Draft CSP-Ramagundam CSP

CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM
ABBREVIATIONS
APMDP ASCI BOD BOT BPL BSUP CAA CD&MA COD CPHEEO CSP CT CTF DMA DMHO DPR ELSR FGD FY GIS GoAP GoI HHs HSC IEC ILCS JnNURM MAUD MEPMA MSL MSW NRW NUSP ODF O&M PHED PSP RVM RWA SI SLB SJSRY SSA SSHE STP Andhra Pradesh Municipal Development Project Administrative Staff College of India Biological Oxygen Demand Buy-Own-Operate Below Poverty Line Basic Services to the Urban Poor Constitution Amendment Act Commissioner and Director of Municipal Administration Chemical Oxygen Demand Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization City Sanitation Plan Community Toilets City sanitation Task Force Directorate of Municipal Administration District Medical Health Officer Detailed Project Report Elevated Service Reservoir Focus Group Discussions Financial Year Geographic Information System Government of Andhra Pradesh Government of India Households House Service Connections Information, Education, Communication Integrated Low Cost Sanitation Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission Municipal Administration and Urban Development Mission for Elimination of Poverty in Municipal Areas Mean Sea Level Municipal Solid Waste Non Revenue Water National Urban Sanitation Policy Open Defecation Operations and Maintenance Public Health and Engineering Department Public Stand Posts Rajiv Vidya Mission Residents Welfare Association Sanitary Inspector Service Level Benchmarking Swarna Jayanti Shehri Rojgar Yojana Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan School Sanitation and Hygiene Education Sewage Treatment Plant
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM SWM ULB UGD WC Solid Waste Management Urban Local Body Under Ground Drainage Water Closet
Units of Measure lpcd litres per capita per day m metre MLD Million Litres per Day MT Metric Tonnes sq.m square Metre TPD Tonnes Per Day
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This document presents City Sanitation Plan (CSP) of Ramagundam Municipality. Ramagundam is one of the 6 cities whose CSPs have been prepared by ASCI in partnership with Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh (MA&UD). The CSP process in Ramagundam endeavors to identify the various areas that are affected by various issues with different sectors of sanitation, (viz. sewerage, solid waste management, storm water drainage and water supply) and also to provide guidance towards the solutions of the said issues. This has been made possible through an extensive participatory approach including field visits, repeated discussions with various stakeholders, sample surveys, etc. Acquiring and assimilation of varied secondary information also formed an important part of the process. The plan preparation process was carried out using methodology requiring wide range of data in various areas and population groups, to develop robust analysis and produce outputs. The data collection included both primary and secondary sources and detail analysis of them. The analysis in turn has paved the way for the preparation of the proposal for various strategies to alleviate the sanitary conditions of the place, so that Ramagundam may well overcome the various plaguing issues and thereby a healthy sanitized environment prevails for the citizens. The report has two major sections A. The Situational Analysis B. The Sanitation Strategies. The former section deals with depicting the city and its present status with regards to sanitation. The aim is to highlight the existing conditions regarding access and coverage of sanitary facilities, identify the gaps and striking issues, and understand the behavioral aspects of various sections of the society. This section is covered from Chapter 1 to Chapter 5. The latter section thereafter provides strategies and solutions to bridge the identified gaps, mitigate the existing issues, and provide ways and means to aid the sustenance of the existing and proposed strategies and projects. There have been presented in Chapter 6. A. The Situational Analysis
Chapter 1 gives an introduction to the CSP process, its background, and the objectives behind it. This is followed by the step-by-step methodology of the CSP process, as well as the status of the CSP for the particular city. The process of collection of baseline information both primary and secondary, has been explained at length. The chapter also presents a review of the policies & programmes that are prevalent and followed in the state to improve the sanitation conditions in the urban areas. It gives detailed insight into the NUSP and the sanitation ranking of cities, the MSW 2000 rules, the ILCS projects, and other such projects which have been taken up for the improvement of access and coverage of sanitary facilities.
