03 04 Trig Substitution and Partial Fractions

Trigonometric Substitution Partial Fraction
Trigonometric Substitution and Integration of

Rational Functions by Partial Fractions
Mathematics 54Elementary Analysis 2
Institute of Mathematics
University of the Philippines-Diliman
1/ 28
Trigonometric Substitution Partial Fraction Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Exercises
Trigonometric Substitution
We use trigonometric substitution for integrands that contain
expression of the form:
a
2
u
2
a
2
+u
2
u
2
a
2
Example
1
_
49x
2
dx
x
2
_
dx
_
_
(x3)
2
25
_
5
2/ 28
Case 1. Integrand contains the form
a
2
u
2
Let u =asin, where
_
2
,

2
_
. Note du =acosd.
a
2
u
2
=
_
a
2
a
2
sin
2
=
_
a
2
(1sin
2
)
=a
cos
2
=a| cos|
=acos
a
2
u
2
u
a
3/ 28
Case 1.
a
2
u
2
. Let u =asin.
Example 1. Find
_
49x
2
dx
x
.
Let x =7sin. Then dx =7cos d.
_
49x
2
x
dx =
_
7cos
7sin
7cos d
49x
2
x
7
=
_
7cos
2
sin
d =
_
7(1sin
2
)
sin
d
=7
_
(cscsin) d
=7 ln| csccot | +7cos+C
=7 ln
7
x
49x
2
x
+
_
49x
2
+C.
4/ 28
Integrals involving
a
2
u
2
,
_
a
2
+u
2
or
u
2
a
2
a
2
+u
2
Let u =atan, where
_
2
,

2
_
. Note du =asec
2
d.
a
2
+u
2
=
a
2
+a
2
tan
2
=
_
a
2
(1+tan
2
)
=a
sec
2
=asec

a
u
a
2
+u
2
5/ 28
Case 2.
a
2
+u
2
. Let u =atan.
Example 2. Find
_
dx
_
(x
2
6x+25)
3
.
We have: x
2
6x+25 =(x3)
2
+4
2
, Let
x3 =4tandx =4sec
2
d
4
x3
_
(x3)
2
+4
2
_
dx
_
(x
2
6x+25)
3
=
_
dx
_
_
(x3)
2
+4
2
_
3
=
_
4sec
2
(4sec)
3
d
=
1
16
_
cos d
=
1
16
sin+C
=
1
16
x3
x
2
6x+25
+C
6/ 28
Integrals involving
a
2
u
2
,
_
a
2
+u
2
or
u
2
a
2
u
2
a
2
Let u =asec, where
_
0,

2
_
_
,
3
2
_
. Note du =asectand.
u
2
a
2
=
a
2
sec
2
a
2
=
_
a
2
(sec
2
1)
=a
tan
2
=atan

a
u
2
a
2
u
7/ 28
Case 3.
u
2
a
2
. Let u =asec.
Example 3. Find
_
e
4
e
2
_
ln
2
x4
xlnx
dx.
Let lnx =2sec. Then
1
x
dx =2sectan d.
2
_
ln
2
x4
lnx
_
e
4
e
2
_
ln
2
x4
xlnx
dx =
_
3
0
2tan
2sec
2sectan d
=
_
3
0
2tan
2sec
2sectan d
=
_
3
0
2tan
2
d
=2
_
3
0
(sec
2
1) d =2(tan)
3
0
=2
_
3
_
8/ 28
Example on Area
Example 4. Evaluate
_
1
0
_
1x
2
dx
From the denition of the denite integral, the expression
_
1
0
_
1x
2
dx is the area of the region
.
By trigonometric substitution, let x =sin. Then dx =cosd
_
1
0
_
1x
2
dx =
_
2
0
cos cosd =
_
2
0
1
2
(1+cos2)d
=
1
2
(+
1
4
sin2)
2
0
=
1
2
_
2
+
1
4
sin0
1
4
sin0
_
=

