1.1: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) km 61 . 1 cm 10 km 1 . in cm 54 . 2 ft in.

12 mi ft 5280 mi 1
5
=
Although rounded to three figures, this conversion is exact because the given conversion
from inches to centimeters defines the inch.

1.2: . in 9 . 28
cm 54 . 2
in 1
L 1
cm 1000
L 473 . 0
3
3
3
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|



1.3: The time required for light to travel any distance in a vacuum is the distance
divided by the speed of light;
ns. 10 3.33 s 10 33 . 3
s m 10 3.00
m 10
3 6
8
3
= =

1.4: .
m
kg
10 13 . 1
m 1
cm 100
g 1000
kg 1
cm
g
3 . 11
3
4
3
3
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|



1.5: ( ) ( ) ( ) L. 36 . 5 cm 1000 L 1 in cm 54 . 2 in 327
3 3 3
=


1.6: .
. oz 16
bottle 1
gal 1
. oz 128
L 788 . 3
gal 1
m 1
L 1000
m 1
3
3
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

bottles 2112 bottles 9 . 2111 =

The daily consumption must then be
.
da
bottles
78 . 5
da 24 . 365
yr 1
yr
bottles
10 11 . 2
3
=
|
|
.
|

\
|


1.7: ( ) ( ) . hr km 2330 mi km 61 . 1 hr mi 1450 =
( ) ( ) s. m 648 s 3600 hr 1 km m 10 hr km 2330
3
=


1.8: .
h
mi
67
h 24
day 1
day 14
fortnight 1
furlongs 8
mile 1
fortnight
furlongs
000 , 180 =
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|



1.9: .
gal
mi
3 . 35
gal 1
L 788 . 3
km 1.609
mi 1
L
km
0 . 15 =
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|


1.10: a)
s
ft
88
mi 1
ft 5280

s 3600
h 1

hr
mi
60 =
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|


b)
2 2
s
m
8 . 9
cm 100
m 1

ft 1
cm 48 . 30

s
ft
32 =
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|



c)
3
3
3
3
m
kg
10
g 1000
kg 1

m 1
cm 100

cm
g
1.0 =
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|




1.11: The density is mass per unit volume, so the volume is mass divided by density.
( ) ( )
3 3 3
cm 3077 cm g 5 . 19 g 10 60 = = V
Use the formula for the volume of a sphere, ,
3
4
3
r V =
to calculate ( ) cm 0 . 9 4 3 :
3 / 1
= = V r r



1.12: % 58 . 0 100 ) s 10 (3.16 s) 10 s 10 16 . 3 (
7 7 7
=


1.13: a) %. 10 1 . 1
m 10 890
m 10
3
3

=

b) Since the distance was given as 890 km, the total distance should be 890,000
meters.
To report the total distance as 890,010 meters, the distance should be given as
890.01 km.


1.14: a) ( ) ( )
2
mm 72 mm 98 . 5 mm 12 = (two significant figures).
b)
mm 12
mm 98 . 5
=0.50 (also two significant figures).
c) 36 mm (to the nearest millimeter).
d) 6 mm.
e) 2.0.



1.15: a) If a meter stick can measure to the nearest millimeter, the error will be about
%. 13 . 0 b) If the chemical balance can measure to the nearest milligram, the error will be
about %. 10 3 . 8
3
c) If a handheld stopwatch (as opposed to electric timing devices) can
measure to the nearest tenth of a second, the error will be about %. 10 8 . 2
2




1.16: The area is 9.69 0.07 cm
2
, where the extreme values in the pieces length and
width are used to find the uncertainty in the area. The fractional uncertainty in the
area is
2
2
cm 69 . 9
cm 07 . 0
=0.72%, and the fractional uncertainties in the length and width are
cm 5.10
cm 01 . 0
=0.20% and
cm 1.9
cm 0.01
=0.53%.





1.17: a) The average volume is
( )
( )
3
2
cm 8 . 2 cm 050 . 0
4
cm 50 . 8
=
(two significant figures) and the uncertainty in the volume, found from the extreme
values of the diameter and thickness, is about
3
cm 3 . 0 , and so the volume of a
cookie is . cm 3 . 0 8 . 2
3
(This method does not use the usual form for progation of errors,
which is not addressed in the text. The fractional uncertainty in the thickness is so much
greater than the fractional uncertainty in the diameter that the fractional uncertainty in the
volume is % 10 , reflected in the above answer.)

b) . 20 170
05 .
50 . 8
=

1.18: (Number of cars miles/car
.
day)/mi/gal =gallons/day
(2 10
8
cars 10000 mi/yr/car 1 yr/365 days)/(20 mi/gal) =2.75 10
8
gal/day


1.19: Ten thousand; if it were to contain ten million, each sheet would be on the order
of a millionth of an inch thick.


1.20: If it takes about four kernels to fill 1 cm
3
, a 2-L bottle will hold about 8000
kernels.


1.21: Assuming the two-volume edition, there are approximately a thousand pages, and
each page has between 500 and a thousand words (counting captions and the smaller
print, such as the end-of-chapter exercise and problems), so an estimate for the number of
words is about
6
10 .


1.22: Assuming about 10 breaths per minutes, 60 24 minutes per day, 365 days per
year, and a lifespan of fourscore (80) years, the total volume of air breathed in a lifetime
is about
3 5
m 10 2 . This is the volume of a room m 20 m 100 m 100 , which is kind of
tight for a major-league baseball game, but its the same order of magnitude as the
volume of the Astrodome.


1.23: This will vary from person to person, but should be of the order of
5
10 1 .


