Functions as Mathematical Models


Example
A rectangular eld has a perimeter of 240 meters. Express the area of the eld as a function of its width. Let x be the width and y be the length of the eld

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Functions as Mathematical Models


Example
A rectangular eld has a perimeter of 240 meters. Express the area of the eld as a function of its width. Let x be the width and y be the length of the eld The area A of the eld:

A = xy

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Functions as Mathematical Models


Example
A rectangular eld has a perimeter of 240 meters. Express the area of the eld as a function of its width. Let x be the width and y be the length of the eld The area A of the eld:

A = xy
Since the perimeter of the eld is 240 meters:

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Functions as Mathematical Models


Example
A rectangular eld has a perimeter of 240 meters. Express the area of the eld as a function of its width. Let x be the width and y be the length of the eld The area A of the eld:

A = xy
Since the perimeter of the eld is 240 meters:

2 x + 2y

= 240

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Functions as Mathematical Models


Example
A rectangular eld has a perimeter of 240 meters. Express the area of the eld as a function of its width. Let x be the width and y be the length of the eld The area A of the eld:

A = xy
Since the perimeter of the eld is 240 meters:

2 x + 2y

= 240 y = 120 x

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Functions as Mathematical Models


Example
A rectangular eld has a perimeter of 240 meters. Express the area of the eld as a function of its width. Let x be the width and y be the length of the eld The area A of the eld:

A = xy
Since the perimeter of the eld is 240 meters:

2 x + 2y

= 240 y = 120 x

The area of the eld expressed as a function of x:

A( x ) = x (120 x ) = x2 + 120x

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Functions as Mathematical Models


Example
Find two numbers whose difference is 14 and whose product is minimum.

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Functions as Mathematical Models


Example
Find two numbers whose difference is 14 and whose product is minimum. Let x be the greater number and y be the smaller number.

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Functions as Mathematical Models


Example
Find two numbers whose difference is 14 and whose product is minimum. Let x be the greater number and y be the smaller number. Since the difference of 14 is positive

xy

= 14 y = x 14

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

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Functions as Mathematical Models


Example
Find two numbers whose difference is 14 and whose product is minimum. Let x be the greater number and y be the smaller number. Since the difference of 14 is positive

xy

= 14 y = x 14

The product as a function of x is

P( x ) = x ( x 14) = x2 14x

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Functions as Mathematical Models


Example
Find two numbers whose difference is 14 and whose product is minimum. Let x be the greater number and y be the smaller number. Since the difference of 14 is positive

xy

= 14 y = x 14

The product as a function of x is

P( x ) = x ( x 14) = x2 14x P is a quadratic function with a minimum function value at x= b =7 2a

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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Functions as Mathematical Models


Example
Find two numbers whose difference is 14 and whose product is minimum. Let x be the greater number and y be the smaller number. Since the difference of 14 is positive

xy

= 14 y = x 14

The product as a function of x is

P( x ) = x ( x 14) = x2 14x P is a quadratic function with a minimum function value at x= b =7 2a

The two numbers are 7 and 7, and the minimum product is P(7) = 49.
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Announcements

Unit 1 Module will be available on 16 November 2012. Google site: https://sites.google.com/a/math.upd.edu.ph/m53-s2-1213 All lecture slides will be posted in the website. A printerfriendly, condensed version of slides for the 1st three lectures will be uploaded in the website prior to the lecture.

Math 53 (Part 1)

Review of Functions

8 November 2012

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