35 Integration Full Part 1 of 5

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STUDY PACKAGE
Subject : Mathematics Topic : Indefinite & Definite Integration
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Indefinite & Definite Itegration 1 of 89
Indefinite
1.
Integration
If f & g are functions of x such that g (x) = f(x) then,
2.
(i)
f(x) dx = g(x) + c
d {g(x)+c} = f(x), where c is called the constant of integration . dx
S t a nd ard
Fo rmu l a:
+ c, n 1
(ii)
dx 1 = ln (ax + b) + c ax + b a
eax+b dx =
(iii)
1 ax+b e +c a
1 a px+q + c; a > 0 p na
(v)
sin (ax + b) dx =
1 cos (ax + b) + c a
(vi)
cos (ax + b) dx =
1 sin (ax + b) + c a
(vii)
tan(ax + b) dx =
1 ln sec (ax + b) + c a
1 ln sin(ax + b)+ c a
(viii)
cot(ax + b) dx =
(ix)
sec (ax + b) dx =
1 tan(ax + b) + c a 1 cot(ax + b)+ c a 1 sec (ax + b) + c a 1 cosec (ax + b) + c a

OR ln tan
(x)
cosec(ax + b) dx =
(xi)
sec (ax + b). tan (ax + b) dx =
(xii)
cosec (ax + b). cot (ax + b) dx =
(xiii)
secx dx = ln (secx + tanx) + c
x + +c 4 2
(xiv)
cosec x dx = ln (cosecx cotx) + c OR ln tan
x + c OR ln (cosecx + cotx) + c 2
(iv)
apx+q dx =
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(ax + b)
(ax + b)n +1 dx = a ( n + 1)
(xv)
dx a x
2 2
= sin1
x +c a
(xvi)
1 dx x = tan1 + c 2 a a a +x
2
(xvii)
dx x x a dx x +a
dx x a
2 2
1 x sec1 +c a a
(xix)
= ln
[x +
x2 a2
OR
cosh1
x +c a
(xx)
a+x dx 1 ln ax + c 2 = a x 2a
2
(xxi)
xa dx 1 ln x+a + c 2 = x a 2a
2
(xxii)
a 2 x 2 dx =
x 2
a 2 x2 +
a2 x sin1 +c 2 a
x + x 2 + a2 n a x + x 2 a2 n a + c +c
(xxiii)
x x + a dx = 2
2 2
a2 x +a + 2
2 2
(xxiv)
x x a dx = 2
2 2
a2 x a 2
2 2
(xxv)
eax. sin bx dx =
e ax (a sin bx b cos bx) + c a 2 + b2 e ax (a cos bx + b sin bx) + c a 2 + b2
(xxvi)
eax. cos bx dx =
3.
T heo r em s
(i)
on
=c
i nteg ra t io n
c f ( x).dx
f (x).dx
(ii)
(f ( x) g(x)) dx = f ( x)dx g(x) dx
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(xviii)
= ln
[x +
x2 + a 2
OR
sinh1
x +c a
(iii)
Note : (i) (ii)
f (x)dx = g( x) + c f ( x).dx
f (ax + b)dx =
g(ax + b) +c a
every contineous function is integrable the integral of a function reffered only by a constant. = g(x) + c h(x) = f(x)
= h(x) + c g(x) = f(x) & g(x) h(x) = 0 means, g(x) h(x) = c

Example : Solution.
Evaluate :
4x
dx
4x
dx =
4 6 2 6 x +C= x + C. 6 3
Example :
Evaluate :
x
3
+ 5x 2 4 +
7 2 + dx x x
Solution.
+ 5x 2 4 +
7 2 + dx x x
2
= =
dx +
dx
2
dx
dx + 5 .
dx 4 . 1 . dx + 7 .
1 dx + 2 . x
1 / 2
dx
x1/ 2 x3 x4 +5. 4x + 7 log | x | + 2 1/ 2 + C 3 4