1.24: With a pulse rate of a bit more than one beat per second, a heart will beat 10
5

times per day. With 365 days in a year and the above lifespan of 80 years, the number of
beats in a lifetime is about
9
10 3 . With
20
1
L (50 cm
3
) per beat, and about
4
1
gallon per
liter, this comes to about
7
10 4 gallons.


1.25: The shape of the pile is not given, but gold coins stacked in a pile might well be in
the shape of a pyramid, say with a height of m 2 and a base m 3 m 3 . The volume of
such a pile is
3
m 6 , and the calculations of Example 1-4 indicate that the value of this
volume is . 10 6 $
8



1.26: The surface area of the earth is about
2 14 2
m 10 5 4 = R , where R is the radius of
the earth, about m 10 6
6
, so the surface area of all the oceans is about
2 14
m 10 4 . An
average depth of about 10 km gives a volume of
3 24 3 18
cm 10 4 m 10 4 = . Characterizing
the size of a drop is a personal matter, but 25
3
cm drops is reasonable, giving a total of
26
10 drops of water in the oceans.


1.27: This will of course depend on the size of the school and who is considered a
"student''. A school of thousand students, each of whom averages ten pizzas a year
(perhaps an underestimate) will total 10
4
pizzas, as will a school of 250 students
averaging 40 pizzas a year each.


1.28: The moon is about mm 10 4 m 10 4
11 8
= away. Depending on age, dollar
bills can be stacked with about 2-3 per millimeter, so the number of bills in a stack
to the moon would be about 10
12
. The value of these bills would be $1 trillion (1
terabuck).



1.29: ( ) ( ) . bills of number bill Area USA of Area =
( ) ( )
. inhabitant million $3.6 s inhabitant 10 5 . 2 bills 10 9
bills 10 9 cm 10 m 1 cm 6.7 cm 6 . 15 km m 10 km 571 , 372 , 9
8 14
14 2 4 2 2 2 6 2
=
=



1.30:



1.31:


east of north 38 km, 8 . 7


1.32:



a) 11.1 m @
o
6 . 77
b) 28.5 m @
o
202
c) 11.1 m @
o
258
d) 28.5 m @
o
22


1.33:



west. of south 41 m, 144




1.34:




1.35: ( ) ( ) m. 6 . 9 37.0 cos m 0 . 12 m, 2 . 7 37.0 sin m 0 . 12 ; = = = =

y x
A A A
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) m. 2 . 5 60.0 sin m 0 . 6 m, 0 . 3 60.0 cos m 0 . 6 ;
m. 6 . 9 40.0 sin m 0 . 15 m, 5 . 11 40.0 cos m 0 . 15 ;
= = = =
= = = =

y x
y x
C C
B B
C
B



1.36: 500 . 0
m 2.00
m 00 . 1
tan (a) =

= =
X
y
A
A


( )
( )
( )
( )

207 6 . 26 180 500 . 0 tan
500 . 0
m 2.00
m 00 . 1
tan (d)
153 6 . 26 180 500 . 0 tan
500 . 0
m 2.00
m 00 . 1
tan ) (
6 . 26 500 . 0 tan
500 . 0
m 2.00
m 00 . 1
tan (b)
333 6 . 26 360 500 . 0 tan
1
1
1
1
= + = =
=

= =
= = =
=

= =
= =
= = =
= = =

A
A

A
A
c

A
A

x
y
x
y
x
y




1.37: Take the +x-direction to be forward and the +y-direction to be upward. Then the
second force has components N 433 4 . 32 cos
2 2
= =

F F
x
and N. 275 4 . 32 sin
2 2
= =

F F
y

The first force has components . 0 and N 725
1 1
= =
y x
F F
N 1158
2 1
= + =
x x x
F F F and N 275
2 1
= + =
y y y
F F F

The resultant force is 1190 N in the direction

13.4 above the forward direction.

1.38: (The figure is given with the solution to Exercise 1.31).

The net northward displacement is (2.6 km) +(3.1 km) sin 45
o
=4.8 km, and the
net eastward displacement is (4.0 km) +(3.1 km) cos 45
o
=6.2 km. The
magnitude of the resultant displacement is
2 2
) km 2 . 6 ( ) km 8 . 4 ( + =7.8 km, and
the direction is arctan ( )
2 . 6
8 . 4
=38
o
north of east.



1.39: Using components as a check for any graphical method, the components of B

are
m 4 . 14 =
x
B and m, 8 . 10 =
y
B A

has one component, m 12 =

x
A .
a) The - x and - y components of the sum are 2.4 m and 10.8 m, for a magnitude
of ( ) ( ) m, 1 . 11 m 8 . 10 m 2.4
2 2
= + , and an angle of . 6 . 77
2.4
10.8

=
|
.
|

\
|

b) The magnitude and direction of A + B are the same as B + A.
c) The x- and y-components of the vector difference are 26.4 m and
m, 8 . 10 for a magnitude of m 28.5 and a direction arctan ( ) . 202
4 . 26
8 . 10

=

Note that

180 must be added to ( ) ( )

22 arctan arctan
4 . 26
8 . 10
4 . 26
8 . 10
= =

in order to give an angle in the

third quadrant.

d) .

m 8 . 10

m 4 . 26

m 0 . 12

m 8 . 10

m 4 . 14 j i i j i A B + = + + =


( ) ( ) . 2 . 22
26.4
10.8
arctan of angle and at m 5 . 28 m 8 . 10 m 26.4 Magnitude
2 2
=
|
.
|

\
|
= + =


1.40: Using Equations (1.8) and (1.9), the magnitude and direction of each of the given
vectors is:

a)
2 2
) cm 20 . 5 ( ) cm 6 . 8 ( + =10.0 cm, arctan ( )
60 . 8
20 . 5

=148.8
o
(which is
180
o
31.2
o
).

b)
2 2
) m 45 . 2 ( ) m 7 . 9 ( + =10.0 m, arctan ( )
7 . 9
45 . 2

=14
o
+180
o
=194
o
.

c)
2 2
) km 70 . 2 ( ) km 75 . 7 ( + =8.21 km, arctan ( )
75 . 7
7 . 2
=340.8
o
(which is
360
o
19.2
o
).


