Comparison of Defuzzication Methods:

Automatic Control of Temperature and Flow inHeat Exchanger 77

X

Comparison of Defuzzification Methods:
Automatic ControI of Temperature
and FIow inHeat Exchanger

AIvaro }. Rey Anaya

, Onar Lengerke

, CarIos A. Cosenza

,
Max SueII Dulra

and Magda }.M. Tavera

Au|cncmcus Unitcrsi|q cf 8ucaramanga - UNA8,

Ca||c 48 # 39 -234, 8ucaramanga - Cc|cm|ia

|ccra| Unitcrsi|q cf Ric c ]ancirc - COPP|-U|R]

Pcs|a| 8cx 68.503 - C|P 21.945-970 - Ric c ]ancirc, R], 8razi|

1. Introduction

The purpose of lhis vork is lo anaIyze lhe lehavior of lradilionaI and fuzzy conlroI,
appIying in fIov and lenperalure conlroI lo Ioad currenl of a heal exchanger, and lhe
anaIysis of differenl nelhods of defuzzificalion, uliIized jusl as ilseIf lhis carrying oul lhe
fuzzy conlroI. Acling on lhe fuzzy conlroIIer slruclure, sone changes of forn are carried oul
such lhal lhis lune in lo le alIe lo ollain oplinaI response. Iroceeds on lhe lradilionaI
conlroIIer and conparisons lechniques on lhese lvo lypes of conlroIs are eslalIished. Inside
lhe changes lhal are carried oul on lhe fuzzy conlroIIer lhis forn of infornalion
defuzzificalion, lhal is lo say lhe nelhods are exchanged defuzzificalion in order lhen lo
reaIize conparisons on lhe lehavior of each one of nelhods.
In nany seclors of lhe induslry vhere incIude lhernaI processes, is inporlanl lhe presence
of heal exchangers (Shah & SekuIic, 2OO3, Kuppan, 2OOO). Said processes are conponenls of
everyday Iife of an engineer lhal has as aclion fieId lhe conlroI syslens, lherefore is
considered inleresling lo reaIize a conlroI lo lhis lype of syslens. This vork sludies lvo
significanl aspecls: A conparison lelveen lradilionaI and fuzzy conlroI, and an anaIysis
lelveen severaI defuzzificalion nelhods uliIized in lhe fuzzy Iogic (Kovacic & ogdan,
2OO6, Harris, 2OO6), deveIopnenl an anaIysis on each one of nelhods laking inlo
consideralion, conlrilule lhal olher aulhors have done and Ieaving aIvays in aIIov, lhal lhe
aIone resuIls ollained viII le appIicalIe al lhe line of execule conlroI on an heal exchanger
(Xia el aI., 1991, Iischer el aI., 1998, AIolaili el aI., 2OO4,). The lesl syslen lhis conposed for
lvo heal exchangers, one of concenlric pipes and olher of huII and pipes, lo vhich
inpIenenled lhen a lenperalure and fIov aulonalic conlroI lo lhe Ioad currenl of healing
(Iig. 1).

6
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AUTOMATON & CONTROL - Theory and Practice 78


Iig. 1. ThernaI piIol pIanl schene

The conlroI is reaIized lhrough lvo proporlionaI vaIves, one on inpul of lhe valer,
responsilIe for keep lhe vaIue of order of lhe valer and olher inslaIIed in lhe Iine of inpul of
lhe vapor (source of heal), responsilIe of keep lhe quanlily necessary of vapor lo ollain lhe
largel lenperalure. IhysicaI experinenlalion lypicaIIy allaches lhe nolions of uncerlainly lo
neasurenenls of any physicaI properly slale (Youden, 1998). The neasurenenl of lhe fIov
is reaIized ly a sensor of rolary paIelle and lhe neasurenenl of lhe lenperalure ly
lhernocoupIes (Lckerl & CoIdslein, 197O, McMiIIan & Considine, 1999, Morris, 2OO1). The
signaIs suppIied ly sensors are acquired ly NalionaI Inslrunenls

IieIdIoinl noduIe
(Kehlarnavaz & Kin, 2OO5, ArchiIa el aI., 2OO6, Iune, 2OO7) lhal lakes charge and send
signaI lo lhe conlroI vaIves, afler lo le processed lhe dala ly conlroIIer.

