International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 76 No.

5 2012, 661-668
ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version) url: http://www.ijpam.eu

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STEADY MHD POISEUILLE FLOW BETWEEN TWO INFINITE PARALLEL POROUS PLATES IN AN INCLINED MAGNETIC FIELD W.A. Manyonge1 , D.W. Kiema2 , C.C.W. Iyaya3 for Research for New and Renewable Energies Maseno University P.O. Box 333, Maseno, KENYA 2 Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Chepkoilel University College P.O. Box 1125, Eldoret, KENYA 3 School of Computer Science and Information Technology Multimedia University of Kenya P.O. Box 3035-00100, Nairobi, KENYA
1 Centre

Abstract: In this paper, we examine the motion of a two dimensional steady ow of a viscous, electrically conducting, incompressible uid owing between two innite parallel porous plates under the inuence of transverse magnetic eld and constant pressure gradient. The lower plate is assumed porous while the upper plate is not. The resulting coupled governing equation of motion is solved analytically by an analytical method. Analytical expression for the uid velocity obtained is expressed in terms of Hartmann number. The eects of the magnetic inclinations to the velocity are discussed graphically. The solution of this equation is important, for example in the design of MHD power generators. AMS Subject Classication: 76W05 Key Words: magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) ow, magnetic eld, NavierStokes equations, porous plate, analytic solution Received: September 29, 2011
author c 2012 Academic Publications, Ltd.
url: www.acadpubl.eu

Correspondence

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W.A. Manyonge, D.W. Kiema, C.C.W. Iyaya 1. Introduction

Magnetohydrodynamics (usually shortened to MHD) is the uid mechanics of electrically conducting uids. Some of these uids include liquid metals(such as mercury, molten iron) and ironized gases known by Physicists as plasma, one example being the Solar atmosphere. The subject of MHD is largely perceived to have been initiated by Swedish electrical engineer Hannes Alfv en[1] in 1942. If an electrically conducting uid is placed in a constant magnetic eld, the motion of the uid induces currents which create forces on the uid. The production of these currents has led to the design of among other devices the MHD generators for electricity production. The equations which describe MHD ow are a combination of continuity equation and Navier-Stokes equations of uid dynamics and Maxwells equations of electromagnetism. The governing equations are dierential equations that have to be solved either analytically or numerically. Shercli[2] studied the steady motion of an electrically conducting uid in pipes under transverse magnetic elds. Drake[3] considered ow in a channel due to periodic pressure gradient and solved the resulting equation by separation of variables method. Singh & Ram[4] considered laminar ow of an electrically conducting uid through a channel in the presence of a transverse magnetic eld under the inuence of a periodic pressure gradient and solved the resulting dierential equation by the method of Laplace transform. Ram et. al.[5] have analyzed hall eects on heat and mass transfer ow through porous media. Shimomura[6] discussed magnetohydrodynamics turbulent channel ow under a uniform transverse magnetic eld. Singh[8] considered steady magnetohydrodynamic uid ow between two parallel plates. Kazuyuki[7] discussed inertia eects in two dimensional MHD channel ow and Al-Hadhrami[9] considered ow of uids through horizontal channels of porous materials and obtained velocity expressions in terms of the Reynolds number. Ganesh[10] studied unsteady MHD Stokes ow of a viscous uid between two parallel porous plates. They considered uid being withdrawn through both walls of the channel at the same rate. In this paper we consider two dimensional Poiseuille ow of an electrically conducting uid between two innite parallel plates under the inuence of transverse magnetic eld under a constant pressure gradient and assess the eect to velocity if the lower plate is porous. The resulting dierential equation is solved by an analytical method and the solution expressed in terms of Hartmann number.