1.41:



The total northward displacement is km, 75 . 1 km 50 . 1 km 3.25 = , and the total
westward displacement is km 4.75 . The magnitude of the net displacement is
( ) ( ) km. 06 . 5 km 75 . 4 km 1.75
2 2
= + The south and west displacements are the same, so
The direction of the net displacement is

69.80 West of North.

1.42: a) The x- and y-components of the sum are 1.30 cm +4.10 cm =5.40 cm,
2.25 cm +(3.75 cm) =1.50 cm.

b) Using Equations (1-8) and (1-9),

2 2
) cm 50 . 1 ( ) cm 0 4 . 5 ( = 5.60 cm, arctan ( )
40 . 5
50 . 1
+

=344.5
o
ccw.

c) Similarly, 4.10 cm (1.30 cm) =2.80 cm, 3.75 cm (2.25 cm) =6.00 cm.

d)
2 2
) cm 0 . 6 ( ) cm 80 . 2 ( + = 6.62 cm, arctan ( )
80 . 2
00 . 6
=295
o
(which is 360
o
65


1.43: a) The magnitude of B A

+ is
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
cm 48 . 2
60.0 sin cm 90 . 1 0 . 60 sin cm 2.80
60.0 cos cm 90 . 1 60.0 cos cm 80 . 2
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+



and the angle is
( ) ( )
( ) ( )



18
0 . 60 cos cm 90 . 1 60.0 cos cm 2.80
0 . 60 sin cm 90 . 1 60.0 sin cm 2.80
arctan =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

b) The magnitude of B A

is
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
cm 10 . 4
60.0 sin cm 90 . 1 0 . 60 sin cm 2.80
60.0 cos cm 90 . 1 60.0 cos cm 80 . 2
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +




and the angle is
( ) ( )
( ) ( )



84
0 . 60 cos cm 90 . 1 60.0 cos cm 2.80
0 . 60 sin cm 90 . 1 60.0 sin cm 2.80
arctan =
|
|
.
|

\
|

+

c) ( ) . 264 180 84 is angle the and cm 4.10 is magnitude the ;


= + = B A A B




1.44:

A = (12.0 m) i

. More precisely,

( )( ) ( )( ) . 180 sin m 0 12 180 cos m 0 12 j i A


. . + =

( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) j i j i B

m 8 . 10

m 4 . 14

37 sin m 0 18

37 cos m 0 18 + = + =

. .


1.45: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) j i j i A

m 6 . 9

m 2 . 7

37.0 cos m 0 . 12

37.0 sin m 0 . 12 + = + =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) j i j i C
j i j i B

m 2 . 5

m 0 . 3

60.0 sin m 0 . 6

60.0 cos m 0 . 6

m 6 . 9

m 5 . 11

40.0 sin m 0 . 15

40.0 cos m 0 . 15
= =
= =

1.46: a) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) j i j i A

m 38 . 3

m 23 . 1

0 . 70 sin m 60 . 3

0 . 70 cos m 60 . 3 + = + =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) j i j i B

m 20 . 1

m 08 . 2

30.0 sin m 40 . 2

30.0 cos m 40 . 2 + = =

b)
( ) ( )B A C

00 . 4 00 . 3 =

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) j i
j i j i

94 . 14

m 01 . 12

m 20 . 1 00 . 4

m 08 . 2 00 . 4

m 38 . 3 00 . 3

m 23 . 1 00 . 3
+ =
+ =


(Note that in adding components, the fourth figure becomes significant.)
c) From Equations (1.8) and (1.9),
( ) ( )

2 . 51
m 12.01
m 14.94
arctan m, 17 . 19 m 94 . 14 m 01 . 12
2 2
=
|
.
|

\
|
= + = C


1.47: a) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 39 . 5 00 . 2 00 . 5 , 00 . 5 00 . 3 00 . 4
2 2 2 2
= + = = + = B A

b) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) j i j i B A

00 . 5

00 . 1

00 . 2 00 . 5

00 . 3 00 . 4 + = + =


c) ( ) ( )

3 . 101
1.00 -
5.00
arctan , 10 . 5 00 . 5 1.00
2 2
=
|
.
|

\
|
= +

d)




1.48: a) 1 3 1 1 1

2 2 2
= + + = + + k j i so it is not a unit vector

b)
2 2 2
z y x
A A A + + = A

If any component is greater than +1 or less than 1, 1 A

, so it cannot be a unit
vector. A

can have negative components since the minus sign goes away when the
component is squared.


c)
( ) ( )
1 25
1 0 . 4 0 . 3
1
2
2 2 2 2
=
= +
=
a
a a
A

20 . 0
0 . 5
1
= = a


1.49: a) Let ,

j i A
y x
A A + =

.

j i B
y x
B B + =

( ) ( )
( ) ( )j i A B
j i B A


y y x x
y y x x
A B A B
B A B A
+ + + = +
+ + + = +




Scalar addition is commutative, so A B B A

+ = +

y y x x
y y x x
A B A B
B A B A
+ =
+ =
A B
B A




Scalar multiplication is commutative, so A B B A

=

b) ( ) ( ) ( )k j i B A

x y y x z x x z y z z y
B A B A B A B A B A B A + + =


( ) ( ) ( )

k j i A B
x y y x z x x z y z z y
A B A B A B A B A B A B + + =


Comparison of each component in each vector product shows that one is the
negative of the other.


