UNIT ASSOCIATED WITH BASIC ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES

ET101 / CHAPTER 1/ 1

UNIT ASSOCIATED WITH BASIC ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES

CHAPTER 1

OBJECTIVES

General objective Course objective

Apply units associated with basic electrical quantities

: At the end of this topic, you should be able to:-

1.1 Understand SI Unit 1.1.1 State the basic SI units and their symbols 1.1.2 Use scientific notation (power of ten) to represent quantities. 1.1.3 State prefixes denoting multiplication and division 1.1.4 Convert from one unit with a metric prefix to another 1.1.5 Use metric prefixes to express electrical quantities. 1.1.6 State the unit of charge, work and power.

1.2 Understand the units and symbols of electrical potential, 1.2.1 Define e.m.f , resistance, current, conductance, power and energy. 1.2.2 Identify the units and symbols for e.m.f, resistance, current, conductance, power and energy. 1.2.3 Solve simple calculations involving these units.

UNIT ASSOCIATED WITH BASIC ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES

ET101 / CHAPTER 1/ 2

SI UNIT

1.1

Introduction In the electrical and electronics field, we deal with measurable quantities. Our measurement however, must be communicated in a standard language that all profesionals can understand, irrespective of the country where the measuremant is conducted.

1.1.1

The International System of Units (abbreviated SI from the French le Systme international d'units) is the modern form of the metric system. In this system, there are six principle units from which the units of all other physical quantities can be derived. Table 1.1 shows the basic six units, their symbols, and the physical quantities they represent. Quantity Length Weight Time Current Thermodynamic temperature Intensity Basic Unit (symbol) meter (m) kilogram (kg) second (s) ampere (A) kelvin (K) candela (cd) Table 1.1: Basic quantities of SI unit

1.1.2

Scientific notation Scientific notation, also known as standard form or as exponential notation, provides a convenient method for expressing large and small numbers and for performing calculations involving such numbers. For example, the quantity 66,600 is expressed in scientific notation as 6.66 x 104, and the quantity 0.0083 is expressed as 8.3 x 10-3 .

Powers of Ten Table 1.2 lists some powers of ten, both positive and negative, and the corresponding decimal numbers. The power of ten is expressed as an exponent of the base 10 in each case. Base 10 r Exponent

And exponent is a number to which a base number is raised. If positive power of ten, move the decimal point to the right. However , for negative power of ten, move the decimal point to the left to get the equivalent decimal number. For example, exponent of 5,

UNIT ASSOCIATED WITH BASIC ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES

105 = 1 x 105 = 1.00000. = 100,000. 100 = 1 101 = 10 102 = 100 103 = 1,000 104 = 10,000 105 = 100,000 106 = 1,000,000 10-1 = 0.1 10-2 = 0.01 10-3 = 0.001 10-4 = 0.0001 10-5 = 0.00001 10-6 = 0.000001

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Table 1.2: Some positive and negative powers of ten. Example 1-A: Express numbers below in scientific notation: (a) 440 (b) 79,000 (c) 0.073 (d) 0.00049 Solution: (a) 4.4 x 102 (b) 79 x 103 (c) 7.3 x 10-2 (d) 4.9 x 10-4

Example 1-B: Express numbers below as a normal decimal number: (a) 1.55 x 10-1 (b) 8.17 x 104 (c) 9.6 x 10-6 (d) 3.25 x 103 Solution: (a) 0.155 (b) 81700 (c) 0.0000096 (d) 3250

1.1.3 Prefixes denoting multiplication and division Multiplication: Steps for multiplying numbers in powers of ten are as follows: i) Multiply the numbers directly without their powers of ten. ii)Add the exponent .

Example 1-C: Multiply 8 x 1011 by 4 x 10-3 and express the result in scientific notation: Solution: Multiple numbers 8 with 4 and exponent 11 with -3 (8 x 1011)(4 x 10-3) = 32 x 1011+ (-3) = 32 x 108 = 3.2 x 109 Practice problem: Multiply 0.16 x 10-7 by 4.15 x 10-3 and express the result in scientific notation

Example 1-D: Divide 2.6 x 105 by 2 x 10-2 and express the result in Division: Steps for dividing numbers in powers of ten are as follows: scientific notation: i) Divide the numbers directly without their powers of ten. ii)Subtract Solution the: exponent Write 2.6 in x the 105 denominator from the power of ten in the -2 2 x 10 numerator. Divide the numbers and subtract the powers of ten (-2 from 5) Answer: 1.3 x 105-(-2) = 1.3 x 107 Practice problem: Divide 9 x 10-5 by 3 x 10-7

UNIT ASSOCIATED WITH BASIC ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES

ET101 / CHAPTER 1/ 4

numerator denominator

1.1.4 Metric Unit Conversions Metric prefixes are used in conjuction with engineering notation as a shorthand for the certain powers of the ten that commonly are used. Some of the metric prefixes are listed in Table 1.3 with their symbols and the powers of ten. Metric Prefixes pico nano micro milli kilo mega giga tera p n m k M G T Symbol 10-12 10-9 10-6 10-3 103 106 109 1012 Power of ten

Table 1.3 Metric prefixes with their symbols and powers of ten. Sometimes, it is necessary to convert a quantity from one unit with another unit, such as from milliamperes (mA) to microamperes (A). Convert large to small unit, move the decimal point to the right. Convert small to large unit, move the decimal point to the left. Example 1-E: Convert 0.81 milliamperes (mA) to microamperes (A). Solution: Using manual, Move the decimal point three places to the right. 0.81 mA = 0.81 x 10-3 A = 810 x 10-6 A = 810 A Using calculator, Step 1: Press The screen will display 8.1 x 10-4 Step 2: Press , and the answer appear 810 x 10 -6 = 810 A.