4
9/ 28
Summary
a
2
u
2
Let u =asin
a
2
+u
2
Let u =atan
u
2
a
2
Let u =asec
10/ 28
Exercises
Evaluate the following integrals.
1
_
dx
x
2
+2x15
2
_
16e
2x
e
x
dx
3
_
4
2
x
2
4
x
dx
4
_
x
3
dx
1x
2
5
_
dx
_
25+x
2
_
3
11/ 28
Trigonometric Substitution Partial Fraction Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Exercises
Introduction
Recall.
A function h is a rational function if h(x) =
f (x)
g(x)
, where f and g are
polynomial functions.
Consider
_
1
x
2
+5x+6
dx.
Solvable using math 53:
_
1
x
2
+5x+6
dx =
_
1
_
x+
5
2
_
2
1
4
dx =
1
2
1
2
ln
x+3
x+2
+C
Note:
_
1
x
2
+5x+6
dx =
__
1
x+3
1
x+2
_
dx =ln
x+3
x+2
+C
This integral will be easier to evaluate.
12/ 28
Goal.
To decompose a rational expression as a sum of two or more
simpler quotients, called partial fractions.
Remark.
1
We will consider rational functions h(x) =
f (x)
g(x)
with
deg(f (x)) <deg(g(x)) (f and g are polynomial functions). If
deg(f (x)) deg(g(x)), then we divide rst the numerator by the
denominator such that
h(x) =q(x) +
r(x)
g(x)
,
where deg(r(x)) <deg(g(x)).
2
Any polynomial with real number coefcients can be
expressed as a product of linear and quadratic polynomials.
13/ 28
Case 1. Denominator of the rational function only has
distinct linear factors.
If g(x) =(a
1
x+b
1
)(a
2
x+b
2
) (a
n
x+b
n
), where all factors are
distinct, then
p(x)
q(x)
=
A
1
a
1
x+b
1
+
A
2
a
2
x+b
2
+ +
A
n
a
n
x+b
n
.
Example 1. Find
_
x dx
x
2
5x+6
.
x
x
2
5x+6
=
x
(x3)(x2)
=
A
x3
+
B
x2
=
A(x2) +B(x3)
(x3)(x2)
.
We have:
x =A(x2) +B(x3).
14/ 28
x
x
2
5x+6
=
A
x3
+
B
x2
We can solve for A and B by comparing coefcients of the equation
x =A(x2) +B(x3) =(A+B)x(2A+3B).
x : 1 = A+B
constant : 0 = 2A+3B
Thus, A=3 and B =2.
Another way of solving for the values of A and B is to use the
following substitution:
let x =2: 2 =B(1) B =2
let x =3: A=3
Therefore,
_
x dx
x
2
5x+6
=
__
3
x3
2
x2
_
dx =3ln|x3| 2ln|x2| +C.
15/ 28
Case 1. Factors of the denominator are linear.
Example 2. Find
_
2x
3
4x
2
15x+5
x
2
2x8
dx.
Since the degree of the numerator is greater than the denominator,
we divide rst the numerator by the denominator. We have
2x
3
4x
2
15x+5
x
2
2x8
=2x+
x+5
(x4)(x+2)
=2x+
A
x4
+
B
x+2
.
16/ 28
2x
3
4x
2
15x+5
x
2
2x8
=2x+
A
x4
+
B
x+2
x+5
(x4)(x+2)
=
A
x4
+
B
x+2
x+5 =A(x+2) +B(x4)
Substitute 2 for x: 3 =B(6) B =
1
2
Substitute 4 for x: 9 =A(6) A=
3
2
Hence,
_
2x
3
4x
2
15x+5
x
2
2x8
dx =
__
2x+
x+5
(x4)(x+2)
_
dx
=
2x
2
2
+
__
3
2(x4)
1
2(x+2)
_
dx
=x
2
+
3
2
ln|x4|
1
2
ln|x+2| +C.
17/ 28
Case 2. Factors of denominator are all linear but some are
repeated.
If (ax+b)
n
, n >1 is a factor of the denominator, then the partial
fractions corresponding to this factor are
A
1
ax+b
+
A
2
(ax+b)
2
+ +
A
n
(ax+b)
n
.
Example 3. Find
_
(3x2) dx
2x
3
x
2
.
3x2
2x
3
x
2
=
3x2
x
2
(2x1)
=
A
x
+
B
x
2
+
C
2x1
.
18/ 28
3x2
2x
3
x
2
=
A
x
+
B
x
2
+
C
2x1
Multiplying both sides by x
2
(2x1)
3x2 =Ax(2x1) +B(2x1) +Cx
2
let x =0 B =2
let x =
1
2
C =2
let x =1 A=1
_
(3x2) dx
2x
3
x
2
=
__
1
x
+
2
x
2

2
2x1
_
dx
=ln|x| +
2x
1
1
ln|2x1| +C
19/ 28
More Examples
Example 4. Find
_
(x5) dx
(x+1)
2
(x2)
.
x5
(x+1)
2
(x2)
=
A
x+1
+
B
(x+1)
2
+
C
x2
.
We have x5 =A(x+1)(x2) +B(x2) +C(x+1)
2
.
Substitute 1 for x: 6 =B(3) B =2
Substitute 2 for x: 3 =C(3)
2
C =
1
3
Substitute 0 for x: 5 =A(1)(2) +2(2) +
1
3
(1)
2
A=
1
3
_
x5
(x+1)
2
(x2)
dx =
__
1
3(x+1)
+
2
(x+1)
2