1.50: Method 1: ( ) cos magnitudes of oduct Pr

( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
m 5 . 71 187 cos m 6 m 12 cos AC
m 6 . 15 80 cos m 6 m 15 cos BC
m 4 . 9 93 cos m 15 m 12 cos AB
= =
= =
= =

Method 2: (Sum of products of components)

( )
2
2
2
m 5 . 71 ) 20 . 5 (9.58)( ) 0 . 3 ( ) 22 . 7 (
m 6 . 15 ) 20 . 5 9.64)( ( ) 0 . 3 11.49)( (
m 4 . 9 9.64) (9.58)( (11.49) 22 . 7
= + =
= + =
= + =
C A
C B
B A




1.51: a) From Eq.(1.21),

( )( ) ( )( ) . 00 . 14 00 . 2 00 . 3 00 . 5 00 . 4 = + = B A



b) ( ) ( ) | | ( ) . 7 . 58 .5195 arccos 39 . 5 00 . 5 00 . 14 arccos so , cos AB

= = = = B A


1.52: For all of these pairs of vectors, the angle is found from combining Equations
(1.18) and (1.21), to give the angle as

. arccos arccos
|
|
.
|

\
| +
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
AB
B A B A
AB
y y x x
B A



In the intermediate calculations given here, the significant figures in the dot
products and in the magnitudes of the vectors are suppressed.

a) , 13 , 40 , 22 = = = B A B A

and so

165
13 40
22
arccos =
|
|
.
|

\
|

= .

b) , 136 , 34 , 60 = = = B A B A

28
136 34
60
arccos = |
.
|

\
|
= .

c) . 90 , 0 = = B A




1.53: Use of the right-hand rule to find cross products gives (a) out of the page and b)
into the page.


1.54: a) From Eq. (1.22), the magnitude of the cross product is

( )( ) ( )
2
m 130 37 180 sin m 0 . 18 m 0 . 12 =



The right-hand rule gives the direction as being into the page, or the z-direction. Using
Eq. (1.27), the only non-vanishing component of the cross product is

( ) ( ) ( )
2
m 130 37 sin m 0 . 18 m 12 = = =

y x z
B A C

b) The same method used in part (a) can be used, but the relation given in Eq.
(1.23) gives the result directly: same magnitude (130 m
2
), but the opposite
direction (+z-direction).



1.55: In Eq. (1.27), the only non-vanishing component of the cross product is

( )( ) ( )( ) , 00 . 23 00 . 5 00 . 3 00 . 2 00 . 4 = = =
x y y x z
B A B A C
so ( ) ,

00 . 23 k B A =

and the magnitude of the vector product is 23.00.



1.56: a) From the right-hand rule, the direction of B A

is into the page (the
z-direction). The magnitude of the vector product is, from Eq. (1.22),

( )( ) . cm 61 . 4 120 sin cm 90 . 1 cm 80 . 2 sin
2
= =

AB
Or, using Eq. (1.27) and noting that the only non-vanishing component is


( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
cm 61 . 4
0 . 60 cos cm 90 . 1 0 . 60 sin cm 80 . 2
60 sin cm 90 . 1 0 . 60 cos cm 80 . 2
=

=
=


x y y x z
B A B A C



gives the same result.

b) Rather than repeat the calculations, Eq. (1-23) may be used to see that
A B

has magnitude 4.61 cm
2
and is in the +z-direction (out of the page).




1.57: a) The area of one acre is , mi mi mi
2
640
1
80
1
8
1
= so there are 640 acres to a square
mile.

b) ( )
2
2
2
ft 560 , 43
mi 1
ft 5280
acre 640
mi 1
acre 1 =
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|


(all of the above conversions are exact).

c) (1 acre-foot) ( ) gal, 10 26 . 3
ft 1
gal 477 . 7
ft 560 , 43
5
3
3
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
which is rounded to three significant figures.


1.58: a) ( ) . m 12 $ m ft 77 10 ) ft 43560 acre 1 ( acres) 102 000 , 950 , 4 ($
2 2 2 2
= .
b) . in 008 $. ) cm 100 m 1 ( in) cm 54 . 2 ( ) m 12 $ (
2 2 2 2
=
c) parcel. sized stamp postage for 007 $. ) in 8 7 in 1 ( in 008 $.
2
=



1.59: a) To three significant figures, the time for one cycle is

s. 10 04 . 7
Hz 10 420 . 1
1
10
9

=

b)
h
cycles
10 11 . 5
h 1
s 3600
s
cycles
10 1.420
12 9
=
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|


c) Using the conversion from years to seconds given in Appendix F,
( ) ( ) . 10 06 . 2 y 10 600 . 4
y 1
s 10 156 . 3
Hz 10 1.42
26 9
7
9
=
|
|
.
|

\
|


d) ( )( ) s. 10 4.60 by off be d clock woul the so , y 10 00 . 1 10 4.60 y 10 4.600
4 5 4 9
=


1.60: Assume a 70-kg person, and the human body is mostly water. Use Appendix D to
find the mass of one H
2
O molecule: 18.015 u

1.661

10
27
kg/u =2.992

10
26

kg/molecule. (70 kg/2.992

10
26
kg/molecule) =2.34

10
27
molecules. (Assuming
carbon to be the most common atom gives 3

10
27
molecules.