UNIT ASSOCIATED WITH BASIC ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES

ET101 / CHAPTER 1/ 5

SHIFT

ENG

Example 1-F: Convert 720 microvolts (V) to millivolts (mV). Solution: Using manual, Move the decimal point three places to the left. 720 V = 720 x 10-6 V = 0.72 x 10-3 V = 0.72 mV Using calculator, Step 1: Press SHIFT 7 display 27.2 x 10 0-4 The screen will -3 Step 2: Press , answer appear 0.72 x 10 = 0.72 mV
SHIFT ENG

Example 1-G: Add 2200 A and 47 mA and express the result in milliamperes. Solution: Using manual, Convert 2200 A to 2.2 mA and add. 2200 A + 47 mA = 2.2 mA + 47 mA = 49.2 mA. Using calculator, Step 1: Press

SHIFT

The screen will display 0.0492

SHIFT 4 the answer 7 5 10-3 = = Step 2: Press , and appear 49.2 x 49.2 mA.

ENG

Practice problem: i) Convert 0.0035 microfarads (0.0035F) to picofarads (pF). ii) Convert 1200 nanoamperes (1200 nA) to microamperes (A). iii) Convert 2700 kiloohms (2700k) to megaohms (M). iv) Convert 1000000 picofarads (1000000 pF) to microfarads (F). v) Subtract 20 mA - 700 A and express the result in milliamperes.

UNIT ASSOCIATED WITH BASIC ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES

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1.1.5 Use metric prefixes to express electrical quantities. In electrical engineering, metric prefixes represent each of the most commonly used in electrical quantities such as volt, amperes, ohms and etc. Below are the example to express electrical quantities using metric prefixes: (a) 0.00011 A (b) 38,000 W (c) 6,500,000 (d) 0.0072 V 110 A 38 kW 6.5 M 7.2 mV

1.1.6 The unit of charge, work and power. Quantity charge energy @ work power Symbol Q W P SI Unit coulomb joule watt Symbol C J W

Table 1.4 Electrical quantities and their corresponding units with SI symbols.

UNITS AND SYMBOLS OF ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL

1.2 Understand the units and symbols of electrical potential

UNIT ASSOCIATED WITH BASIC ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES

ET101 / CHAPTER 1/ 7

1.2.1 Definition e.m.f , resistance, current, conductance, power and energy. (a) E.m.f Electromotive force (V) is the work done by a source on an electrical charge. E.m.f is another term for electrical potential, or the difference in charge across a battery or voltage source. (b) Resistance Resistance (R) is a force that opposes the flow of electron current in a conductor. All materials naturally contain some resistance to the flow of electron current. It is measured in units called ohms (). Resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that limits an electrical current and turns the extra current into heat. A resistor is either fixed or variable. A fixed resistor means their resistance remains constant. One common fixed resistor is the carbon-composition type.

Fixed resistor

Variable resistor

Variable resistor

A variable resistor means their resistance values can be changed easily with a manual or an automatic adjustment. The variable resistor used to divide voltage is called a potentiometer. The variable resistor used to control current us called a rheostat.

Resistor Color Codes

UNIT ASSOCIATED WITH BASIC ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES

Color Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Grey White Gold Silver None First band 1st digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Second band 2nd digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Third band Multiplier (no. of zeros)

ET101 / CHAPTER 1/ 8
Fourth band Percent Tolerance 5% 10% 20%

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 100000000 1000000000 0.1 0.01

Table 1.5 : 4-band resistor color code (c) Current Current (I) is the time rate of change of charge and measured in amperes (A). If the current does not change with time, but remains constant, it is call a direct current (DC), such as Figure 1 (a). An alternating current (AC) is a current that varies sinusoidally with time , as Figure 1 (b). Figure 1 (c) shows peak voltage (Vp) and peak to peak voltage (Vp-p) in alternating current waveform. Current (I) Current (I) Positive maximum Time (t)

0 Time (t) 0 Figure 1 (a) : Direct current(dc) waveform

+ -

Negative maximum Figure 1 (b) : Alternating current(ac) waveform

Vp Amplitude Vp Amplitude

Vp-p = 2Vp

Figure 1 (c) : Amplitude in alternating current(ac) waveform (d) Conductance Conductance (G) is a measure of how well an element will conduct electric current. The unit of conductance is siemens (S). Conductance can be denoted by:-

UNIT ASSOCIATED WITH BASIC ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES

G= 1 R
where R: resistance

ET101 / CHAPTER 1/ 9

(e) Power Power (P) is the time rate of absorbing energy and measured in watts (W) P =V I where V: voltage, I: current

(f) Energy Energy (W) is the capacity to do work and measured in Joule (J).
W = Pt

where P: power, t: time in second or hour

1.2.2 Units and symbols for e.m.f, resistance, current, conductance, power and energy. Quantity voltage current resistance conductance inductance capacitance reactance impedance power energy @ work Symbol V I R G L C X Z P W SI Unit volt ampere ohm siemens henry farad ohm ohm watt joule Symbol V A S H F W J / Ws

Table 1.6 Units and symbols for some electrical quantities.

1.2.3 Simple calculations involving these units. (a) What is the conductance of a 47k resistor? (b) If 65J are used in 5s, what is the power value? (c) A 120 W light bulb operates on 40 V. How much current does it require? (d) How many kilowatt-hours of energy are used by 180W light bulb burning for 6 hour?