5 x4 + x 3 4x + 7 log | x | + 4 3 4
x +C
=
Example : Solution.
Evaluate : We have,
x log a
+ e a log x + e a log a dx
e
= = = =
x log a
+ e a log x + ea log a dx
e a
log a x
+ elog x + elog a
dx
(a
+ x a + aa ) dx
dx +
dx +
dx
ax x a +1 + + aa . x + C. log a a +1
Example : Solution.
Evaluate :
dx
2x + 3 x 5x
dx
2x + 3x 5x
2x 3x + 5 x 5 x dx
5x
4dx +
7 dx + x
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x x 2 3 ( 2 / 5) x (3 / 5 ) x + dx = + +C loge 2 / 5 loge 3 / 5 5 5
Example: Solution.
Evaluate :
1 8 1 = 8
sin
x cos3 x dx
3
(2 sin x cos x) sin
dx
2x dx
= =
1 8 1 32
3 sin 2x sin 6x dx 4
1 1 3 2 cos 2 x + 6 cos 6 x + C 32
Example :
Evaluate :
x4
2
+1
dx
Solution.
x4 1+ 1 x +1
2
2
dx =
x
2
x4 1
2
+1
1 x2 + 1
dx
(x
1) dx +
x
1
2
+1
dx =
x3 x + tan1 x + C 3
Example: Solution.
Evaluate : We have
4 + 9x
dx
4 + 9x
=
1 9
4+x
9
dx
2
1 9
(2 / 3)
1
2
+ x2
dx
1 x 3x 1 1 +C= . tan1 tan1 + C 9 (2 / 3) 6 2/3 2
Example : Solution.
cos x cos 2x dx
cos x cos 2x dx
=
1 2
2 cos x cos 2x dx
x4
2
+1
dx
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(3 sin 2x sin 6x) dx
1 2
(cos 3x + cos x) dx
1 sin 3 x + sin x +c 1 2 3
Self Practice Problems
1.
Evaluate :
tan
x dx
Ans.
tanx x + C
2.
Evaluate :
4.
Integration by Subsitutions
If we subsitute x = (t) in a integral then (i) everywhere x will be replaced in terms of t. (ii) dx also gets converted in terms of dt. (iii) (t) should be able to take all possible value that x can take.
Example : Solution.
Evaluate : We have
=
sin x 4 dx
x
x
sin x 4 dx
L e t
=t
d(x 4) = dt
4x 3 dx = dt dx =
1 4x 3
dt
Example : Solution.
( n x )2 dx x
( n x )2 dx x Put nx = t
1 dx = dt x dx t 2. x
2
= = = =
t dt
t3 +c 3 ( n x )3 +c 3
Example : Solution.
2 Evaluate (1 + sin x ) cos x dx
Put sinx = t cosx dx = dt
(1 + t 2 ) dt = t +
t3 +c 3
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1 + sin x
dx
Ans.
tanx sec x + C
= sin x +
sin3 x +c 3
x
Example : Solution.
Evaluate : We have,
=
x
2
+ x2 + 1
dx
x
2 2
x
4
+ x +1
dx =
(x
) + x2 + 1
dx 2x dx = dt
Let x 2 = t, then, d (x 2) = dt
=
dx =
dt 2x
1 2 1 2
x t + t +1
2
dt 2x
1 t2 + t + 1
dt
1
1 3 t + + 2 2
2
dt
3 2
1 3
tan
2t + 1 1 +C= tan1 3 3
2x 2 + 1 + C. 3
Note:
(i) (ii)
[ f(x)]n f (x) dx =
( f ( x ))n +1 n +1
[f (x)]
f (x)
n
dx =
( f ( x ))1n 1 n Take x n common & put 1 + x n = t.
(iii)
dx nN x (x n + 1)
dx x x +1
2
(iv)
( n1)
n N, take x n common & put 1+x n = tn

n
(v)
dx x 1 + xn
n
1/ n
take x n common as x and put 1 + x n = t.
Self Practice Problems 1. 2.
sec 2 x dx 1 + tan x sin( nx ) dx x
Ans. Ans.
n |1 + tan x| + C cos ( n x) + C
1 = . 2
tan1
t+ 1 2 +C 3 2
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(f (x) g(x)) dx
(i) (ii) (iii)
= f(x)
(g( x)) dx
(f ( x)) (g( x )) dx dx dx
when you find integral
g( x) dx then it will not contain arbitarary constant.
g(x) dx should be taken as same both terms.

