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MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT (MIMO) SIMULATION

Vivek Reddy Nagraj (1000730414) Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington EE 5368, Spring 2011

Abstract This class project explores the MIMO scheme for enhancement of wireless signal reception in diversity systems employing more than one antenna either on the transmit or receive side. Simulation is carried out in Matlab. A Rayleigh channel is assumed. The effect of noise is analyzed by using Maximum likelihood detection method.

Introduction:
In wireless transmission of signals, multipleinput and multiple-output, or MIMO, is the use of multiple antennas at both at the transmitter and receiver to improve communication performance. MIMO technology offers significant increases in data throughput and link range without additional bandwidth or transmit power. It achieves this by higher spectral efficiency (more bits per second per Hertz of bandwidth) and link reliability or diversity (reduced fading). The performance is often measured as the average bit rate (bit/s) the wireless link can provide or as the average bit error rate (BER).

coherence time of the channel, full CSI is available at the transmitter and hence the channel is reciprocal. In Frequency Division Duplex systems, there is a feedback channel from the receiver to the transmitter that provides the transmitter with some partial CSI. It is also possible to achieve a highly robust wireless link without any CSI at the transmitter, by using transmit diversity. When using diversity transmission and reception, the amount of received signal improvement depends on the independence of the fading characteristics of the signal as well as circuit outages and failures.

Diversity Techniques: Frequency Diversity: The same information bearing signal is transmitted on L carriers, where the separation between successive carriers is equal to or greater than the coherence bandwidth of the channel. Time Diversity: The same information bearing signal is transmitted in L different time slots, where the separation between successive time slots is equal to or greater than the coherence time of the channel. Antenna Diversity: A single transmitting antenna and L receiving antennas are used. The receiving antennas are spaced sufficiently apart to achieve independence between the received signals.

Figure 1. MIMO with two transmitting and receiving antennas. A MIMO communication system with duplex method of transmission and a specified transmission bandwidth can be categorized as flat or frequency selective fading. The channel state information (CSI) can also be extracted. In a Time Division Duplex system where the duplex time less than the

Antenna diversity will be the topic of interest among these three.

Antenna Diversity:-

Antenna diversity is a transmission technique in which the information-carrying signal is transmitted along different propagation paths. Diversity can be achieved through so called space-time codes, like the Alamouti code for two transmit antennas and high bit rates is achieved by spatial multiplexing systems, such as the pioneer system from Bell Labs abbreviated as BLAST. Assume that the receiver is provided with multiple replicas of the same information bearing signal, and denote by p the probability that the instantaneous SNR is below the receiver threshold on a single diversity branch (p denotes the probability of outage for that specific threshold in this case). If the receiver is provided with L replicas that fade independently, then the probability that all the branches are at, or below the threshold at the same time is equal to pL. It can be achieved via these arrangements: Spatial, which is the most common method, is achieved by using multiple transmit and/or receive antennas. The spatial separation between isotropic antennas has to be at least half-wavelength in order to experience independent fading. Angle (or direction) diversity requires a number of directional antennas that select waves arriving from a narrow angle of arrival in order to achieve independent fading. Polarization diversity uses the property that scattering tends to de-polarize the signal and uses vertically and horizontally polarized receive antennas.

2 when the transmitter where the signal undergoes many reflections before it emerges and lands at the receiver. MIMO systems do not suffer from this problem as the geometry of the environment and position of the reflectors are automatically taken into account during the decoding the MIMO signal.

Different signal transmission:

Our assumption here is that N M, so that all the transmitted signals can be decoded at the receiver. The big idea in MIMO is that we can send different signals using the same bandwidth and still be able to decode correctly at the receiver. Thus, it is like we are creating a channel for each one of the transmitters. The capacity of each one of these channels is roughly equal to Csingle = B * log2 (1 + NM * SNR) But, since we have M of these channels (M transmitting antennas), the total capacity of the system is C = M*B* log2 (1 + SNR *N/M) We get a linear increase in capacity with respect to the number of transmitting antennas. So, the key principle at work here is that it is more beneficial to transmit data using many different low-powered channels than using one single, high-powered channel. 2. MIMO channel modeling with Polarizations Diversity. Consider a MIMO wireless system with two transmitting antenna and two receive antenna. Polarization diversity is implemented at both the ends the transmitter and the receiver end. Each of the receive antennas are placed parallel to the plane of polarization of the transmitted waves. The system is as shown below.