1.61: a) Estimate the volume as that of a sphere of diameter 10 cm:
3 4 3
m 10 2 . 5
3
4

= = r V
Mass is density times volume, and the density of water is
3
m kg 1000 , so
( )( )( ) kg 5 . 0 m 10 2 . 5 m kg 1000 98 . 0
3 4 3
= =

m

b) Approximate as a sphere of radius m 25 . 0 r = (probably an over estimate)
3 20 3
m 10 5 . 6
3
4

= = r V
( )( )( ) g 10 6 kg 10 6 m 10 5 . 6 m kg 1000 98 . 0
-14 17 3 20 3
= = =

m

c) Estimate the volume as that of a cylinder of length 1 cm and
radius 3 mm:
( )( )( ) g 3 . 0 kg 10 3 m 10 8 . 2 m kg 1000 98 . 0
m 10 8 . 2
4 3 7 3
3 7 2
= = =
= =

m
l r V



1.62: a)

M
V
V
M
= = so ,

cm 2.94 m 10 94 . 2
m 10 54 . 2
kg/m 10 86 . 7
kg 200 . 0

2
3 5
3 3
3
= =
=

x
x


b)
cm 1.82 m 10 82 . 1
m 10 54 . 2
3
4

2
3 5 3
= =
=

R
R



1.63: Assume each person sees the dentist twice a year for checkups, for 2 hours. Assume
2 more hours for restorative work. Assuming most dentists work less than 2000 hours per
year, this gives dentist. per patients 500 patient per hours 4 hours 2000 = Assuming only
half of the people who should go to a dentist do, there should be about 1 dentist per 1000
inhabitants. Note: A dental assistant in an office with more than one treatment room
could increase the number of patients seen in a single dental office.


1.64: a) atoms. 10 6 . 2
10 14
10 0 . 6
) kg 10 0 . 6 (
50
mole
kg 3
mole
atoms
23
24
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

b) The number of neutrons is the mass of the neutron star divided by the
mass of a neutron:

neutrons. 10 4 . 2
) neutron kg 10 7 . 1 (
) kg 10 0 . 2 ( ) 2 (
57
27
30
=

c) The average mass of a particle is essentially
3
2
the mass of either the proton or
the neutron,
27
10 7 . 1

kg. The total number of particles is the total mass divided by this
average, and the total mass is the volume times the average density. Denoting the density
by (the notation introduced in Chapter 14).

. 10 2 . 1
) kg 10 7 . 1 (
) m kg 10 ( ) m 10 5 . 1 ( ) 2 (
3
2
3
4
79
27
3 18 3 11
p
3
ave
=

=

=

m
R
m
M

Note the conversion from g/cm
3
to kg/m
3
.



1.65: Let D

be the fourth force.

( )
N 90 . 31 0 . 53 sin N, 07 . 24 0 . 53 cos
N 28 . 69 0 . 30 cos N, 00 . 40 0 . 30 sin
N 00 . 50 0 . 30 cos N, 6 . 86 0 . 30 cos
so , 0
= = = + =
+ = + = = =
+ = + = + = + =
+ + = = + + +




C C C C
B B B B
A A A A
y x
y x
y x
C B A D D C B A

Then N 34 . 87 N, 53 . 22 = =
y x
D D
N; 2 . 90
2 2
= + =
y x
D D D

53 . 22 / 34 . 87 / tan = =
x y
D D

54 . 75 =
axis - from ckwise counterclo , 256 180 x + = + =



1.66:




( ) ( )
344 . 0
km 311.5
km 2 . 107
tan
km 330 km 2 . 107 km 5 . 311
km 2 . 107 48 sin km) 230 ( 68 cos km) 170 (
km 5 . 311 48 cos km) 230 ( 68 sin km) 170 (
2 2 2 2
= = =
= + = + =
= = + =
= + = + =
x
y
R
y x
y y y
x x x
R
R

R R R
B A R
B A R




east of south 19

=
R



1.67: a)



b) Algebraically, are of components the so and , A B C A

=

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) cm. 10 . 8 63.0 sin cm 40 . 6 22.0 sin cm 40 . 6
cm 03 . 3 63.0 cos cm 40 . 6 22.0 cos cm 40 . 6
= + = =
= = =


y y y
x x x
B C A
B C A


( ) ( )

5 . 69
cm 3.03
cm 8.10
arctan cm, 65 . 8 cm 10 . 8 cm 03 . 3 c)
2 2
=
|
.
|

\
|
= + = A


1.68:a)
x x x x
C B A R + + =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
m. 3 . 5
60 180 sin m 0 . 6 40 sin m 00 . 15 37 90 sin m 0 . 12
and m, 7 . 15
60 180 cos m 0 . 6 40 cos m 00 . 15 37 90 cos m 0 . 12
=
+ + + =
+ + =
=
+ + + =


y y y y
C B A R

The magnitude of the resultant is m 6 . 16
2 2
= + =
y x
R R R , and the direction from
the positive x-axis is arctan ( )

6 . 18
7 . 15
3 . 5
=

. Keeping extra significant figures in the

intermediate calculations gives an angle of , 49 . 18 which when considered as a
positive counterclockwise angle from the positive x-axis and rounded to the
nearest degree is

342 .




b)
( ) m; 14 . 5 m 58 . 9 m 64 . 9 m 20 . 5
m; 71 . 21 m 49 . 11 m 22 . 7 m 00 . 3
= =
= =
y
x
S
S

3 . 13
) 71 . 21 (
) 14 . 5 (
arctan =
(

=
m 3 . 22 ) m 14 . 5 ( ) m 71 . 21 (
2 2
= + = S







1.69:


Take the east direction to be the - x direction and the north direction to be the
- y direction. The x- and y-components of the resultant displacement of the
first three displacements are then

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) m, 0 . 94 30 cos m 280 45 cos m 210
m, 108 30 sin m 280 45 sin m 210 m 180
+ = +
= + +




keeping an extra significant figure. The magnitude and direction of this net displacement
are
( ) ( ) . 9 . 40
m 108
m 94
arctan m, 144 m 0 . 94 m 108
2 2
=
|
.
|

\
|
= +
The fourth displacement must then be 144 m in a direction

9 . 40 south of west.