the choice of f(x) and g(x) is decided by ILATE rule. the function will come later is taken an integral function. Inverse function Logrithimic function L A Algeberic function T Trigonometric function E Exponential function Evaluate :
Example : Solution.
x tan
x2 2
x dx
x tan
x dx
= (tan1 x)
1+ x
x2 dx 2 dx =
1 x2 tan1 x 2 2
=
Example : Solution.
1 x2 tan1 x [x tan1 x] + C. 2 2
Evaluate :
x log(1 + x) dx
x2 2
x log(1 + x) dx
= log (x + 1) .
1 x2 . dx x +1 2
1 x2 log (x + 1) 2 2 1 x2 log (x + 1) 2 2
x + 1 dx =
x2
1 x2 log (x + 1) 2 2
x2 1+ 1 dx x +1
1 x2 1 + dx x +1 x +1
1 1 x2 dx ( x 1) + log (x + 1) x + 1 2 2
2 1 x x + log | x + 1 | x2 +C log (x + 1) 2 2 2
Example : Solution.
Evaluate : Let =
=
e
2x
2x
sin 3x dx
e
2x
sin 3x dx. Then,
sin 3x dx
1 x2 tan1 x 2 2
x2 + 1 1 x +1
2
1 x
1
2
+1
dx
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5.
Integra t i o n
by
Pa r t
cos 3 x = e2x 3
2e
2x
cos 3 x dx 3
2x
1 2x 2 e cos 3x + 3 3
cos 3x dx
sin 3 x 1 2x 2 2 x sin 3 x 2e 2 x dx e cos 3x + e 3 3 3 3
1 2x 2 4 e cos 3x + e2x sin 3x 3 9 9
2x
sin 3 x dx
4 e2x = (2 sin 3x 3 cos 3x) 9 9
13 e2x = (2 sin 3x 3 cos 3x) 9 9
Note : (i) (ii)
ex [f(x) + f (x)] dx = ex. f(x) + c [f(x) + xf (x)] dx = x f(x) + c
Example : Solution.
e e
x ( x + 1)2 x + 1 1 ( x + 1)2
dx dx
ex +c ( x + 1)
1 1 ex ( x + 1) ( x + 1)2 dx
Example :
e e
1 sin x dx 1 cos x
Solution.
x x 1 2 sin cos 2 2 x dx 2 sin2 2
x 1 2 cos ec cot dx 2 2
= ex cot
x +c 2
Example : Solution.
n ( nx ) + ( nx )
dx
put
x = et
1 nt + 2 dt t
e2x (2 sin 3x 3 cos 3x) + C 13
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1 2x 2 4 e cos 3x + e2x sin 3x 3 9 9
1 1 1 nt + + 2 dt t t t
1 = et nt + c t
1 x n ( nx ) +c nx
Self Practice Problems
1.
x sin x dx x e
2 x
Ans.
x cosx + sin x + C
6.
Integration of Rational Algebraic Functions by using Partial Fractions:
PARTIAL FRACTIONS :
f ( x) If f(x) and g(x) are two polynomials, then g( x ) defines a rational algebraic function of a rational function of x. f(x) If degree of f(x) < degree of g(x), then g( x ) is called a proper rational function. f(x) If degree of f(x) degree of g(x) then g( x ) is called an improper rational function f ( x) f ( x) If g( x ) is an improper rational function, we divide f(x) by g(x) so that the rational function g( x ) is ( x ) expressed in the form (x) + g( x ) where (x) and (x) are polynomials such that the degree of (x) is f ( x) less than that of g(x). Thus, g( x ) is expressible as the sum of a polynomial and a proper rational
function.
f ( x) Any proper rational function g( x ) can be expressed as the sum of rational functions, each having a
simple factor of g(x). Each such fraction is called a partial fraction and the process of obtained them is
f ( x) called the resolutions or decomposition of g( x ) into partial fractions. f(x) The resolution of g( x ) into partial fractions depends mainly upon the nature of the factors of g(x) as
discussed below.
CASE I When denominator is expressible as the product of non-repeating linear factors. Let g(x) = (x a1) (x a2) .....(x an ). Then, we assume that
A1 A2 An f(x) = + + ..... + g( x ) x a1 x a2 x an
where A1, A2, ...... An are constants and can be determined by equating the numerator on R.H.S. to the
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2.
dx
Ans.
x 2 ex 2xex + 2ex + C
Example :
Resolve
3x + 2 x 6x 2 + 11x 6 3x + 2
3
into partial fractions. 3x + 2 ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
Solution.
We have,
x 3 6 x 2 + 11x 6
Let
3x + 2 B A B = + + . Then, ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3) x3 x 1 x2 3x + 2 A( x 2)( x 3) + B( x 1)( x 3) + C( x 1)( x 2) = ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3) ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3) ...........(i)
3x + 2 = A(x 2) (x 3) + B (x 1) (x 3) + C(x 1) (x 2) Putting x 1 = 0 or x = 1 in (i), we get
5 = A(1 2) (1 3) A =
5 , 2
Putting x 2 = 0 or, x = 2 in (i), we obtain 8 = B (2 1) (2 3) B = 8. Putting x 3 = 0 or, x = 3 in (i), we obtain 11 = C (3 1) (3 2) C = 3x + 2 x 6 x + 11x 6

3 2
3x + 2 5 11 8 = + ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3) 2( x 1) 2 ( x 3) x2
Note : In order to determine the value of constants in the numerator of the partial fraction corresponding to the non-repeated linear factor px + q in the denominator of a rational expression, we may proceed as follows :
Replace x =
q (obtained by putting px + q = 0) everywhere in the given rational expression except in p
the factor px + q itself. For example, in the above illustration the value of A is obtained by replacing x by 1 in all factors of 3x + 2 except (x 1) i.e. ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
A=
3 1+ 2 5 = (1 2)(1 3) 2
Similarly, we have B= 3 2 +1 33 + 2 11 = 8 and, C = = (1 2)(2 3) (3 1)(3 2) 2
Example : Solution.
Resolve
x 3 6 x 2 + 10 x 2 x 2 5x + 6
into partial fractions.
Here the given function is an improper rational function. On dividing we get

x 3 6 x 2 + 10 x 2 x 5x + 6
2
=x1+
( x + 4) ( x 5 x + 6)
2
...........(i)
11 . 2
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numerator on L.H.S. and then substituting x = a1, a2, ........,an .
we have,
x + 4
x 5x + 6
x + 4 ( x 2)( x 3)
So, let
x + 4 B A = + x + 4 = A(x 3) + B(x 2) ( x 2)( x 3) x3 x2
...........(ii)
Putting x 3 = 0 or, x = 3 in (ii), we get 1 = B(1) B = 1. Putting x 2 = 0 or, x = 2 in (ii), we get 2 = A (2 3) A = 2

