Chapter 9: Bird Strike On Prestressed Rotating Fan Blades

Bird Strike on Prestressed

9 Rotating Fan Blades


Summary 127

Introduction 128

Requested Solutions 128

Model Details 128

FEM Solution 129

Results 132

Modeling Tip 133

Input File(s) 134
 CHAPTER 9 127
Bird Strike on Prestressed Rotating Fan Blades

Summary
Title Chapter 9: Bird Strike on Prestressed Rotating Fan Blades
Features Bird Strike On Prestressed Rotating Fan Blades
Geometry Units: inches

2
44.2

D = 1.8
t = 0.2

D = 27.2
6.24 0.0266 < t < 0.0403

D = 2.36

Material properties Fan: Piecewise linear plastic material (MATD024)

Bird: Elastic-plastic hydrodynamic material (MATD010)
Boundary conditions • Prestress analysis:
One end of blade is fully fixed.
1/3 and 1/2 span of rotor are fixed to x and y translational and rotational directions
• Impact analysis:
One end of blade is fixed to x, y and z translational directions.
1/3 and 1/2 points of rotor are fixed to x and y translational directions
Details are explained in FEM solutions section.
Applied loads • Prestress analysis:
Fan: 8000 rpm using RFORCE option (rotational static force)
• Impact analysis:
Fan: 8000 rpm using TIC3 option (rotational initial speed) and SPCD2 option
(enforced motion)
Bird: Initial velocity of 7692 inch/s (437 m.p.h.) using TIC option.
Details are explained in FEM solutions section.
Element type • Fan: 4-node shell element
• Bird: 8-node hexahedral element (Impact analysis only)
FE results t = 1.52 ms •Prestress analysis:
Plot of final stage of implicit run nastin - ASCII result
file for initial state values are included.
•Impact analysis:
Plot of each stage (t = 1.52 ms shown here)
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Introduction
Aerospace companies have performed bird strike test simulation to predict the impact-resistance properties of the
aircraft structure. This is an example of a bird (made by solid elements) impacting against rotating fan blades using a
sequential implicit-explicit technique. First, using the implicit solver, the initial condition (stress and displacement) on
the blades and rotor was calculated followed by transient loading of bird impact, which was simulated using the
explicit solver.

Requested Solutions
A numerical analysis was performed to demonstrate the pre-stressed fan blade out method. The rotational inertia
effects were taken into account in implicit analysis and the resulting stress, strain and displacements were computed.
Next, the results were added to the explicit analysis as initial condition.

Model Details
Materials
Fan: Piecewise linear plastic material (MATD024)
 = 4.14e-4 lbf/inch3-s2/inch,  = 0.35, E = 1.60E+7 psi
y (yield stress) = 138000 psi, ET (Tangent modulus) = 100000 psi
Plastic strain failure limit = 0.2
Bird: Elastic-plastic hydrodynamic material (MATD010)
 = 9E-5 lbf/inch3-s2/inch, G (Shear modulus) = 145 psi
y (yield stress) = 2.9 psi, ET (Tangent modulus) = 0.145 psi
Linear polynomial equation of state (EOSPOL

P = a  + a 2 + a 3 +  b + b  + b 2 + b 3   E
1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0
 =  –1
0
 = overall material density
 0 = reference density

E = specific internal energy pur unit mass

a1 = a2 = b1 = b2 = b3 = 0

a = 4.25x10 6 psi
1
 CHAPTER 9 129
Bird Strike on Prestressed Rotating Fan Blades

FEM Solution

Boundary Condition and Applied Load

Prestress Analysis (Implicit)
The rotational velocity of blades and rotor is 8000 rpm which is applied using RFORCE option (rotational static force)
in the prestress run. The end of the rotor is fully fixed. In addition, the bearings located at 1/3 and 1/2 of distance from
the front of rotor are fixed in x, y translational as well as x, y rotational directions using SPC1 option. The applied
loading and boundary conditions of prestress analysis are shown in Figure 9-1(a).
RFORCE 1 299999 -133.3330.0 0.0 1.
TABLED1 321
0. 1. .001 1. ENDT
SPC1 1 123456 300425 THRU 300443
SPC1 1 1245 400058
SPC1 1 1245 400115

Impact Analysis (Explicit)

The initial rotational velocity of 8000 rpm is applied to fan blades using the TIC3 entry as well as end of rotor using
the SPC2 entry (enforced motion). The bird impact velocity of 7692 inch/s (437 m.p.h.) is applied on all the grid points
of the bird model. The boundary conditions at the end of rotor is changed to constrain x, y and z translational directions
and the bearing locations of rotor are constrained in x and y translational directions. The applied loading and boundary
conditions of impact analysis are shown in Figure 9-1 (b).

TIC 1 1000001 3 7692.