STEADY MHD POISEUILLE FLOW BETWEEN... 2. Mathematical Formulation

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The concept of magnetohydrodynamics phenomenon can simply be described as follows: Consider an electrically conducting uid moving with velocity V. At right angles to this ow, we apply a magnetic eld, the eld strength of which is represented by the vector B. We shall assume that the uid has attained steady state conditions i.e. ow variables are independent of the time t. This condition is purely for analytic reasons so that no macroscopic charge density is being built up at any place in the system as well as all currents are constant in time. Because of the interaction of the two elds, namely, velocity and magnetic elds, an electric eld vector denoted E is induced at right angles to both V and B. This electric eld is given by E=VB (1)

If we assume that the conducting uid is isotropic in spite of the magnetic eld, we can denote the electrical conductivity of the uid by a scalar . By Ohms law[11], the density of the current induced in the conducting uid denoted J is given by J = E or J = (V B) (3) (2)

Simultaneously occurring with the induced current is the Lorentz force F given by F=JB (4)

This force occurs because, as an electric generator, the conducting uid cuts the lines of the magnetic eld. The vector F is the vector cross product of both J and B and is a vector perpendicular to the plane of both J and B. This induced force is is parallel to V but in opposite direction. Laminar ow through a channel under uniform transverse magnetic eld is important because of the use of MHD generator, MHD pump and electromagnetic ow meter. We now consider an electrically conducting, viscous, steady, incompressible uid moving between two innite parallel plates both kept at a constant distance 2h between them. Both plates of the channel are xed with no motion. This is plane Poiseuille ow. The equations of motion are the continuity equation .V = 0 (5)

664 and the Navier-Stokes equations

W.A. Manyonge, D.W. Kiema, C.C.W. Iyaya

[(V.)]V = fB p + 2 V

(6)

where is the uid density, fB is body force per unit mass of the uid, is the uid viscosity and p is the pressure acting on the uid. Let us examine unidirectional ow, in which we choose the axis of the channel formed by the two plates as the x axis and assume that ow is in this direction. If V = u(x, y, z )i+v (x, y, z )j+w(x, y, z )k in which u, v and w are the components of the velocity in x, y and z directions respectively and bars denote dimensionless quantities, then this implies v = w = 0 and u = 0. Continuity equation yields u v w + + =0 x y z But v w + =0 y z

so that u x = 0 from which we infer that u is independent of x. This makes the non linear term [(V.)V] in the Navier-Stokes equations zero. We neglect body forces fB which are mainly due to gravity in the Navier-Stokes equations and replace them with the Lorentz force and assuming that the ow is two dimensional i.e. that ow variables are independent of z direction, it means that the governing equations for this ow are 0= 2 u Fx 1 p + 2 + x y 0= 1 p y (7)

(8)

where = is the kinematic viscosity and Fx is the component of the magnetic force in the x direction. From (8) we note that p is a function of x only. Also assuming unidirectional ow v = w = 0 and Bx = Bz = 0 so that V = ui and B = B0 j where B0 is the magnetic eld strength component assumed to be applied to a direction perpendicular to uid motion (y direction). Now Fx = [(ui jB0 )] jB0 ] from which we nd that Fx 2 = B0 u (10) (9)

STEADY MHD POISEUILLE FLOW BETWEEN... using the above equation in equation (7) we nd 0= or d2 u 2 1 dp B0 u = dx dy 2 or d2 u 2 1 dp B0 sin()u = dx dy 2 1 p 2u 2 u + 2 B0 x y

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(11)

(12)

(13)

where is the angle between V and B. Equation (13) is general in the sense that the two elds can be assessed at any angle for 0 and is solved subject to boundary conditions u = 0 when y = 1. Let l be the characteristic length, the dimensionless equation (13) reverts back to the non-dimensionless form if we dene the dimensionless quantities as follows x= x , l y= y , l p= pl2 , 2 u= ul (14)

We use the quantities in the above equation into (13) to nd dp d2 u 2 2 2 B0 l sin ()u = 2 dy dx or d2 u dp M 2u =0 2 dy dx where M = M sin and M = lB0 number given by Ha2 =
d2 P dx2
2 l2 B0

(15)

(16)

= Ha where Ha is the Hartmannn

dp dx

. Dierentiate equation (16) with respect to x to = c(a constant). Hence on

nd = 0 and on integrating this we nd substitution, (16) becomes

d2 u M 2u + c = 0 dy 2 1 u = 2 c M cosh M y cosh M

(17)

whose solution under the boundary conditions u = 0 for y = 1 is given by 1 (18)