x + 4 1 2 = + ( x 2)( x 3) x3 x2
x 3 6 x 2 + 10 x 2 x 2 5x + 6
Hence
=x1
CASE II When the denominator g(x) is expressible as the product of the linear factors such that some of them are repeating.
1 1 Example g( x ) = this can be expressed as ( x a)k ( x a1 )( x a 2 ).......( x a r )
A3 B1 B2 Br A2 Ak A1 + 2 + 3 + ....+ k + ( x a ) + ( x a ) + ...... + ( x a ) xa ( x a) ( x a) ( x a) 1 2 r
Now to determine constants we equate numerators on both sides. Some of the constants are determined by substitution as in case I and remaining are obtained by The following example illustrate the procedure.
3x 2 ( x 1)2 ( x + 1)( x + 2) 3x 2 ( x 1) ( x + 1)( x + 2)
2
Example : Solution.
Resolve Let
into partial fractions, and evaluate
(x 1) ( x + 1)(x + 2)
2
(3x 2)dx
A2 A3 A1 A4 + + + ( x 1)2 x 1 x +1 x+2
3x 2 = A1 (x 1) (x + 1) (x + 2) + A2 (x + 1) (x + 2) + A3 (x 1)2 (x + 2) + A4 (x 1)2 (x + 1) .......(i) Putting x 1 = 0 or, x = 1 in (i) we get 1 1 = A2 (1 + 1) (1 + 2) A2 = 6 Putting x + 1 = 0 or, x = 1 in (i) we get 5 5 = A3 (2)2 (1 + 2) A3 = 4 Putting x + 2 = 0 or, x = 2 in (i) we get 8 8 = A4 (3)2 (1) A4 = 9 Now equating coefficient of x 3 on both sides, we get 0 = A1 + A3 + A4
A1 = A3 A4 =
3x 2
8 13 5 = 9 36 4
( x 1)2 ( x + 1)( x + 2)
1 13 5 8 + + 36( x 1) 4( x + 1) 9( x + 2) 6( x 1)2
and hence
13 36
( x 1) ( x + 1)( x + 2)
2
(3 x 2)dx
n |x 1|
1 5 6( x 1) 4
n |x + 1| +
8 9
n |x + 2| + c
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2 2 + x3 x2
CASE III When some of the factors of denominator g(x) are quadratic but non-repeating. Corresponding
to each quadratic factor ax 2 + bx + c, we assume partial fraction of the type
, where A and ax + bx + c B are constants to be determined by comparing coefficients of similar powers of x in the numerator of
2
Ax + B
both sides. In practice it is advisable to assume partial fractions of the type The following example illustrates the procedure
2x 1 ( x + 1)( x + 2) 2x 1 ( x + 1)( x 2 + 2) 2x 1 ( x + 1)( x 2 + 2)
2
A( 2ax + b) ax + bx + c
2
B ax + bx + c
2
Example :
Resolve
into partial fractions and evaluate

Bx + C A + 2 . Then, x +1 x +2
( x + 1)( x
2x 1
2
+ 2)
dx
Solution.
Let
A( x 2 + 2) + (Bx + C)( x + 1) ( x + 1)( x 2 + 2)
2x 1 ( x + 1)( x 2 + 2)
x +1 1 + 2 x +1 x +2
Hence
( x + 1)(x
2x 1
2
+ 2)
dx
1 2 1 2 x 2
= n |x + 1| +
n |x 2 + 1| +
tan1
+c
CASE IV When some of the factors of the denominator g(x) are quadratic and repeating fractions of the
A2 A 1( 2ax + b) A A 0 (2ax + b ) + + 2 1 + 2 form 2 2 2 ax + bx + c ax + bx + c ax + bx + c ax + bx + c
) (
A 2k A 2k 1(2ax + b) + + .......+ 2 k k 2 ax + bx + c ax + bx + c
) (
The following example illustrates the procedure.

Example:
Resolve
2x 3 ( x 1)( x 2 + 1)2 2x 3
Solution.
Let
( x 1)( x + 1)
Dx + E Bx + C A + 2 + 2 . Then, ( x + 1)2 x 1 x +1
2x 3 = A(x 2 + 1)2 + (Bx + C) (x 1) (x 2 + 1) + (Dx + E) (x 1) Putting x = 1 in (i), we get 1 = A (1 + 1)2 A =

1 4
......(i)
2x 1 = A (x 2 + 2) + (Bx + C) (x + 1) ...(i) Putting x + 1 = 0 or, x = 1 in (i), we get 3 = A(3) A = 1. Comparing coefficients of the like powers of x on both sides of (i), we get A + B = 0, C + 2A = 1 and C + B = 2 1 + B = 0, C 2 = 1 (Putting A = 1) B = 1, C = 1
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Putting A = B=
1 and solving these equations, we get 4
1 1 5 = C, D = and E = 4 2 2 2x 3 ( x 1)( x 2 + 1)2
x +1 x+5 1 + + 4( x 1) 4( x 2 + 1) 2( x 2 + 1)2
Example :
Resolve
2x x3 1 2x
3