2. Fuzzy and CIassic ControI Software

The conlroI soflvare designed uses lvo seclions, lhe fuzzy and IID
(IroporlionaI/InlegraI/Derivalive) conlroI progran. These conlroIIers are crealed on
environnenl Lalvindovs/CVI ly NalionaI Inslrunenls Conpany

, vhich pernils lo
reaIize lhe perlinenl operalions vilh lhe dala caplured lhrough IieIdIoinl noduIes, uliIized
in syslens conlroI. The fuzzy conlroI inlerface, is lhe responsilIe for receiving dala of
sensors, so nuch of lenperalure for lhe lenperalure conlroI case, as of lhe fIov sensor for
conlroI of lhe sane one, lo process, and according lo an order eslalIished, lo delernine an
response senl lo lhe aclualors. asicaIIy, lhis progran is responsilIe of lo schenalize lhe
fuzzy sels, according lo eslalIished ly lhe user, defuzzificalion of lhe inpuls, lo reaIize lhe
inference of lhese inpuls in ruIes, lo reaIize aggregalion in lhe oulpuls sels, and lo execule
lhe defuzzificalion process, lo delernine lhe response lhal assisl lo lhe syslen lo ollain lhe
eslalIished slale. The IID conlroI cIassic inlerface is siniIar of fuzzy conlroI inlerface, lul
lhe difference is in enlrusled of lo execule lhe lhree conlroI aclions, proporlionaI, derivalive
and inlegraI lo delernine lhe responses lhal assisl lo lhe syslen lo ollain ils largel slale.
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Comparison of Defuzzication Methods:
Automatic Control of Temperature and Flow inHeat Exchanger 79

The IID conlroI syslen generaI is represenled in figure 2, vhere R(s), is lhe signaI largel or
sel poinl, U(s), is lhe oulpul of lhe IID conlroIIer lhal goes in lhe direclion of lhe pIanl C(s),
and Y(s), is lhe vaIue in use of lhe varialIe lo conlroI, vhich reduces lo lhe reference and lhe
error is delernined (conlroIIer inpul).


Iig. 2. CeneraI IID ConlroI Syslen

The purpose of lenperalure conlroI is lo achieve lhal valer lhal lhe heal exchanger
overlakes lhe vaIue of largel lenperalure and lo keep il in lhe vaIue even vilh exlernaI
disruplions. On operale conlroI vaIve is suppIies lhe quanlily of vapor lhal heals valer. The
inpul lo syslen conlroI is lhe lenperalure error, ollained since lhe lhernocoupIe pIaced on
lhe exil of lhe exchanger, and lhe exil conlroI lhe quanlily of necessary currenl lo open or lo
cIose lhe proporlionaI vaIve (IIanl). This conlroI is reaIized lhrough a IID conlroIIer.
The fIov conlroI has as purpose lo ollain lhal valer nass fIov lhal enlers lo heal
exchanger, achieve lhe largel vaIue, and can lo keep il during ils operalion, and even vilh
disruplions. This neans lhal shouId operale on lhe vaIve of conlroI, vho is lhe one lhal
reslrain lhe valer quanlily lhal enlers lo lhe syslen. The syslen inpul viII le lhe error
ollained lhrough lhe fIov sensor inslaIIed in lhe inpul of lhe syslen, and lhe IID conlroIIer
viII conlroI lhe quanlily of necessary currenl lo nanipuIale lhe proporlionaI vaIve. olh
processes legin, caIcuIaling lhe difference lelveen lhe neasured lenperalure and lhe
lenperalure desired or fIov neasured and fIov desired. In lhis forn, idenlify lhe error.
The vaIues of conlroI paranelers are laken, and lhe oulpul is caIcuIaled lhal goes in lhe
direclion of lhe pIanl. This oulpul ollains vaIues since O lo 2O nA, lhey viII represenl
aperlure angIes of proporlionaI vaIve.