...
SPCD2 1 GRID 1 7 80 -1.
TABLED1 80 +
+ 0.0 837.758 1. 837.758 ENDT
$ Displacement Constraints of Load Set : Disp1
SPC1 1 3 21 THRU 31
...
...
$ Initial angular velocity for rotor +fan blade
TIC3 1 299999 1.
-837.758
1 THRU 6384 300000 THRU 300018 300020 THRU
130 MD Demonstration Problems
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8000 rp
rrpm
m

Fu
Fully
ully fixed
f xed
fi

Fixed (x,y direction)

(x,y rotation)

(a) Prestress model (implicit)

8000 rrprpm
pm 8000 rp
rrpm
m
(iniitiall speed)
(initial (enfo
(enforced
f rced speed))

Fixed (x,y,z direction)

Fixed (x,y direction)

437 mph
(b) Impact model (explicit)
Figure 9-1 Boundary Conditions and Applied Loads of the Fan And Bird
 CHAPTER 9 131
Bird Strike on Prestressed Rotating Fan Blades

FEM Model and Contact

The rotor, hub and fan blades are modeled by shell elements while the bird is modeled by solid elements.

Prestress Analysis (implicit)

By using the PRESTRS bulk data entry, a prestress analysis is carried out. The prestress simulation requires the
analysis to be run with double precision version of the implicit solver. Final deformations and stresses of elements are
written to a text file named “input_file_name”.dytr.nastin to provide initial conditions for rotor and fan blades
of the impact run. The definition of TSTEPNL is required in implicit run to determine the number of time steps and
their increment for higher fidelity of the solution.
TSTEPNL 1 5 1.-5 1 ADAPT 2 10
PRESTRS

Impact analysis (explicit):

The end time in transient run is defined by using 100 time steps at 0.4e-4 sec. for each increment. End time is the
product of these two entries. Notice here the Time Increment is only for the first step. The actual number of Time
Increments and the exact value of the Time Steps are determined by MD Nastran solver during the analysis. The time
step is a function of the smallest element dimension during the simulation.
The prestress results file is prestress_rotor.dytr.nastin. The name of this file was changed to
rotor.dytr.nastin due to the long file name. It includes the results for grid points, elements and is used as initial
condition for explicit transient run. The prestress file prestress_rotor.dytr.nastin includes all geometry
information such as grids, elements and the results. Therefore, the explicit model should include only the material
properties for the structure, the new boundary conditions as well as new data for the bird.
INCLUDE rotor.dytr.nastin
TSTEPNL 1 100 .4e-4 1 ADAPT 2 10
The file rotor.dytr.nastin contains an entry called ISTRSSH. This entry specifies the prestress condition of the
shell element as defined below (see the MD Nastran Quick Reference Guide for more details). These result values of
the prestress run are to be carried over to the impact run. When other elements types other than shells are used,
ISTRSBE, ISTRSTS, and ISTRSSO entries must be included in the nastin file.

ISTRSSH* 2275 1 5 5*
* *
* 0.000E+00 6.916E+03 7.371E+03 1.480E+02*
* 7.084E+03 -3.908E+01 1.150E+02 0.000E+00*
...
In this analysis, adaptive contact is defined between the bird and the fan blades. The BCBODY and BCPROP entries
are used to define a symmetric (M-S, S-M) contact bodies.
BCTABLE 1 2
SLAVE 8001 0. 0. 0.1 0. 0
0 0 0
0.1 YES
+
+
132 MD Demonstration Problems
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+
MASTERS 1001
SLAVE 1001 0. 0. 0.1 0. 0
0 0 0
0.1 YES
+
+
+
MASTERS 8001
BCBODY 1001 3D DEFORM 1001 0
BCPROP 1001 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
...

Results

Prestress Run
The results of all increments are essentially the same which indicates that the implicit calculations are stable. The
results of the last increment were written to the file prestres_rotor.dytr.nastin.

Figure 9-2 Result Increment 5: written to the .nastin file

 CHAPTER 9 133
Bird Strike on Prestressed Rotating Fan Blades

Impact run
The prestress result variables have been initialized at the begin of the analysis (Time = 0)

t = 0 ms t = 1.00 ms

t = 1.52 ms t = 2.00 ms

t = 3.00 ms t = 4.00 ms

Figure 9-3 Element Mesh Applied in the MD Nastran Simulation

Modeling Tip
The default values for shell integration points in implicit and explicit analyses are different. There are three integration
points for implicit analysis and two integration points for explicit analysis. Therefore, the shell element type for the
implicit analysis has to be modified to be consistent with that of explicit simulation.
PSHELL1 1 1 BLT GAUSS 2
134 MD Demonstration Problems
CHAPTER 9

Input File(s)
File Description
nug_9a.dat Impact analysis
nug_9b.dat Prestress model
nug_9c.dat Stresses and deformations of prestress model for input to
impact analysis
nug_9d.dat Data for bird