2x ( x 1)( x 2 + x + 1)
Bx + C A + 2 . Then, x 1 x + x +1
Solution.
We have,
x 1
So, let
2x ( x 1)( x + x + 1)
2
2x = A (x 2 + x + 1) + (Bx + C) (x 1) Putting x 1 = 0 or, x = 1 in (i), we get 2 = 3 A A = Putting x = 0 in (i), we get A C = 0 C = A = Putting x = 1 in (i), we get 2 = A + 2B 2 C.
2 3 2 3
.......(i)
2=
2x x3 1
2 4 2 + 2B B= 3 3 3
2 2 / 3 x + 2 / 3 2x 2 2 1 1 . + or, , 3 = + 3 3 x 1 3 x 1 x2 + x + 1 x 1
1 x x2 + x + 1
Self Practice Problems 1.
(i)
( x + 2)(x + 3) dx
( x + 1)(x
dx
2
Ans.
x+2 +C x+3
(ii)
+ 1)
Ans.
1 1 1 n |x + 1| n (x 2 + 1) + tan1 (x) + C 2 4 2
7.
Int eg ra t i o n o f t y pe
ax 2 +bx +c ,
dx
dx ax +bx +c
2
ax 2 +bx + c
dx
Express ax 2 + bx + c in the form of perfect square & then apply the standard results.
Example : Solution.
Evaluate : We have,
x 2 + 2x + 5 dx
x 2 + 2x + 5
x 2 + 2x + 1 + 4 dx
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Equation coefficients of like powers of x, we have A + B = 0, C B = 0, 2A + B C + D = 0, C + E B D = 2 and A C E = 3.
= =
Example : Solution.
1 (x + 1) 2 1 (x + 1) 2
( x 1)2 + 2 2 +
1 . (2)2 log |(x + 1) + 2
( x + 1)2 + 2 2 | + C
x 2 2x + 5 + 2 log |(x + 1) + 1
2
x 2 + 2x + 5 | + C
Evaluate :
x +1
dx
x
=
1
2
x +1
dx
1 dx 1 1 x + +1 4 4 1
2
+ 3/4 1
dx
x 1/ 2 +C tan1 3 /2 3 /2
1
( x 1/ 2) + (
2
3 /2
dx =
Example : Solution.
1 { x 8 x 9} 1 { x 8 x + 16 25}
1
2 2
dx
dx
{( x 4)
5 }
dx =
1 5 ( x 4)2
2
x4 +C dx = sin1 5
2x
1
2
+ x 1
dx
Ans.
1 3
2x 1 2x + 2
+C
2.
1 2x + 3 x 2
2
dx
Ans.
3 3 2 log x + 4 + x + 2 x 1 + C 2
8.
Int eg ra t i o n
of
t y pe
dx,
ax 2 +bx +c
px + q
dx,
px +q ax +bx +c
2
(px + q)
ax 2 + bx + c dx
Express px + q = A (differential coefficient of denominator) + B.
Example :
Evaluate :
2x + 3 x + 4x + 1 dx
2
dx
Solution.
2x + 3 x + 4x + 1
2
2x 1 tan1 3 + C. 3 1 Evaluate : dx 9 + 8x x 2 1 dx 9 + 8x x 2
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( x 1/ 2)
( 2x + 4 ) 1 x 2 + 4x + 1 2x + 4 x + 4x + 1
dt t
2
dx
dx
1
1 x + 4x + 1
2
dx
( x + 2) 2
( 3)
dx, where t = x 2 + 4x + 1
=2
t log | (x + 2) +
x 2 + 4x + 1 | + C x 2 + 4x + 1 | + C
= 2 x 2 + 4 x + 1 log | x + 2 +
Example :
Evaluate :
( x 5)
x 2 + x dx
Solution.
Let (x 5) = .
d (x 2 + x) + . Then, dx x 5 = (2x + 1) + . Comparing coefficients of like powers of x, we get 1 11 and = 1 = 2 and + = 5 = 2 2
( x 5)
=
1
x 2 + x dx 11 x 2 + x dx 11 2 11 2
2
(2x + 1) 2 2
= =
2 (2x + 1)
1 2
x 2 + x dx x 2 + x dx
x 2 + x dx x 2 + x dx
2
(2x + 1)
1 = 2
11 t dt 2
1 1 x + 2 2
dx where t = x 2 + x
1 11 t3 / 2 = . 2 2 3/2
2 2 1 1 1 1 x + x + 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 x + + x + . log 2 2 2 + C 2 2
1 3/2 11 t 3 2
2x + 1 2 1 1 x +x n x + + x2 + x 4 8 2
+C
1 1 2 11 2x + 1 x 2 + x 1 n x + + x2 + x + C (x + x)3/2 4 8 2 3 2
x +1
2
+x+3
dx
Ans.
1 log |x 2 + x + 3| + 2
2x + 1 tan1 +C 11 11 1
6x 5 3 x 2 5x + 1 dx
Ans.
2.
3x 2 5x + 1 + C
098930 58881 , BHOPAL
3.
(x 1)
Ans.
1 + x + x 2 dx
1 3 (x 2 + x + 1) 3/2 (2x + 1) 3 8 9 2 1 + x + x 2 16 log (2x +1 + 2 x + x + 1 ) + C
9.
(i)
Integration of trigonometric functions
dx OR a + b sin 2 x
dx a + bcos 2 x
OR
dx a sin x + b sin x cos x + c cos 2 x