3. Fuzzy ControI System

The inpuls lo conlroI syslen are lenperalure error and gradienl, ollained since lhe sensor
pIaced on lhe vay oul of exchanger, and lhe exil conlroI lhe quanlily currenl necessary lo
open lhe proporlionaI vaIve. The ruIes and nenlership funclion syslen are ollained in
lalIe 1 and figure 3, respecliveIy.

Errnr
Errnr
NcgatIvc Zcrn PnsItIvc
Negalive Open Open Nol operalion
Zero Open Nol operalion CIose
Iosilive Nol operalion CIose CIose
TalIe 1. Tenperalure conlroI ruIes assenlIy
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AUTOMATON & CONTROL - Theory and Practice 80



Menlership funclions - currenl al lhe
oulsel

Menlership funclions - derived varialIe
fron Lrror


Menlership funclions - varialIe Lrror
Iig. 3. Menlership Iunclions - lenperalure conlroI

The fIov conlroI has as purpose lo ollain lhal valer nass fIov lhal enlers lo heal
exchanger, achieve lhe order vaIue and can lo nainlain il during ils operalion, and even
lefore disruplions. This neans lhal shouId acl on lhe conlroI vaIve is lhe one lhal reslrain
lhe valer quanlily lhal enlers lo syslen. The syslen inpul, lhey viII le lhe error ollained
lhrough lhe fIov sensor inslaIIed lo syslen enlrance, and change of error in lhe line, and
lhe oulpul viII quanlily conlroI necessary of currenl lo nanipuIale lhe proporlionaI vaIve.
olh processes legin, caIcuIaling lhe difference lelveen neasured lenperalure and desired
lenperalure, or neasured fIov and desired fIov. In lhis forn idenlify lhe Lrror. CaIcuIale
lhe gradienl, reducing lhe error nev of previous one. Once knovn lhese varialIes, lhal
conslilule lhe inpuls of fuzzy Iogic conlroIIer, proceeds lo reaIize lhe fuzzificalion, inference
and defuzzificalion, lo ollain lhe conlroIIer oulpul. This oulpul ollains vaIues since O lo 2O
nA, represenl aperlure angIes of proporlionaI vaIve. The syslen ruIes and nenlership
funclion are ollained in lalIe 2 and figure 4, respecliveIy.


Errnr
Errnr
NcgatIvc Zcrn PnsItIvc
Negalive CIose CIose Nol operalion
Zero CIose Nol operalion Open
Iosilive Nol operalion Open Open
TalIe 2. IIov conlroI ruIes assenlIy

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Comparison of Defuzzication Methods:
Automatic Control of Temperature and Flow inHeat Exchanger 81


Iunclions of nenlership - varialIe error

Iunclions of nenlership - derived
varialIe fron error



Iunclions of nenlership - currenl al lhe oulsel
Iig. 4. Iunclions of nenlership - fIov conlroI

3.1 Comparative ResuIts ReIating Defuzzification Methods ImpIemented
The defuzzificalion nelhods seIecls vere five, idenlify in lhe conlroI area ly cenler of
gravily veighled ly heighl, cenler gravily veighled ly area, average of cenlers, poinls of
naxinun crilerion veighled ly heighl and poinls of naxinun crilerion veighled ly area
(Zhang & Ldnunds, 1991, Cuo el aI., 1996, Saade & Dial, 2OOO). In syslens conlroI, lhe nain
lern is lhe slaliIily lhal can offer lhe syslen, for lhis is necessary lhe deIayed line lhal lhe
syslen in leing slaliIized, error nargin lelveen vaIue desired (V
c
), and syslen
slaliIizalion vaIues (V
e
) and inerliaI infIuence of syslen. Ior lenperalure and fIov conlroI
lesls, is defined a sel poinl 25 |Lls/ninj and 4O |Cj. The paranelers and equalions used for
differenl responses in each one of lhe nelhods are shovs in lalIe 3, lalIe 4 and lalIe 5,
according lhe paranelers eslalIished in lalIe 3.
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AUTOMATON & CONTROL - Theory and Practice 82


METHOD5 EQUATION5
1. Cenler of gravily
veighled ly heighl

Q
L
L
Q
L
L L
K
Z K
[

Where, u is gravily cenler of
resuIlanl assenlIy afler fuzzy
operalion seIecl, and n is lhe
heighl of lhe sane assenlIy.
2. Cenler of gravily
veighled ly area.

