Chemistry, Unit 1, Matter And Its Classification

1. Basic concepts: -Anything which occupies space and has mass is called matter. -Matter can be both living and non-living. E.g. Trees, people, animals, buildings, air, water are all matter in one form or another. -We can identify matter and many of its properties using our five senses - sight, smell, taste, touch and hearing. -So, all the objects we see, smell, taste or touch, in this world are made of matter.

2. Classification of matter: - Study of matter is simplifed by its classification. -Matter is classified according to its state and physical properties. -States of matter - Matter is classified based on state as follows - solids, liquids and gases -Same substance (matter) can exist in three different states at different temperatures. Let us take water as an example. In solid state we see it as ice. In liquid state we see it as water. In gaseous state we call it water vapour. -Solid has definite shape, mass and volume. Example - book, brick etc. The volume of a solid can be changed only by applying external force. -This is because the molecules in a solid are closely packed as if in fixed positions. There is not much space between particles inside a solid. So it is not easy to change the shape of a solid. I.e. a solid cannot be easily compressed or expanded. -Liquid has mass and volume but no definite shape. It flows to take the shape of its container. It cannot be compressed to a smaller volume. -Since liquid can flow, it can be poured from one container to another. But a given volume of a liquid remains unchanged by pouring or transferring it from one container to another. This implies, a given amount of liquid has fixed volume. -Real life example - take 100ml water with a measuring cylinder and pour it in a 1000ml (1 litre) bottle or jar. The volume of water inside the bottle or jar

still remains 100ml. -This is because, molecules in a liquid are not in fixed positions and there is space between these molecules. This allows them to move to some extent and take the shape of the container when we pour or transfer. But at the same time they are not so far apart that they can expand to take the shape of the container. -Gases have no definite shape or volume. They expand to occupy the space or volume available. So the volume of gas in a container, say a cylinder, is equal to the volume of the cylinder. -They can also be compressed to a limited space or volume. In other words they can be easily expanded or compressed to fill a container. -Real life examples - when we blow a balloon the air or gas we pump in, fills up the space in the balloon. Thus the air or gas also takes the shapw of the balloon. Another E.g. is that a cycle or car tyre has air in it. But we can pump more air into it by compressing the air inside. -This is because molecules of a gas are loosely packed. There is lot of space between them. (About 1000 times more space than those in liquids). This allows them to move more freely than the particles of liquid. -Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen are all examples of gases. Air is a mixture of gases. It has 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen.

3. Physical properties of matter: -The characteristics of matter that can be observed without causing any change to the matter are collectively called its physical properties. E.g. colour, size, shape, density, hardness, strength, flexiblility, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, boiling point, melting point etc. are all physical properties. Below are the definitions of common physical properties. -Mass: Mass is the quantity of matter contained in a body. -Density: It is the mass of a substance per unit volume. -Elasticity: It is the ability of a substance to return to its original shape and size after being bent, stretched or compressed. E.g. Rubber band, spring balance. -Hardness: The ability to withstand wear and tear and scratches. E.g. Diamond

-Strength: The ability to support heavy load without tearing and breaking. E.g. Steel -Solubility: It is the maximum quantity of the solute which can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent. For example 30g of sugar is soluble in 100 cubic cm of water. -Melting point: It is the temperature at which a substance changes from solid to liquid states. E.g. Ice changes to water at 0 degree celsius. -Boiling point: It is the temperature at which a substance changes from liquid to vapour state. E.g. Water changes to water vapour at 100 degree celsius. -Electrical conductivity: It is the measure of readiness for electricity to flow through a substance. E.g. Wood, rubber etc are poor conductors of electricity. -Thermal conductivity: The readiness of a substanceto allow heat to flow through. Metals are good conductors of heat. So we use them for cooking. -Flexibility: The extent to which the substance changes its shape without breaking even when force is applied on it. Aluminium and many plastic are flexible substances. -Transparency: It is the ability of a substance to allow light to pass through it. Glass and some plastic films are more transparent than brick or wood. -Viscosity: It can be described as the ease wtih which a fluid flows. Higher the viscosity, less easy is the flow. Oil is more viscous than water. (Oil flows slower than water, that what viscosity is about)

4.Main classes of materials: -Materials may be classified according to metal and non-metal or natural and man-made. -Glass, Ceramics, Plastics and Fibres are all non-metal.

Matter is the Stuff Around You

Matter is everything around you. Matter is anything made of atoms and molecules. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. If you are new to the idea of mass, it is

the amount of stuff in an object. We talk about the difference between mass and weight in another section. Matter is sometimes related to light and electromagnetic radiation. Even though matter can be found all over the Universe, you only find it in a few forms. As of 1995, scientists have identified five physical states of matter. Each of those states is sometimes called a phase. They may even discover one more state by the time you get old.

Five States of Matter

You should know about solids, liquids, gases, plasmas, and one state called the Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). Scientists have always known about solids, liquids, and gases. Plasma was a new idea when it was noticed by William Crookes in 1879. The scientists who worked with theBose-Einstein

condensate received a Nobel Prize for their work in 1995. But what makes
a state of matter? It's about the physical state of the molecules and atoms. Think about solids. They are often hard and brittle. Liquids are all fluidy at room temperature. Gases are there, but you usually smell them before you can see them. You don't see them because their molecules are really far apart. The BEC is all about molecules that are really close to each other (even closer than atoms in a solid).

Changing States of Matter

Elements and compounds can move from onephysical state to another and not
change their basic atomic parts. Oxygen (O2) as a gas still has the same properties as liquid oxygen. The liquid state is colder and denser, but the molecules (the basic parts) are still the same. Water (H2O) is another example. A water molecule is made up of two hydrogen

(H) atoms and one oxygen (O) atom. It has the same molecular structure whether it is a gas, liquid, or solid. Although its physical state may change, its chemical state remains the same. So you're asking, "What is a chemical change?" Let's start with a glass of pure water. If the formula of water were to change, that would be a chemical change. If you could just add a second oxygen atom, you would have hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The molecules in your glass would not be water anymore. A chemical change happens when the atoms in a molecule are moved around or when atoms are added or taken away. Chemical changes happen when bonds between atoms are created or destroyed. Changing physical states of matter is about changing densities, pressures, temperatures, and other physical properties. The basic chemical structure does not change when there is a physical change.

SOSC