2
Multiply Nr & Dr by sec x & put tan x = t.
(ii)
OR
Hint: Convert sines & cosines into their respective tangents of half the angles and then, put tan
x =t 2
(iii)
a.cosx +b.sinx +c d dx. Express Nr A(Dr) + B (Dr) + c & proceed. .cosx +m.sinx +n dx
Evaluate :
=
Example : Solution.
1 + sin x + cos x
1
dx
1 + sin x + cos x
1 1+ 2 tan x / 2 1 + tan2 x / 2
dx
=
=
1 tan2 x / 2 dx 1 + tan 2 x / 2 dx =
1 + tan
1 + tan 2 x / 2
2
x / 2 + 2 tan x / 2 + 1 tan x / 2
sec 2 x / 2 dx 2 + 2 tan x / 2
Putting tan
1
x 1 x = t and sec2 dx = dt, we get 2 2 2

tan x +1 + C 2
t + 1 dt = log | t + 1| + C = log 3 cos x + 2 sin x

dx
3 sin x + 2 cos x
Example : Solution.
Evaluate : =
dx
3 cos x + 2 sin x
3 sin x + 2 cos x
Let 3 sin x + 2 cos x = .
d (3 cos x + 2 sin x ) + (3 cos x + 2 sin x) dx
3 sin x + 2 cos x = (3 sin x + 2 cos x) + (3 cos x + 2 sin x ) Comparing the coefficients of sin x and cos x on both sides, we get
3 + 2 = 3 and 2 + 3 = 2 =
12 5 and = 13 13
( 3 sin x + 2 cos x ) + (3 cos x + 2 sin x ) dx 3 cos x + 2 sin x
098930 58881 , BHOPAL
dx a + bsinx
dx OR a + bcosx
dx a + b sin x + c cos x
1 . dx
3 cos x + 2 sin x
3 sin x + 2 cos x
dx
=x+
dt , where t = 3 cos x + 2 sin x t 5 12 x+ 13 13
=x+ n|t|+C=
Example : Solution.
n | 3 cos x + 2 sin x | + C
Evaluate : We have, =
sin x + 2 cos x + 3
dx
3 cos x + 2
dx
Let 3 cos x + 2 = (sin x + 2 cos x + 3) + (cos x 2 sin x) + Comparing the coefficients of sin x, cos x and constant term on both sides, we get 2 = 0, 2 + = 3, 3 + = 2
= =
6 3 8 , and = 5 5 5
(sin x + 2 cos x + 3) + (cos x 2 sin x ) + dx sin x + 2 cos x + 3
= x + log | sin x + 2 cos x + 3 | + 1, where
1 =
sin x + 2 cos x + 3
dx
1 tan 2 x / 2 1 + tan 2 x / 2
Putting, sin x =
2 tan x / 2 1 + tan x / 2 1
2
, cos x =
we get
1 =
2 tan x / 2 1 + tan2 x / 2
2(1 tan2 x / 2) 1 + tan2 x / 2 1 + tan2 x / 2

2
dx +3
2 tan x / 2 + 2 2 tan
tan
sec 2 x / 2
2
x / 2 + 3(1 + tan2 x / 2) dx
dx
x / 2 + 2 tan x / 2 + 5
Putting tan 1 =
x 1 x = t and sec 2 = dt or 2 2 2
sec 2
x dx = 2 dt, we get 2
2dt
2
+ 2t + 5
dt
2
=2
(t + 1)
+ 22
x tan + 1 t + 1 2 2 = tan1 = tan1 2 2 2

x tan + 1 2 +C 2
Hence, = x + log | sin x + 2 cos x + 3 | + tan1
dx + sin x + 2 cos x + 3
cos x 2 sin x
dx +
sin x + 2 cos x + 3
dx
098930 58881 , BHOPAL
sin x + 2 cos x + 3
3 cos x + 2
where =
6 3 8 ,= and = 5 5 5
Example :
1 + 3 cos
=
dx
Solution.
sec 2 x dx tan 2 x + 4
tan x 1 +C tan1 2 2
5 sin x + 4 cos x
4 sin x + 5 cos x
dx
Ans.
40 9 x+ log |5sinx + 4cosx| + C 41 41
1 0 . Integration of type
sin
x. cos n x dx
Example: Solution.
sin
put
x cos 4 x dx cos x = t = = = =
sinx dx = dt
2 2
(1 t (t (t
4 8
) . t 4 . dt
2t 2 + 1) t 4 dt 2t 6 + t 4 ) dt
t9 t5 2t 7 + +c 9 5 7 cos 9 x cos 5 x cos7 x +2 +c 9 5 7
=
Example : Solution.
Ans.
(sin x) (sin x)
= put = = =
1/ 3
(cos x ) 7 / 3 dx (cos x ) 7 / 3 dx 1
1/ 3
(tan x) t
1/ 3
1/ 3
cos 2 x tanx = t dt
dx
sec2x dx = dt
3 4/3 t +c 4 3 (tanx) 4/3 + c 4
Ans.
Case - If m and n are even natural number then converts higher power into higher angles. Case - If at least m or n is odd natural number then if m is odd put cosx = t and vice-versa. Case - When m + n is a negative even integer then put tan x = t.
098930 58881 , BHOPAL
Example : Solution.
sin
1 8
x cos 4 x dx
2
sin
1 8
2x(1 + cos 2x )dx

2
sin
2x dx +
1 8
sin
1 16
2x cos 2x dx
1 = 16
(1 cos 4 x ) dx +
sin3 2x 3
x2 1 dx where K is any constant. x 4 + Kx 2 + 1

1 = t. x
Divide Nr & Dr by x & put x

1 x2 1+ x2 + x4
Solution.
1 1 2 dx x 1 x2 + 2 + 1 x
x+
1 =t x
1 2
dt t 1 n
t 1 t +1
2
+C
1 2
1 1 x +C 1 x + +1 x x+
Example : Solution.
Evaluate :
1
4
+1
dx
We have, 1 = dx x4 + 1
x2
2
1 x2 2
dx
1 = 2
x2
2
1 x2
dx
Example :
dx
098930 58881 , BHOPAL
1 sin 4 x sin 3 2x + +c 16 64 48
1 = 2
1 1 1 2 x2 x 1 1 dx x2 + 2 x2 + 2 x x 1+ 1+
2
1 x
2
1 2
1 1 dx 2 + 2 x
1
2
x2 1 dx + 2 x
1 1
Putting x
1 2 1
1 1 = u in 1st integral and x + = in 2nd integral, we get x x du