Q
L
L
Q
L
L L
V
Z V
[

Where, u is gravily cenler of
resuIlanl assenlIy afler fuzzy
operalion seIecl, and s is lhe
area of lhe sane assenlIy.
3. Ioinls of naxinun
crilerion veighled ly
area.

Q
L
L
Q
L
L L
V
* V
[

Where, G is lhe poinl of

naxinun crilerion of
resuIlanl sel afler lo reaIize
fuzzy operalion seIecl and s is
lhe area of lhe sane sel.
4. Ioinls of naxinun
crilerion veighled ly
heighl.

Q
L
L
Q
L
L L
K
* K
[

Where, G is lhe poinl of

naxinun crilerion of
resuIlanl sel afler lo reaIize
fuzzy operalion seIecl and n is
heighl of lhe sane sel.
5. Average of cenlers


Where q
-|
represenls lhe
cenler of fuzzy sel C
I
(defined
as lhe poinl V in vhich
G
|

(q)
reaches ils vaIue naxinun),
and
8
(q) defined for lhe
degrees of nenlership
resuIlanl ly fuzzy inference.
TalIe 3. Melhods and nodeIs defuzzificalion


C

0
O O
%
O
0
O
%
O
\ \
\
\
P
P

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Comparison of Defuzzication Methods:
Automatic Control of Temperature and Flow inHeat Exchanger 83


TalIe 4. IIov conlroI response

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AUTOMATON & CONTROL - Theory and Practice 84


TalIe 5. Tenperalure conlroI response

A sunnary of resuIls ollained on differenl nelhods is shovn in lalIe 6 for fIov conlroI and
lalIe 7 for lenperalure conlroI.
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Comparison of Defuzzication Methods:
Automatic Control of Temperature and Flow inHeat Exchanger 85


DcfuzzIfIcatInn
mcthnd
5tabI!Ity
tImc
[scc]
Errnr margIn
(Vc - Vc)
IncrtIa! Inf!ucncc nf
systcm
Cenler gravily
veighled ly heighl
1O5
O.8 alove of lhe sel poinl
2 leIov of lhe sel poinl
O.8 alove of lhe sel poinl
8.4 leIov of lhe sel
poinl
Cenler gravily
veighled ly area
125
O.8 alove of lhe sel poinl
2 leIov of lhe sel poinl
7.2 alove of lhe sel poinl
5.2 leIov of lhe sel
poinl
Average of cenlers 85
O.8 alove of lhe sel poinl
2 leIov of lhe sel poinl
4 alove of lhe sel poinl
5.2 leIov of lhe sel
poinl
Ioinls of naxinun
crilerion veighled ly
heighl
23O 2 leIov of lhe sel poinl
O.8 alove of lhe sel poinl
5.2 leIov of lhe sel poinl
Ioinls of naxinun
crilerion veighled ly
area

12O
O.8 alove of lhe sel poinl
2 leIov of lhe sel poinl
O.8 alove of lhe sel poinl
2 leIov of lhe sel poinl
TalIe 6. Response of defuzzificalion nelhods - fIov conlroI

DcfuzzIfIcatInn
mcthnd
5tabI!Ity
tImc [scc]
Errnr margIn
(Vc - Vc)
IncrtIa! Inf!ucncc nf
systcm
Cenler gravily
veighled ly heighl
67O
O.75 leIov of lhe sel
poinl
4O.89 alove of lhe sel poinl
11.57 leIov of lhe sel poinl
Cenler gravily
veighled ly area
Nol
slaliIized
Nol slaliIized
11.25 alove of lhe sel poinl
14.53 leIov of lhe sel poinl
Average of cenlers 71O
1 leIov of lhe sel
poinl
1O.21 alove of lhe sel poinl
12.5 leIov of lhe sel poinl
Ioinls of naxinun
crilerion veighled ly
heighl
745
O.75 leIov of lhe sel
poinl
1O.52 alove of lhe sel poinl
3.79 leIov of lhe sel poinl
Ioinls of naxinun
crilerion veighled ly
area
735
1.38 leIov of lhe sel
poinl
14.8O alove of lhe sel poinl
1O.4O leIov of lhe sel poinl
TalIe 7. Response of defuzzificalion nelhods - lenperalure conlroI