1.70:



The third leg must have taken the sailor east a distance

( ) ( ) ( ) km 33 . 1 km 00 . 2 45 cos km 50 . 3 km 80 . 5 =



and a distance north

( ) ( ) km 47 . 2 45 sin km 5 . 3 =

The magnitude of the displacement is

km 81 . 2 ) km 47 . 2 ( ) km 33 . 1 (
2 2
= +

and the direction is arctan ( )
33 . 1
47 . 2
= 62 north of east, which is = 28 62 90 east
of north. A more precise answer will require retaining extra significant figures in
the intermediate calculations.



1.71: a)


b) The net east displacement is
( ) ( ) ( ) km, 37 . 1 22 cos km 30 . 3 30 cos km 40 . 7 45 sin km 80 . 2 = +

and the net north
displacement is ( ) ( ) ( ) km, 48 . 0 22.0 sin km 30 . 3 30 sin km 40 . 7 45 cos km 80 . 2 = +


and so the distance traveled is ( ) ( ) km. 45 . 1 km 48 . 0 km 1.37
2 2
= +


1.72: The eastward displacement of Manhattan from Lincoln is

( ) ( ) ( ) km 3 . 34 235 sin km 166 167 sin km 106 85 sin km 147 = + +


and the northward displacement is

( ) ( ) ( ) km 7 . 185 235 cos km 166 167 cos km 106 85 cos km 147 = + +



(A negative northward displacement is a southward displacement, as indicated in
Fig. (1.33). Extra figures have been kept in the intermediate calculations.)

a) km 189 ) km 7 . 185 ( ) km 3 . 34 (
2 2
= +

b) The direction from Lincoln to Manhattan, relative to the north, is

arctan

5 . 169
km 7 . 185
km 3 . 34
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

and so the direction to fly in order to return to Lincoln is

5 . 349 180 5 . 169 + + .




1.73: a) Angle of first line is ( ) . 42 tan
10 210
20 200
1
= =

Angle of
second line is . 72 30 42

= + Therefore
87 72 cos 250 10 = + =

X
258 72 sin 250 20 = + =

Y

for a final point of (87,258).
b) The computer screen now looks something like this:




The length of the bottom line is ( ) ( ) 136 258 200 87 210
2 2
= + and its direction is
( )

25 tan
87 210
200 258
1
=

below straight left.

1.74: a)



b) To use the method of components, let the east direction be the x-direction
and the north direction be the y-direction. Then, the explorers net x-
displacement is, in units of his step size,

( ) ( ) 7 . 11 60 cos 80 45 cos 40 =



and the y-displacement is

( ) ( ) . 6 . 47 50 60 sin 80 45 sin 40 = +



The magnitude and direction of the displacement are

, 49 ) 6 . 47 ( ) 7 . 11 (
2 2
= + arctan

104
7 . 11
6 . 47
=
|
.
|

\
|

.
(More precision in the angle is not warranted, as the given measurements are to
the nearest degree.) To return to the hut, the explorer must take 49 steps in a
direction

14 90 104 = east of south.


1.75: Let +x be east and +y be north. Let A

be the displacement 285 km at

0 . 40 north
of west and let B

be the unknown displacement.

km. 380
km. 2 . 183 km, 333.3 Then
0 km, 115
km 2 . 183 40.0 sin km, 3 . 218 0 . 40 cos

east km, 115 where ,
2 2
,
= + =
= =
= =
+ = + = = =
= =
=
= = +
y x
y x
y x
y x
y y y x x x
B B B
B B
R R
A A A A
A R B A R B



A R B
R R B A



( ) ( )
east of south , 8 . 28
km 3 . 333 km 2 . 183 tan

=
= =

B B
x y



1.76:

N 960
0 . 35 sin
N 550
sin

sin c) (
cos b) (
sin (a)
0
par
par
perp
par
= =

=
=
=
=

1.77:
exerts. biceps the force the is B

N; 160
N 2 . 37 N, 2 . 158 Then
N 5 . 132 , 0
N 7 . 169 43 cos N, 2 . 158 43 sin
,
upward. is and N 5 . 132 where ,
exerts. elbow the force the is
2 2
= + =
= + =
+ = =
+ = + = = =
= =
= = +
y x
y x
y x
y x
y y y x x x
E E E
E E
R R
B B B B
B R E B R E
R

R B E
E



horizontal below , 13
2 . 158 2 . 37 tan

=
= =

E E
x y




1.78: (a) Take the beginning of the journey as the origin, with north being the y-
direction, east the x-direction, and the z-axis vertical. The first displacement is then
,

30k the second is j

15 , the third is m) 200 km 2 . 0 (

200 = i , and the fourth is j

100 .
Adding the four:

k j i j i j k

30

85

200

100

200

15

30 + = + +

(b) The total distance traveled is the sum of the distances of the individual segments: 30
+15 +200 +100 =345 m. The magnitude of the total displacement is:

( ) m 219 30 85 200
2 2 2 2 2 2
= + + = + + =
z y x
D D D D


1.79: Let the displacement from your camp to the store be . A

0 62 sin 48 sin 32 sin so , 0
0 62 cos 48 cos 32 cos so , 0
north be and east be Let
west of south 62 is and west of south 32 is
east of south 32 m, 240
= + = + +
= = + +
= + +
+ +
=

C B A C B A
C B A C B A
y x
A
y y y
x x x
0 C B A
C B

A is known so we have two equations in the two unknowns B and C. Solving gives
B =255 m and C =70 m.


1.80: Take your tent's position as the origin. The displacement vector for Joe's tent is
( ) ( ) .

