Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
for
Instrumentation Engineering
By
www.thegateacademy.com
Contents
A.O.B.
CONTENTS
#2.
Mass Spectrometer
Mass Spectrometer Time of flight mass spectrometer Assignment Questions GATE Questions IN Answer Keys Explanations
12 - 17
12 13 13 14-15 15 16 16-17
#3.
18 - 26
18 18 20 20 21 -22 22-23 24 24 26
#4.
27 -44
27 27 27 27 27 -28 29- 31 31 31-32 32-33 33 33 -34 34 34 -37 38 - 39 39 - 40 41 - 44
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30 th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11 : 080-65700750, info@thegateacademy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com
Contents
A.O.B.
#5.
45 - 52
45 45 - 46 47 48 -49 50 50 52
#6.
Basics of Fibre Optics Construction. Light Propogation in Fibes Acceptance Angle. Fractional refractive index change. Numerical Aperture. Fibre Characteristics and Classification. Index Profile Step index. Graded index. V Number. Pulse dispersion. Fibre Losses. Assignment Questions. GATE Questions. Answer Keys. Explanation.
53 - 63 53 53 53 53 53 - 54 54 54 55 55 55 - 56 56 56 57 - 58 58 - 59 59 59 -63
#7.
#8.
71 -82
71 -72 72 73 73 - 74 75 -76 76 77 - 78 78 - 79 80 80 - 82
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30 th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11 : 080-65700750, info@thegateacademy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com
Contents
A.O.B.
#9.
83 - 92
83 83 - 84 84 84 - 85 85 - 86 86 - 87 87 - 88 89 90 91 91 - 92
Module Test
Test Questions Answer Keys Explanations
93 -102
93 - 96 97 97 -102
Reference Book
103
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30 th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11 : 080-65700750, info@thegateacademy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com
Syllabus
A.O.B.
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30 th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11 : 080-65700750, info@thegateacademy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com
Chapter-1
A.O.B.
Analytical instrument
Signal conditioner
Display system
Chemical information source generates signal containing information of the unknown sample. Analytical instruments, then generate signal based on the composition of the sample. This stage forms an important building block in analytical instruments where the separation, detection and of the composition is done by employing either emission or absorption or scattering of electromagnetic radiation as the key principle of detection. Electromagnetic Radiation: Electromagnetic radiation is a type of energy that is transmitted through space at a speed of 3 m/sec. These radiations do not require a medium of propagation and can also travel through vacuum. Relation between the energy of electromagnetic radiation (normally called as photons) and frequency of its propagation is given by where E: energy h: Plancks constant (or) Joules-s : frequency If is the wavelength (interval between successive maxima and minima of the wave), then C = Where C: velocity of propagation of radiant energy in vacuum. Interaction of radiation with matter: S. No Radiation absorbed 1. Visible, ultraviolet, x ray 2. 3. 4. Infrared Microwave Radio frequency
ergs-s
Energy changes involved Electronic transitions, vibrational or rotational changes Molecular Vibrational changes with superimpose rotational changes Rotational changes They are absorbed by an intense magnetic field.
Spectroscopic methods and corresponding energy states of matter or basis of phenomenon: S. No Method Phenomena employed 1. Nuclear magnetic resonance Nuclear spin coupling with an applied magnetic field 2. Microwave spectroscopy Rotation of molecules 3. Infrared and Raman Rotation or vibration of molecules, electronic spectroscopy transitions 4. UV visible spectroscopy Electronic energy changes, 5. X-ray spectroscopy Diffraction and reflection of X-ray radiation from atomic layers.
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30 Cross, 10 Main, Jayanagar 4 Block, Bangalore-11 : 080-65700750, info@thegateacademy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com
th
th
th
Page 1
Chapter-1
A.O.B.
Electromagnetic spectrum: Fig (1.1) shows the various regions of electromagnetic spectrum which are normally used in spectroscopic works.
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE UV VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY 2.5 M 2400
300
10
0.67
30 MICROWAVES
3c
7000
3000
30 3
EXTRA HIGH ULTRA HIGH SUPER HIGH FREQUENCY INFRARED FREQUENCY FREQUENCY
VISIBLE
ULTRAVIOLET
X-RAY
10 kHz
100 kHz
1 MHz
30 MHz
450 MHz
1 GHz
10 GHz
Fig.1.1 Electromagnetic spectrum from DC to X-ray In the following sections, we discuss the various methods employed (by the analytical instruments) for detection of the composition of the analyte sample in the different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Visible and ultraviolet: calorimeter and spectrophotometer: In the visible and ultraviolet region of spectrum, the method of analysis employed by the analytical instruments are based on the absorption of electromagnetic radiation. Calorimeters and spectrophotometers are the analytical instruments used in this region. Principle: Whenever a beam of radiant energy strikes the surface of a substance (analyte or sample), the radiation interacts with the atoms or molecules of the substance resulting in absorption (or) transmittance or scattering (reflection) depending on the properties of the sample.
Transmitted Radiation
Absorption spectroscopy is based on the principle that the amount of absorption that occurs is dependent on the number of molecules present in the sample. Here the analysis is done by studying the intensity of the radiant power leaving the substance, i.e., the transmitted radiation which is an indication of concentration of the sample.
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30 Cross, 10 Main, Jayanagar 4 Block, Bangalore-11 : 080-65700750, info@thegateacademy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com
th th th
Page 2