3.2 Comparative AnaIysis between CIassic and Fuzzy ControIIer
To le alIe lo reaIize lhis anaIysis shouId nake use of fundanenlaIs concepls al lhe nonenl
of lo evaIuale lhe conlroIIer efficiency. The concepls in lhis case are: syslens deIayed line in
leing slaliIized, error nargin lelveen order vaIue (V
c
) and slaliIizalion vaIues (V
e
) and
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AUTOMATON & CONTROL - Theory and Practice 86

inerliaI InfIuence of syslen. Ior lhe conparalive anaIysis lelveen fuzzy conlroIIer and IID
conlroIIer, in lhe fIov conlroI use of lesls reaIized lo each one of lhese conlroIIers vilh sel
poinl 25 |Lls/ninj and 4O |Cj. The resuIls ollained are shovn in lhe lalIe 8.

TalIe 8. ConlroIIers response

A sunnary of resuIls ollained on differenl nelhods is shovn for fIov conlroI (lalIe 9) and
lenperalure conlroI (lalIe 1O).

Cnntrn!!cr
5tabI!Ity
tImc [scc]
Errnr margIn
(Vc - Vc)
IncrtIa! Inf!ucncc nf systcm
IUZZY
CONTROL
85
O.8 leIov of lhe sel poinl
2 alove of lhe sel poinl
4 leIov of lhe sel poinl
5.2 alove of lhe sel poinl
IID
CONTROL

115
O.8 leIov of lhe sel poinl
2 alove of lhe sel poinl
22.8 leIov of lhe sel poinl
2 alove of lhe sel poinl
TalIe 9. Response of conlroIIers - fIov conlroI
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Comparison of Defuzzication Methods:
Automatic Control of Temperature and Flow inHeat Exchanger 87


Cnntrn!!cr
5tabI!Ity
tImc [scc]
Errnr margIn
(Vc - Vc)
IncrtIa! Inf!ucncc nf systcm
IUZZY
CONTROL
71O 1 leIov of lhe sel poinl
1O.21 alove of lhe sel poinl
12.5 leIov of lhe sel poinl
IID
CONTROL
5O5 2.75 leIov of sel poinl
4.45 alove of sel poinl
2.75 leIov of sel poinl
TalIe 1O. Response of conlroIIers - lenperalure conlroI

7. ConcIusion

The resuIls ollained in lhis vork shov lhe lechnicaI vialiIily of lhe uliIizalion fuzzy Iogic in
lhe fIov and lenperalure conlroI lo lhe varning-up currenl inpul of heal exchanger. The
inpIenenlalion lhe fIov and lenperalure conlroI vilh fuzzy Iogic possesses lhe advanlages
of nol requires a precision nalhenalicaI nodeI for conlroI syslen. Sone disadvanlage is lhe
design shouId le reaIized generaIIy vilh lesl and error nelhod. Is possilIe lo conlroI
lhrough fuzzy lechniques induslriaI process vilh grealer faciIily and errors nininun and
sufficienl vilh lo idenlify ils generaI lehavior lo slruclure a series of fuzzy sels and ils
respeclive ruIes. The fuzzy conlroIIer lune, depending on lhe ruIes nalrix, aIso, depends on
lhe size of varialIe sels, aIready ilseIf of inpul or oulpul. This depends on lhe sane lehavior
syslen. Ior lhe inpIenenlalion of fuzzy conlroI, is necessary, lhe eslalIishnenl of nelhods
and aIlernalives uliIized in each one of lhe lIocks lhal conforn il. In lhis forn, can le
ollained oplinaI resuIls, al lhe nonenl of luning lhe syslen. The respond of lhe fuzzy
conlroIIer does nol depend on lhe defuzzificalion nelhod uliIized, if nol of lhe adequale
uliIizalion of lhe nenlership funclions, and of nunlers of Iinguislic varialIes uliIized for
each one of lhe varialIes of inpul and oulpul of lhe syslen. AIso, depends on lype and size
of lhe sels uliIized.