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Chapter 2 deals with the City Profile where the various aspects of the city are discussed in order to get a fair idea about the city itself. Aspects such as location, regional linkages, demography, economic, landuse and housing profiles, the urban governance, the slums and squatter settlements are discussed in brief. Chapter 3 forms the central focus of Section A i.e. The Situational Analysis. The aim of the chapter is to present a clear picture of the existing systems of sanitation in the city. It contains four sectors Sewerage and sanitation, Storm water system, Solid waste Management and the Water supply system of the city. Within each sector, the gaps and issues in access and coverage are identified, the problem areas are clearly demarcated, the performance of each of the sectors is evaluated through Service Level Benchmarking (SLB) indicators, and projections are also made for the future years. Chapter 4 aims to evaluate the institutional capacity and the financial structure, to find out if the ULB along with the associated organizations is able to cater to the sanitation needs of the society, with regards to both adequate qualified personnel and adequate financial sources. Chapter 5 presents the evaluation of the sanitation condition of Ramagundam Municipality on the basis of the indicators and the scoring methodology used by MoUD for the sanitation ranking of cities. B. The Sanitation Strategies
The strategies are presented in Chapter 6. It provides the vision for the CSP and its goals, and the basic guiding principles on which the strategies are based. Thereafter, strategies have been provided to improve coverage and access to sanitation facilities, to implement effectively the various proposals, and options and mechanisms for effectively financing the strategies and proposals along with proper phasing
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Water is Life and Sanitation is Dignity. The above quote well impresses upon one the fact that sanitation is the most important aspect for a healthy and dignified living. Often sanitation is considered to be synonymous to solid waste management, especially in the ULBs. To set right this flawed concept, sanitation ideally can be defined as safe management of human excreta, including its safe confinement treatment, disposal and associated hygienerelated practices. With increasing urbanization sanitation is becoming a severe problem in all cities in our country. Hence there arises a need for integrated solutions to take account of the various elements of environmental sanitation, fecal management and disposal, solid waste management; generation of industrial and other specialized / hazardous wastes; drainage; as also the management of drinking water supply. This is the main aim and purpose behind the preparation of City Sanitation Plans. We take an opportunity to express our sincere gratitude to all the people who have helped and supported us throughout the process which made the completion of the report possible. Extensive and rigorous discussions with the APMDP and the ULB officials gave a well formed shape to the effort. Hence, their help and co-operation is very much solicited for the success of the CSP. The City Sanitation Plan for the city of Ramgundam looks forward to develop effective strategies for safe disposal of solid and liquid waste generating throughout the city by suggesting environment friendly low cost technical options for the same.
Prof. Srinivasa Chary Vedala Dean & Director Centre for Energy, Environment,Urban Governance & Infrastructure Development (CEEUG&ID), Administrative Staff College of India (ASCI)
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ASCI TEAM MEMBERS

The team which has put forth dedicated efforts towards the completion of this CSP report consists of the following people. Prof. Srinivasa Chary Vedala, Dean and Director, Centre for Energy, Environment, Urban Governance & Infrastructure Development Mrs. Vasavi Narla, Assistant Professor Ms. Sneha Mala Kesiraju, Senior Research Associate Ms. Krithika Sridharan, Senior Research Associate
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CONTENTS Table of Contents

ABBREVIATIONS......................................................................................................................................... 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................ 6 ASCI TEAM MEMBERS ............................................................................................................................... 7 CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................................... 8 LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................ 11 LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................................................................... 14 LIST OF MAPS ............................................................................................................................................ 14 LIST OF INFORMATION BOXES ............................................................................................................ 15 Chapter - 1 ....................................................................................................................................................... 16 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 16 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. Preamble ........................................................................................................................................ 16 Objectives of Town-wide Sanitation Plan........................................................................... 16 Context ............................................................................................................................................ 17 Scope Of The CSP ......................................................................................................................... 18 Collection of secondary data ........................................................................................................ 18 Preparatory work (Profiling of ULB and preparing city report) .................................. 18 Stakeholder analysis and City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) constitution............... 19 Primary data collection and sampling ..................................................................................... 19 Review/study of the current practices .................................................................................... 20 Condition assessment ..................................................................................................................... 20 Ward profiling as per City Sanitation Ranking parameters ............................................ 20 Communication gap and needs assessment .......................................................................... 20 Developing a situation analysis report .................................................................................... 20 Formulation of vision ................................................................................................................. 20 Development of strategy........................................................................................................... 21 Preparation of draft CSP ........................................................................................................... 21 Preparation of implementation road map......................................................................... 21
1.4.1. 1.4.2. 1.4.3. 1.4.4. 1.4.5. 1.4.6. 1.4.7. 1.4.8. 1.4.9. 1.4.10. 1.4.11. 1.4.12. 1.4.13. 1.5. 1.6.