2
u + ( 2)
2
1 2
( 2)
2
x 1/ x x + 1/ x 2 1 tan1 log +C x + 1/ x + 2 2 2 2 4 2 1
x 2 1 x2 2 x + 1 1 tan1 log +C x2 + x 2 + 1 2 2 4 2 2x
1
Self Practice Problem :

1 3 x 1 x+ +3 x x+
1.
x 1 x 7x + 1
4 2
dx
Ans.
1 6
+C
2.
tan x dx
Ans.
y 1 tan1 + 2 2 2 2
y 2 n y+ 2 + C where y = tan x
1 tan x
1 2 . Int eg ra t i o n
of
OR
t y pe
(ax + b) px + q
Example: Solution.
dx
(ax 2 +bx + c )
1 x +1
dx
px +q
; put px + q = t2.
Evaluate : Let =
( x 3)
1
dx
( x 3)
=
x +1
dx
Here, P and Q both are linear, so we put Q = t 2 i.e. x + 1 = t 2 and dx = 2t dt
(t
1
2
2t
1 3) t 2
dt
u 2 1 1 tan1 log +C + 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
098930 58881 , BHOPAL
1 = 2
1 1 x2 dx 2 2 1 x + 2 x 1+
x2 dx 2 1 x + 2 x
=2
dt
2
=2.
t2 1 log +C t+2 2( 2)
1 log 2
x +1 2 x +1+ 2 + C.
Example :
Evaluate :
(x
2
x+2
2
+ 3x + 3) x + 1 x+2
dx
Solution.
Let =
(x
+ 3x + 3) x + 1
dx
Putting x + 1 = t 2, and dx = 2t dt, we get =
{(t
dt
1)2 + 3( t 2 1) + 3} t 2
=2
( t 2 + 1)
4
+ t2 + 1
dt = 2
1+
2
1 t2 1 +1
t2
=2
2 3
tan1
u 2 tan1 3 +C= 3
1 t t +C 3
x +C 3 ( x + 1)
t 2 1 2 tan1 +C= tan1 3 3 t 3
dx
(ax
+ b) px 2 + qx + r
, put ax + b =
1 t
(ax 2 + b) px 2 +q , put x =
dx
1 t
Example :
(x + 1 ) x 2 + x + 1
=
dx
Solution
dt 1 t2 t dt t t +1
2
1 1 1 + t t
dt 1 1 +1 t2 t
dt 1 3 t + 2 4
u + ( 3)
2
du
where t
1 = u. t
098930 58881 , BHOPAL
( t 2 + 1) 2t dt
2 1 1 3 = n t + t + + C 4 2 2
Example :
(1 + x
dx
2
) 1 x 2
1 t
Solution.
Put x = put
(t
dt
2
+ 1) t 2 1
t 2 1 = y2 =
+ 2) y
1 x2 tan1 2x 2
+C
Self Practice Problems : 1.
dx ( x + 2) x + 1 dx ( x + 5x + 6) x + 1
2
Ans.
2 tan1
( (
x +1 + C
2.
Ans.
2 tan1
x +1
x +1 1 +C 2 tan 2
3.
dx ( x + 1) 1 + x x 2
Ans.
sin1
3 1 2 x +1 +C 5 2
4.
dx (2x 2 + 1) 1 x 2 dx ( x 2 + 2 x + 2) x 2 + 2 x 4
Ans.
1 3
tan
1 x 2 3 x2 + C
5.
Ans.
x 2 + 2x 4 6 ( x + 1) n 2 +C 2 6 x + 2 x 4 + 6 ( x + 1 ) 1
1 4 . Int eg ra t i o n
of
t y pe
put x = cos2 + sin 2
x dx or x
(x )( x ) ; (x )(x ) ;
x dx or x
put x = sec2 tan 2
dx ; (x )(x )
put x = t2 or x = t2.
098930 58881 , BHOPAL
(y
y dy
y tan1 +C 2
1 5 . Red u c t io n
fo rmu l a
of
(sec
tann x dx ,
cot
x dx ,
sec
x dx ,
cosec x dx
n
1.
n =

tan
x dx =
tan
2
x tann2 x dx =
x 1) tann 2x dx
n = n =
sec
x tann2 + dx n 2
tann1 x n 2 n 1
2.
n =

x dx =
. cot n2 x dx =
n 2
x dx
n =
cos ec
x cot n2 x dx n 2
n =
cot n1 x n 2 n 1
3.
n =

sec
x dx =
sec
x sec n2 x dx
n = tanx sec n 2x
n3
x. secx tanx dx.
n = tanx sec n 2 x dx (n 2) (sec2 x 1) sec n 2x dx (n 1) n = tanx sec n 2x + (n 2) n 2 n =