8. References

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Lxchanger. |n|crna|icna| ]curna| cf Hca| an Mass Transfcr, VoI. 4, No. 5, Ielruary
2OO4, pp. 913-924.
ArchiIa, }.I., Dulra, M.S., Lengerke, O. & Vega, T.}. (2OO6). Design and inpIenenlalion of a
conlroI syslen in cIosed-Ioop using lhe connunicalion syslen IILLD IOINT for a
hydroslalic lransnission. R|S|T. ]curna| Spccia|izc in |nfcrma|ics an ||cc|rcnics
Sqs|cms cf Tc|cccmmunica|icns Sqs|cms. VoI. 1, pp. 48-53.
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AUTOMATON & CONTROL - Theory and Practice 88

Cuo, S., Ielers, L. & Surnann, H. (1996). Design and appIicalion of an anaIog fuzzy Iogic
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429-438 ISSN: 1O63-67O6.
Harris, }. (2OO6). |uzzq |cgic App|ica|icns in |nginccring Scicncc, Springer, ISN-1O 1-4O2O-
4O78-4, NelherIand.
Kehlarnavaz, N. & Kin, N. (2OO5). Digi|a| Signa| Prcccssing Sqs|cm-|ctc| Dcsign Using
|a|V||I. Nevnes LIsevier, ISN-1O/ASIN: O-75O6-7914-X, urIinglon, USA.
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Heinenann, ISN-1O: O-75O6-5O81-8, Creal rilain.
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Transac|icns cn Sqs|cms, Man, an Cq|crnc|ics, Iarl , VoI. 3O, No. 1, Ielruary 2OOO,
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www.intechopen.com
Automation Control - Theory and Practice
Edited by A D Rodi
ISBN 978-953-307-039-1
Hard cover, 350 pages
Publisher InTech
Published online 01, December, 2009
Published in print edition December, 2009
InTech Europe InTech China
The present edited book is a collection of 18 chapters written by internationally recognized experts and well-
known professionals of the field. Chapters contribute to diverse facets of automation and control. The volume
is organized in four parts according to the main subjects, regarding the recent advances in this field of
engineering. The first thematic part of the book is devoted to automation. This includes solving of assembly
line balancing problem and design of software architecture for cognitive assembling in production systems.
The second part of the book concerns different aspects of modelling and control. This includes a study on
modelling pollutant emission of diesel engine, development of a PLC program obtained from DEVS model,
control networks for digital home, automatic control of temperature and flow in heat exchanger, and non-linear
analysis and design of phase locked loops. The third part addresses issues of parameter estimation and filter
design, including methods for parameters estimation, control and design of the wave digital filters. The fourth
part presents new results in the intelligent control. This includes building a neural PDF strategy for
hydroelectric satation simulator, intelligent network system for process control, neural generalized predictive
control for industrial processes, intelligent system for forecasting, diagnosis and decision making based on
neural networks and self-organizing maps, development of a smart semantic middleware for the Internet ,
development of appropriate AI methods in fault-tollerant control, building expert system in rotary railcar
dumpers, expert system for plant asset management, and building of a image retrieval system in
heterogeneous database. The content of this thematic book admirably reflects the complementary aspects of
theory and practice which have taken place in the last years. Certainly, the content of this book will serve as a
valuable overview of theoretical and practical methods in control and automation to those who deal with
engineering and research in this field of activities.
How to reference
In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following:
Alvaro J. Rey Amaya, Omar Lengerke, Carlos A. Cosenza, Max Suell Dutra and Magda J.M. Tavera (2009).
Comparison of Defuzzification Methods: Automatic Control of Temperature and Flow inHeat Exchanger,
Automation Control - Theory and Practice, A D Rodi (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-039-1, InTech, Available from:
http://www.intechopen.com/books/automation-control-theory-and-practice/comparison-of-defuzzification-
methods-automatic-control-of-temperature-and-flow-inheat-exchanger
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