205 . 8

33 . 19

23 sin 21

23 cos 21 j i j i =

The displacement vector for Karl's tent is
( ) ( ) j i j i

26 . 19

56 . 25

37 sin 32

37 cos 32 + = +

. The difference between the two
displacements is:

( ) ( ) j i j i

46 . 27

23 . 6

25 . 19 205 . 8

56 . 25 33 . 19 = + .

The magnitude of this vector is the distance between the two tents:

( ) ( ) m 2 . 28 46 . 27 23 . 6
2 2
= + = D


1.81: a) becomes (1.22) Eq. , 0 With = =
z z
B A
( )( ) ( )( )
( )
( )
cos
cos
sin sin cos cos
sin sin cos B cos
AB
AB
AB
B A A B A B A
B A
B A B A
B A B A y y x x
=
=
+ =
+ = +


where the expression for the cosine of the difference between two angles has been used
(see Appendix B).

b) With
z z z z
C C C B A = = = = and

, 0 k C

. From Eq. (1.27),

( )( ) ( )( )
( )
sin
sin
cos sin sin cos
cos sin cos cos
AB
AB
AB
B A B A
B A B A C
A B
B A B A
A A B A
x y x x
=
=
=
=
=



2: a) The angle between the vectors is , 140 70 210

= and so Eq. (1.18) gives
( )( )
2
m 62 . 6 140 cos m 40 . 2 m 60 . 3 = =


B A Or, Eq. (1.21) gives
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
m 62 . 6
210 sin m 4 . 2 70 sin m 6 . 3 210 cos m 4 . 2 70 cos m 60 . 3
=
+ =
+ =


y y x x
B A B A B A


b) From Eq. (1.22), the magnitude of the cross product is

( )( )
2
m 55 . 5 140 sin m 40 . 2 m 60 . 3 =

,

and the direction, from the right-hand rule, is out of the page (the
+z-direction). From Eq. (1-30), with the z-components of B A

and
vanishing, the z-component of the cross product is

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
m 55 . 5
210 cos m 40 . 2 70 sin m 60 . 3
210 sin m 40 . 2 70 cos m 60 . 3
=

=


x y y x
B A B A



1.83: a) ABC triangle of area 2 area ram Parallelog =

( )( ) ( )( )
BA

sin area m Parellogra

sin A B 2 1 height base 2 1 area Triangle
=
= =

b)

90


1.84: With the +x-axis to the right, +y-axis toward the top of the page, and +z-axis out
of the page, ( ) ( ) ( ) . 0 , cm 9 . 68 , cm 8 . 87
2 2
= = =
z y x
B A B A B A





1.85: a) ( ) ( ) ( ) . 39 . 5 00 . 4 00 . 3 00 . 2
2 2 2
= + + = A
( ) ( ) ( ) . 36 . 4 00 . 3 00 . 1 00 . 3
2 2 2
= + + = B

b)
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )k j i
k j i B A

00 . 7

00 . 2

00 . 5

+ + =
+ + =
z z y y x x
B A B A B A



( ) ( ) ( ) , 83 . 8 00 . 7 00 . 2 5.00 c)
2 2 2
= + +

and this will be the magnitude of A B

as well.


1.86: The direction vectors each have magnitude 3, and their dot product is (1) (1) +
(1) (1) +(1) (1) =1, so from Eq. (1-18) the angle between the bonds is arccos
=( )
3 3
1
=arccos ( )

109
3
1
= .



1.87: The best way to show these results is to use the result of part (a) of Problem 1-65,
a restatement of the law of cosines. We know that

, cos 2
2 2 2
AB B A C + + =
where is the angle between A

and B

.

a) If , 0 cos ,
2 2 2
= + = B A C and the angle between A

and B

is

90 (the vectors are

perpendicular).

b) If , 0 cos ,
2 2 2
< + < B A C and the angle between A

and B

is greater than

90 .
c) If , 0 cos ,
2 2 2
> + > B A C and the angle betweenA

and B

is less than

90 .


1.88: a) This is a statement of the law of cosines, and there are many ways to
derive it. The most straightforward way, using vector algebra, is to assume the linearity
of the dot product (a point used, but not explicitly mentioned in the text) to show that
the square of the magnitude of the sum B A

+ is


( ) ( )
cos 2
2
2
2 2
2 2
AB B A
B A
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + + = + +
B A
B A B B A A
B B A B B A A A B A B A





Using components, if the vectors make angles
A
and
B
with the x-axis, the components
of the vector sum are A cos
A
+B cos
B
and A sin
A
+B sin
B
, and the square of the
magnitude is

( ) ( )
2 2
sin sin cos cos
B A B A
B A B A + + +
( ) ( )
( )
( )

cos 2
cos 2
sin sin cos cos 2
sin cos sin cos
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
AB B A
AB B A
AB
B A
B A
B A B A
B B A A
+ + =
+ + =
+ +
+ + + =


where =
A

B
is the angle between the vectors.

b) A geometric consideration shows that the vectors B A

, and the sum B A

+
must be the sides of an equilateral triangle. The angle between B A

and , i
120
o
, since one vector must shift to add head-to-tail. Using the result of par
(a), with , B A = the condition is that cos 2
2 2 2 2
A A A A + + = , which solve
for 1 =2 +2 cos , cos = ,
2
1
and =120
o
.
c) Either method of derivation will have the angle replaced by 180
o
, so
the cosine will change sign, and the result is . cos 2
2 2
AB B A +
d) Similar to what is done in part (b), when the vector difference has the same
magnitude, the angle between the vectors is 60
o
. Algebraically, is obtain
from 1 =2 2 cos , so cos =
2
1
and =60
o
.