1
3(x2)
_
dx
=
1
3
ln|x+1| +
2(x+1)
1
1

1
3
ln|x2| +C
20/ 28
Case 3. Factors of the denominator are linear and
quadratic and none of the quadratic factors is repeated.
If ax
2
+bx+c where a =0 is a factor of the denominator that is not
repeated , then the corresponding partial fraction to this factor is
Ax+B
ax
2
+bx+c
.
21/ 28
Case 3. Factors of the denominator are linear and
quadratic and none of the quadratic factors is repeated.
Example 5. Find
_
5x
2
+3x2
x
3
1
dx.
_
5x
2
+3x2
x
3
1
dx =
_
5x
2
+3x2
(x1)(x
2
+x+1)
dx =
__
A
x1
+
Bx+C
x
2
+x+1
_
dx
Consider 5x
2
+3x2 =A(x
2
+x+1) +(Bx+C)(x1).
Substitute x =1: 6 =A(3) A=2
Substitute x =0: 2 =2(1) +C(1) C =4
Substitute x =1: 0 =2(1) +(B+4)(2) B =3
22/ 28
5x
2
+3x2
x
3
1
=
2
x1
+
3x+4
x
2
+x+1
_
5x
2
+3x2
x
3
1
dx
=
_
2
x1
dx+
_
3x+4
x
2
+x+1
dx
=
_
2
x1
dx+
_
3
2
(2x+1)
x
2
+x+1
dx+
_
5
2
x
2
+x+1
dx
= 2ln|x1| +
3
2
ln|x
2
+x+1| +
5
2
3/2
tan
1
_
x+
1
2
3/2
_
+C
23/ 28
Case 4. Some quadratic factors of the denominator are
repeated.
If (ax
2
+bx+c)
n
, n >1 is a factor of the denominator , then the
corresponding partial fractions are
A
1
x+b
1
ax
2
+bx+c
+
A
2
x+b
2
(ax
2
+bx+c)
2
+ +
A
n
x+b
n
(ax
2
+bx+c)
n
24/ 28
Case 4. Some quadratic factors of the denominator are
repeated.
Example 6. Find
_
x
3
+1
(x
2
+4)
2
dx.
_
x
3
+1
(x
2
+4)
2
dx =
_
Ax+B
x
2
+4
dx+
_
Cx+D
(x
2
+4)
2
dx
x
3
+1 =(Ax+B)(x
2
+4) +(Cx+D) =Ax
3
+Bx
2
+(4A+C)x+D
By comparing coefcients, we have A=1, B =0, D=1.
Also, if x =1 then 2 =A+B+(4A+C) +D. C =4
25/ 28
Continuation...
_
x
3
+1
(x
2
+4)
2
dx =
_
x
x
2
+4
dx+
_
14x
(x
2
+4)
2
dx
=
1
2
_
2x
x
2
+4
dx+
_
14x
(x
2
+4)
2
dx
=
1
2
_
2x
x
2
+4
dx2
_
2x
(x
2
+4)
2
dx+
_
dx
(x
2
+4)
2
=
1
2
ln|x
2
+4| 2
(x
2
+4)
1
1
+
_
dx
(x
2
+4)
2
(trig.sub.)
26/ 28
_
x
3
+1
(x
2
+4)
2
dx =
1
2
ln|x
2
+4| +
2
x
2
+4
+
_
dx
(x
2
+4)
2
Let x =2tan dx =2sec
2
d
2
x
x
2
+2
2
_
dx
(x
2
+4)
2
=
_
2sec
2
d
16sec
4
=
1
8
_
cos
2
d
=
1
8
_
1+cos2
2
d
=
1
16
+
1
32
sin2+C
=
1
16
+
1
32
2sincos+C
Hence,
_
x
3
+1
(x
2
+4)
2
dx =
1
2
ln|x
2
+4|+
2
x
2
+4
+
1
16
tan
1
_
x
2
_
+
1
16
x
x
2
+4
2
x
2
+4
+C.
27/ 28
Exercises
Decompose the following into partial fractions.
1
(4x3)
x
2
2x3
2
1
x
3
(x1)
3
2x+1
x
2
(x
2
+2)
4
x
3
2x
(x
2
+1)
2
28/ 28

03 04 Trig Substitution and Partial Fractions

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03 04 Trig Substitution and Partial Fractions

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Trigonometric Substitution Partial Fraction

Trigonometric Substitution and Integration of

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