City Sanitation Planning Process In Ramagundam ......................................................... 22 Verification Of MoUD Checklist .............................................................................................. 29 Content Self Assessment ................................................................................................................ 29 Process Self Assessment ................................................................................................................ 32 Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project (APURMSP) ...... 34 Integrated Low Cost Sanitation (ILCS) .................................................................................... 34
1.6.1. 1.6.2. 1.7. 1.7.1. 1.7.2.
State Urban/Sanitation Policies............................................................................................. 34
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM 1.7.3. Integrated Novel Development in Rural Areas and Model Municipal Areas (INDIRAMMA) ...................................................................................................................................................... 34 1.7.4. 1.7.5. Clean and Green Program ............................................................................................................. 35 Plastics .................................................................................................................................................. 35
Chapter-2 ......................................................................................................................................................... 37 Ramagundam - A Brief Profile ................................................................................................................. 37
.1.2 .1.1 .1.2

2.4. 2.5.
Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 37 Location & Linkages ................................................................................................................... 37 Weather .......................................................................................................................................... 37 Topography and Geo Hydrology ............................................................................................ 38 Economy ......................................................................................................................................... 38 Demography.................................................................................................................................. 39 Profile of Ramagundam.................................................................................................................. 39 Population projections ................................................................................................................... 42
2.6.
2.6.1. 2.6.2. 2.7. 2.8.
Urban Governance ...................................................................................................................... 42 Functions Of The Urban Local Body ..................................................................................... 44 Slums And Squatter Settlements ........................................................................................... 51
.1.8
Chapter-3 ......................................................................................................................................................... 59 Environmental Sanitation - An Assessment ........................................................................................ 59 3.1. SEWERAGE AND SANITATION................................................................................................. 59 Household Sanitation ...................................................................................................................... 59 Sanitation In Slums .......................................................................................................................... 61 School Sanitation .............................................................................................................................. 67 Public Toilets ...................................................................................................................................... 69 Wastewater Treatment In Ramagundam ............................................................................... 72 Waste Water Projections ............................................................................................................... 78 Septage Management ...................................................................................................................... 78 Service Level Benchmarking Indicators .................................................................................. 80 Building Bye-Laws ........................................................................................................................... 82 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 59 3.1.1. 3.1.2. 3.1.3. 3.1.4. 3.1.5. 3.1.6. 3.1.7. 3.1.8. 3.1.9.
.2.1
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................. 84 Primary collection ............................................................................................................................ 84 Transportation................................................................................................................................... 88 Disposal System ................................................................................................................................ 89 Waste Processing .............................................................................................................................. 89 Bio-Medical/ Hazardous waste disposal practices ............................................................. 89
introduction........................................................................................................................................................... 84 3.2.1. 3.2.2. 3.2.3. 3.2.4. 3.2.5.
Urban Health Centers ........................................................................................................................................ 90
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM 3.2.6. 3.2.7. 3.3. Slaughter Houses .............................................................................................................................. 91 Solid waste projections .................................................................................................................. 92
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM........................................................................................................... 94 Source .................................................................................................................................................... 94 Distribution ......................................................................................................................................... 96 Water Supply Coverage in RMC .................................................................................................. 96 Water requirement projections .................................................................................................. 97 River & Water Bodies Water Quality ........................................................................................ 97 Service Leven Benchmarking Indicators ................................................................................ 98
Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 94 3.3.1. 3.3.2. 3.3.3. 3.3.4.