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W.A. Manyonge, D.W. Kiema, C.C.W. Iyaya

3. MHD Fluid Flow Between Two Innite Parallel Porous Plates Suppose v0 is the characteristic velocity moving perpendicular to the uid ow to maintain a steady uid ow at a constant given pressure gradient. For lower porous plate, this characteristic velocity is the one which will maintain a steady uid ow against the suction and injection of the uid in which it is moving perpendicular to the uid ow. The origin is taken at the centre of the channel and the x, y coordinate axes are parallel and perpendicular to the channel walls respectively. The governing equation will be v0 du 1 dp d2 u = + dy dx dy 2 (19)

where is the eective viscosity of the porous region. Dierentiate equation 2P dp = p(a (19) with respect to x to nd d = 0 and on integrating this we nd dx dx2 constant). Hence on substitution, (19) becomes d2 u v0 du p + =0 dy 2 dy (20)

If the uid is under the inuence of inclined magnetic forces, then the above dierential equation becomes d2 u v0 du p + M 2u = 0 dy 2 dy (21)

For simplicity, let us assume that h = 1 and solve this equation by variation of constants method with the boundary conditions u = 0, y = 1 and u = 0, y = 1 to nd the solution 1 u(y ) = 2 c M where c = and 1+
A A 1 e 2 (y+1) sinh (y 1) e 2 (y1) sinh (y + 1) sinh 2

(22)

1.0, gures below.

2 p v0 2 (A constant for the uid, A = , = 4 + M ), M = M sin , Ha = M = B0 l . Flow velocity for Hartmann numbers Ha = 0.5, 0 0 Ha = 1.5 and angle of inclinations = 15 , = 30 are depicted in the

4. Conclusion High Hartmann ow i.e. high magnetic eld strength decreases the velocity.

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Figure 1: Velocity ow for various Hartmann ow numbers( = 150 )

Figure 2: Velocity ow for various Hartmann ow numbers( = 300 ) References [1] H. Alfv en, Existence of electromagnetic-hydrodynamic waves, Nature, 150, No. 3805 (1942), 405-406. [2] J.A. Shercli, Entry of conducting and non-conducting uids in pipes, Journal of Mathematical Proc. of the Cambridge Philosophical Soc., 52 (1956), 573-583. [3] D.G. Drake, On the ow in a channel due to a periodic pressure gradient, Quart. J. of Mech. and Appl. Maths., 18, No. 1 (1965). [4] C.B. Singh, P.C. Ram, Unsteady Magnetohydrodynamic Fluid Flow Through a Channel: Journal of Scientic Research., XXVIII, No. 2 (1978).

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[5] P.C. Ram, C.B. Singh, U. Singh, Hall eects on heat and mass transfer ow through porous medium, Astrophysics Space Science, 100 (1984), 45-51. [6] Y. Shimomura, Large eddy simulation of magnetohydrodynamic turbulent channel ow under uniform magnetic eld, Physics Fluids, A3, No. 12 (1991), 3098. [7] U. Kazuyuki, Inertia eects on two dimensional magnetohydrodynamic channel ow under travelling sine wave magnetic eld, Phys. Fluids A, 3, No. 12 (1991), 3107-3116. [8] C.B. Singh, Magnetohdrodynamic steady ow of liquid between two parallel plates, In: Proc. of First Conference of Kenya Mathematical Society (1993), 24-26. [9] A.K. Al-Hadhrami, L. Elliot, M.D. Ingham, X. Wen, Flow through horizontal channels of porous materials, International Journal of Energy Research, 27 (2003), 875-889. [10] S. Ganesh, S. Krishnambal, Unsteady MHD Stokes ow of viscous uid between two parallel porous plates, Journal of Applied Sciences, 7 (2007), 374-379. [11] P.A. Davidson, An Introduction to Magnetohydrodynamics, First Edition, Cambridge University Press, UK (2001).