Let us now quantify the benefits of MIMO based systems operating in a typical Rayleigh fading wireless channel. The capacity of the phased array system grows logarithmically with increasing antenna array size, whereas the capacity of the MIMO system grows linearly. It is also worth noting that in a phased array system, the array coefficients must be calculated to point the beam in the best direction. This is quite difficult to do

3 Where m,n =E { hm , hn } E {a, b} = cov(a, a ) * cov(b, b) Hence R= E {HH*H} Where H = [h00 h01 h10 h11] and h00, h01, h10 and h11 are Rayleigh Distributed Random Numbers to represent the channel. The matrix R is to take into account the polarization diversity implemented at the transmitter and receiver.
* h00 * h01 R=E { * [ h00 h10 * h11

cov(a, b)

Fig.2. Polarization Diversity in MIMO system The channel under consideration is a Rayleigh fading channel which is represented by the matrix H consisting of zero mean complex Gaussian random. The output at the receiver is given by, r =Es H s + n (1)

h01

h10

h11 ] }
=

where, s = [s0 s1]T is the 21 the transmit signal vector with average energy equal to 1 chosen from a finite set of constellation element , n represents complex valued Gaussian noise and vector r = [r0 r1]T is the 21 receive signal vector.
h0, 0 h0,1 H = (2) h1, 0 h1,1 H is the channel transfer matrix which depends on the type of channel and the type of diversity implemented at the transmitter and Es is a normalization factor. We assume that E {|h0,0|2}= E{|h1,1|2}=1 and E {|h0,1|2}= E{|h1,0|2}= , Where 0<1 depends on XPD (cross polarization discrimination). The following correlation coefficients are defined, t = E {h0,0h*0,1}/ = E{h1,0h*1,1}/ r = E {h0,0h*1,0}/ = E{h0,1h*1,1}/

E{h E{h E{h E{h

* 00 * 01 * 10 * 11

Where E {h00h*11} = E {h10h*01} = 0 E {|h00|2} = E {|h11|2} = 1 E {|h01|2} = E {|h10|2} = E { h00h*01} = E {h10h*11} = t

h00 } E{h h01} E{h h10 } E{h h11} h00 } E{h h01} E{h h10 } E{h h11 } h00 } E{h h01 } E{h h10 } E{h h11} h00 } E{h h01} E{h h10 } E{h h11
* 00 * 01 * 10 * 11 * 00 * 01 * 10 * 11 * 00 * 01 * 10 * 11

From Polarization definition: XPRV = E {|h0,0|2}/ E {|h0,1|2} XPRH = E {|h1,1|2}/ E {|h1,0|2} The correlation matrix, R is given by vv ,vv vv ,vh vv , hv vv ,hh vh ,vh vh ,hv vh ,hh vh ,vv R= hv ,vv hv ,vh hv , hv hv ,hh hh ,vv hh ,vh hh ,hv hh ,hh

Helmuts paper [1] dwells into the details of the performance of MIMO system with polarization diversity as well as spatial multiplexing. In this paper, we are interested in analyzing and simulating the MIMO system with just spatial multiplexing and single polarization. The detection at the receiver is carried out using the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE). The equation used to implement MLE is, x=argx min||r-EsHs||2 (3)

The term E sHx term gives the constellations after channel effects. In MLE detection, the signal in the constellation which is closest to the received signal which is the estimation of the received signal. Joint estimation of the received signal at the receiver.

PRINCIPLES OF (MIMO) SYSTEMS:-

SPACE-TIME

A compressed digital source in the form of a binary data stream is fed to a simplified transmitting block encompassing the functions of error control coding and (possibly joined with) mapping to complex modulation symbols. The latter produces several separate symbol streams which range from independent to partially redundant to fully redundant. Each is then mapped onto one of the multiple TX antennas. Mapping may include linear spatial weighting of the antenna elements or linear antenna spacetime precoding. After upward frequency conversion, filtering and amplification, the signals are launched into the wireless channel. At the receiver, the signals are captured by possibly multiple antennas and demodulation and demapping operations are performed to recover the message. The level of intelligence, complexity, and a priori channel knowledge used in selecting the coding and antenna mapping algorithms can vary a great deal depending on the application. This determines the class and performance of the multiantenna solution that is implemented.