1.89: Take the length of a side of the cube to be L, and denote the vectors from a to b, a
to c and a to d as D C B

and , , . In terms of unit vectors,
,

k B L =

( ),

k j C + = L

( ).

k j i D + + = L

Using Eq. (1.18),
( ) ( )
, 7 . 54
3
arccos arccos
2

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

L L
L
BD
D B


( )( )
. 3 . 35
3 2
2
arccos arccos
2

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

L L
L
CD
D C



1.90: From Eq. (1.27), the cross product is

.

00 . 13
00 . 11

00 . 13
00 . 6

) 00 . 1 ( 13

) 00 . 11 (

) 00 . 6 (

) 00 . 13 (
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ = + + k j i k j i

The magnitude of the vector in square brackets is , 93 . 1 and so a unit vector in this
direction (which is necessarily perpendicular to both ) and B A

is


(

+
93 . 1

) 13 00 . 11 (

) 00 . 13 00 . 6 (

) 00 . 1 ( k j i
.

The negative of this vector,


(

+
93 . 1

) 13 00 . 11 (

) 00 . 13 00 . 6 (

) 00 . 1 ( k j i
,

is also a unit vector perpendicular to B A

and .



1.91: A

and C

are perpendicular, so 0, . 0 = + =
y y x x
C A C A C A

, which gives
. 0 5 . 6 5.0 =
y x
C C
0 . 15 0 . 7 5 . 3 so , 0 . 15 = + =
y x
C C C B


We have two equations in two unknowns
x
C and
y
C . Solving gives
. 1 . 6 and 0 . 8 = =
y x
C C


1.92: ABsin = B A


( ) ( )
( )( )
5984 . 0
00 . 3 00 . 3
00 . 2 00 . 5
sin
2 2
=
+
=

=
AB

B A


( )

8 . 36 5984 . 0 sin
1
= =




1.93: a) Using Equations (1.21) and (1.27), and recognizing that the vectors
C B A

and , , do not have the same meanings as they do in those equations,

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
.

z x y z y x y z x y x z x y z x z y
x y y x z x x z y z z y
C B A C B A C B A C B A C B A C B A
B A B A B A B A B A B A
+ + =
+ + = C k j i C B A


A similar calculation shows that

( )
x y z y x z z x y x z y y z x z y x
C B A C B A C B A C B A C B A C B A + + = C B A


and a comparison of the expressions shows that they are the same.

b) Although the above expression could be used, the form given allows for ready
compuation of B A

the magnitude is ( )

37.0 sin 20.00 sin = AB and the direction
is, from the right-hand rule, in the +z-direction, and so

( ) ( ) ( ) . 2 . 72 00 . 6 37.0 sin 20.00 + = + =


C B A


1.94: a) The maximum and minimum areas are

(L +l) (W +w) =LW +lW +Lw, (L l) (W w) =LW lW Lw,

where the common terms wl have been omitted. The area and its
uncertainty are then WL (lW +Lw), so the uncertainty in the area is
a =lW +Lw.

b) The fractional uncertainty in the area is

, W
w
L
l
WL
Wl lW
A
a
+ =
+
=
the sum of the fractional uncertainties in the length and width.

c) The similar calculation to find the uncertainty v in the volume will involve
neglecting the terms lwH, lWh and Lwh as well as lwh; the uncertainty in the volume is v
=lWH +LwH +LWh, and the fractional uncertainty in the volume is

,
H
h
W
w
L
l
H LW
LWh LwH lWH
V
v
+ + =
+ +
=

the sum of the fractional uncertainties in the length, width and height.





1.95: The receiver's position is

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) .

0 . 28

0 . 16

0 . 18 0 . 4 0 . 11 0 . 5

0 . 12 0 . 6 0 . 9 0 . 1 j i j i + = + + + + + + +

The vector from the quarterback to the receiver is the receiver's position minus the
quarterback's position, or ( ) ( ) j i

0 . 35

0 . 16 + , a vector with magnitude

( ) ( ) , 5 . 38 0 . 35 0 . 16
2 2
= + given as being in yards. The angle is ( )

6 . 24 arctan
0 . 35
0 . 16
= to the
right of downfield.


1.96: a)



b) i) In AU,
2 2
) 9329 . 0 ( ) 3182 . 0 ( + =0.9857.
ii) In AU,
2 2 2
) 0414 . ( ) 4423 . ( ) 3087 . 1 ( + + =1.3820
iii) In AU,

2 2 2
) 0414 . 0 ( )) 4423 . ( 9329 . 0 ( )) 3087 . 1 ( 3182 . 0 ( + + = 1.695.

c) The angle between the directions from the Earth to the Sun and to
Mars is obtained from the dot product. Combining Equations (1-18)
and (1.21),

) 695 . 1 )( 9857 . 0 (
) 9329 . 0 4423 . 0 )( 9329 . 0 ( ) 3182 . 0 3087 . 1 )( 3182 . 0 (
arccos

\
| + +
=

d) Mars could not have been visible at midnight, because the Sun-Mars angle is less
than 90
o
.

1.97: a)


The law of cosines (see Problem 1.88) gives the distance as

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ly, 2 . 76 4 . 154 cos ly 77 ly 138 2 ly 77 ly 138
2 2
= + +



where the supplement of

6 . 25 has been used for the angle between the direction
vectors.
b) Although the law of cosines could be used again, it's far more convenient to use the
law of sines (Appendix B), and the angle is given by

, 129 5 . 51 180 , 5 . 51 ly 138
ly 76.2
25.6 sin
arcsin

= =
|
|
.
|

\
|

where the appropriate angle in the second quadrant is used.


1.98: Define k j i S

C B A + + =

Cz By Ax
C B A z y x
+ + =
+ + + + = )

( )

( k j i k j i S r

If the points satisfy Ax +By +Cz =0, then 0 = S r

and all points r

are
perpendicular to S