n2 tan x sec n 2 x + n 1 n 2 n 1
n 2
4.
n =

cos ec dx = cos ec
x cosecn 2 x dx
n = cotx cosecn 2x +
(cot x)(n 2) ( cosec

cot
2
n3
x cosec x cot x) dx
cotx cosecn 2x (n 2)
x cos ec n 2 x dx
2
n = cotx cosecn 2x (n 2)
(cos ec
x 1) cosec n 2 x dx
(n 1) n = cotx cosecn 2 x + (n 2) 2n 2 n =
n2 cot x cos ec n2 x + n 1 n 2 n 1
Example : Solution.
Obtain reducation formula for n = n =
sin x dx. Hence evaluate sin x dx

n 4
(sin x) (sin x)

n 1
dx
= cos x (sin x)n1 + (n 1) = cos x (sin x)n1 + (n 1)
(sin x) (sin x)
n2
cos2x dx (1 sin2x) dx
n 2
n = cos x (sin x)n1 + (n 1) n2 (n 1) n
(tan x)(n 2) sec
098930 58881 , BHOPAL
cot
cot
(cos ec x 1) cot
n =
(n 1) cos x(sin x )n1 + n2 n n
(n 2)
Hence 4 =
Self Practice Problems : 1.
3 cos x(sin x ) + 1 x cos x(sin x )3 +C + 2 2 4 4
x3 dx x4 dx [( x 1)(2 x )]
3/2
Ans.
( x 3)( x 4 ) + n
x 3 + x 4 + C
2.
Ans.
x 1 2x 8 2 x x 1 + C
3.
dx [( x + 2)8 ( x 1)6 ]1/ 7
Ans.
x 1 7 x +2
1/ 7
+C
4.
Deduce the reduction formula for n =

x 4(n 1)(1 + x 4 )n1
x
dx (1 + x 4 )n
and Hence evaluate 2 =
dx (1 + x 4 )2
Ans.
1 x x+ 3 1 1 1 x tan n 2 = + 4 4 (1 + x ) 4 2 2 2 4 2 x+
1 2 x + C 1 + 2 x
5.
If
m,n = m,n =
(sin x)
(cos x)n dx then prove that
n 1 (sin x )m+1(cos x )n1 + . m + n m,n2 m+n
n =
4n 5 4(n 1) n1
098930 58881 , BHOPAL

35 Integration Full Part 1 of 5

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jfpr% ekuo /keZ iz.ksrk ln~xq# Jh j.kNksM+nklth egkjkt

Students Name :______________________ Class Roll No. :______________________ :______________________

: (0755) 32 00 000, 98930 58881,

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Indefinite & Definite Itegration 1 of 89

If f & g are functions of x such that g (x) = f(x) then,

d {g(x)+c} = f(x), where c is called the constant of integration . dx

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1 tan(ax + b) + c a 1 cot(ax + b)+ c a 1 sec (ax + b) + c a 1 cosec (ax + b) + c a

sec (ax + b). tan (ax + b) dx =

cosec (ax + b). cot (ax + b) dx =

secx dx = ln (secx + tanx) + c

cosec x dx = ln (cosecx cotx) + c OR ln tan

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Indefinite & Definite Itegration 2 of 89

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e ax (a sin bx b cos bx) + c a 2 + b2 e ax (a cos bx + b sin bx) + c a 2 + b2

(f ( x) g(x)) dx = f ( x)dx g(x) dx

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Indefinite & Definite Itegration 3 of 89

= h(x) + c g(x) = f(x) & g(x) h(x) = 0 means, g(x) h(x) = c

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x1/ 2 x3 x4 +5. 4x + 7 log | x | + 2 1/ 2 + C 3 4

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Indefinite & Definite Itegration 4 of 89

(2 sin x cos x) sin

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1 x 3x 1 1 +C= . tan1 tan1 + C 9 (2 / 3) 6 2/3 2

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

(3 sin 2x sin 6x) dx

Indefinite & Definite Itegration 5 of 89

Self Practice Problems

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2 Evaluate (1 + sin x ) cos x dx

Put sinx = t cosx dx = dt

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Indefinite & Definite Itegration 6 of 89

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( f ( x ))1n 1 n Take x n common & put 1 + x n = t.

n N, take x n common & put 1+x n = tn

take x n common as x and put 1 + x n = t.

Self Practice Problems 1. 2.

sec 2 x dx 1 + tan x sin( nx ) dx x

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Indefinite & Definite Itegration 7 of 89

when you find integral

g( x) dx then it will not contain arbitarary constant.

g(x) dx should be taken as same both terms.

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sin 3x dx. Then,

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

Indefinite & Definite Itegration 8 of 89

sin 3 x 1 2x 2 2 x sin 3 x 2e 2 x dx e cos 3x + e 3 3 3 3

1 2x 2 4 e cos 3x + e2x sin 3x 3 9 9

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4 e2x = (2 sin 3x 3 cos 3x) 9 9

13 e2x = (2 sin 3x 3 cos 3x) 9 9

Note : (i) (ii)

ex [f(x) + f (x)] dx = ex. f(x) + c [f(x) + xf (x)] dx = x f(x) + c

x x 1 2 sin cos 2 2 x dx 2 sin2 2

e2x (2 sin 3x 3 cos 3x) + C 13

098930 58881 , BHOPAL

1 2x 2 4 e cos 3x + e2x sin 3x 3 9 9

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