[3] Dipl.-Ing. J. Wagner, Dipl.-Ing. R. Fischer, Prof. Dr. W.A. Guinthner, "The Influence of Metal Environment on the Performance of UHF Smart Labels in Theory, Experimental Series and Practice", Department of Material Handling, Material Flow and Logistics, Technische Universitat Miinchen BoltzmannstraBe 15 Garching, 85748 Germany. [4] Lauri Sydnheimo, Leena Ukkonen, Markku Kivikoski, Effects of size and shape of metallic objects on Performance of passive radio frequency identification, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology (2006). [5] Leena Ukkoken, Daniel Engels, Lauri Sydanheimo, Markku Kivikoski, Planar Wire-Type Inverted-F RFID Tag Antenna Mountable On Metallic Objects, Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2004 IEEE. [6] Sergio Bovelli, Frank Neubauer, Christoph Heller, A Novel Antenna Design for Passive RFID Transponders on Metal Surfaces, 36th European Microwave Conference, 2006. [7] Constantine A. Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, John Wiley & Sons, 2nd Edition, pp.723-730, 1997. [8] Pozar, David M, Microstrip Antennas, Proceeding of the IEEE, Volume 80, No. 1, January 1992.

Conclusion:
In this project we studied the MIMO antenna diversity and effect of Rayleigh fading channel. The graph of SNR vs. BER is plotted which shows that the increase in SNR (i.e. increase in Signal level) reduces the BER (Bit Error Rate). This plot can be enhanced using message encoding and decoding but this is neglected currently for simplicity. Matlab code and the simulation results are attached at the end of the paper.

REFERENCES:
[1] Chen, Zhi Ning, Antennas for Portable Devices, John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2007, pp. 60-61. [2] Sanjay Sarma, David Brock, Daniel Engels, Radio Frequency Identification and the Electronic Product Code, MIT Auto-ID Center, November December 2001.

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signal=(1/sqrt(2))*(sign(randn(2,1)) + j*sign(randn(2,1))); noise = noise_amp* (1/sqrt(2)) * (randn(2,1) + j * randn(2,1)); Hhat = Htilde*sqrt(D)*transpose(U); % Estimated Channel H = transpose(reshape(Hhat,2,2)); % Received Signal receivedsig1 = H*signal + noise; receivedsig = transpose(receivedsig1); % Joint Detection using Maximum Likelihood Detection diff_mag = Inf; index = 0; for i = 1:16 nos1 = H*(transpose(output(i,:))); int11 = abs(nos1(1) receivedsig(1)); int12 = abs(nos1(2) receivedsig(2)); int1 = int11 + int12; if(int1 < diff_mag) diff_mag = int1; index = i; end end x_hat = output(index,:); % SER Calculations if (x_hat(1) ~= signal(1)) SER(SNR+1) = SER(SNR+1) +1; end if(x_hat(2) ~= signal(2)) SER(SNR+1) = SER(SNR+1) +1; end end SER(SNR+1) = SER(SNR+1)/200000; end % Plotting of the graph semilogy(0:20,SER); xlabel('SNR(dB)---->'); ylabel('SER ---->'); grid on;

MATLAB CODE:
clear all; alpha =0.4; t = 0.5; r=0.3; a=rand; a1=sqrt(a); r=rand; t=rand; % Matrix R=[1 a1*t a1*r 0; a1*t a 0 a1*r; a1*r 0 a a1*t; 0 a1*r a1*t 1]; % Look Up Table output = [1+1j 1+1j ; 1+1j 1-1j; 1+1j -1+1j ; 1+1j -1-1j; 1-1j 1+1j ; 1-1j 11j; 1-1j -1+1j ; 1-1j -1-1j; -1+1j 1+1j ; -1+1j 1-1j; -1+1j -1+1j ; -1+1j -1-1j; -1-1j 1+1j ; -1-1j 1-1j; -1-1j -1+1j ; -1-1j -1-1j]/sqrt(2); SER = zeros(21,1); % Singular Value Decomposition [U,D] = eig(R); for SNR = 0:20 % finding the amplitude of noise noise_amp =(10^(SNR/20))*sqrt(2); for i = 1:1000 % Estimation of Channel Htilde = (1/sqrt(2)) * (randn(1,4) + j * randn(1,4)); % Transmission Signal

Simulated output: N=1000

N=10000