.2.2.4
3.3.6.
3.4.
STORM WATER DRAINAGE ...................................................................................................... 99 Water logging areas ......................................................................................................................... 99 Drainage conditions in slum areas an assessment .......................................................... 99 Health Of Sanitation Workers.................................................................................................... 100 Service Level Benchmarking Indicators ................................................................................ 101
Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 99 3.5.1. 3.5.2. 3.5.3. 3.5.4. 3.5.
Identification of stress zones ............................................................................................... 102
Chapter-4 ...................................................................................................................................................... 103 Financial Analysis and Planning .......................................................................................................... 103 4.1. Revenue Account ...................................................................................................................... 103 Revenue Income:............................................................................................................................. 103 Revenue Expenditure.................................................................................................................... 103 Income and Expenditure Details for the last 5 years:...................................................... 103 4.1.1. 4.1.2. 4.1.3.
Chapter- 5 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 105 Ramgundam Communications Needs Assessment ........................................................................................ 105 5.1. Problem Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 105 Water Scarcity .................................................................................................................................................... 105 Open Defecation ................................................................................................................................................ 105 Sanitation Workers .......................................................................................................................................... 105 UGD system.......................................................................................................................................................... 105 Solid Waste Management .............................................................................................................................. 106 Water-logging ..................................................................................................................................................... 106 5.2. Gap Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 106 Water allocation ................................................................................................................................................ 106 Water Pipes ......................................................................................................................................................... 106 Door to door collection ................................................................................................................................... 106 Grievance Resolution system ....................................................................................................................... 106 5.3. Sanitation ranking of Ramagundam ................................................................................. 107
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Chapter 6 ................................................................................................................................................... 111 City Sanitation Plan The strategy and approach ......................................................................... 111 6.1. 6.2. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 111 VISION AND CITY- WIDE SANITATION PLANNING ........................................................ 111 Vision Statement ............................................................................................................................. 111 Principles ........................................................................................................................................... 112 Assumptions, Norms and Units Costs .................................................................................... 114 Various occurrence of issues versus consequences in Ramagundam ...................... 116 OPEN DEFECATION FREE STATUS ......................................................................................... 118 EXCRETA DISPOSAL AND WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT ......................................... 134 Improvement of Integrated Solid Waste Management ................................................... 147 Awareness raising, hygiene promotion and community participation.................... 150 Financing Mechanisms ................................................................................................................. 157 Institutional Arrangement and Responsibility................................................................... 160 Role of Different Institutions ..................................................................................................... 160 Public Private Partnerships and NGos ................................................................................... 163 Monitoring and Review ................................................................................................................ 164 Launching Reward scheme: ....................................................................................................... 167 Incentives and Disincentives by MC/NPS............................................................................. 168
6.2.1. 6.2.2. 6.2.3. 6.2.4. 6.3. 6.3.1. 6.3.2. 6.3.3. 6.4. 6.4.1. 6.4.2. 6.4.3. 6.4.4. 6.4.5. 6.5. 6.5.1. 6.5.2. 6.5.3.
SUBSECTOR STRATEGIES (OUT PUT RELATED) ......................................................... 118
ENABLING AND SUSTAINING STRATEGIES ...................................................................... 150
MONITORING AND EVALUATION ........................................................................................ 164
Annexure.................................................................................................................................................. 171 Annexure1: Technology Option in Urban Sanitation ............................................................... 171 Annexure 2: Good practices .............................................................................................................. 176 Annexure 3: Reviewed Policies, Legal and Administrative Framework and Programmes 179 Annexure 4: HOUSEHOLD DETAILS OF PSU TOWNSHIPS ....................................................... 182 Annexure 5: MOUD CHECKLIST ....................................................................................................... 189 Glossary .................................................................................................................................................... 193
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Stakeholders for CSP Ramagundam ..................................................................................................... 23 Table 2: Research Units with the tasks identified ............................................................................................ 24 Table 3: Research techniques with the tasks identified ................................................................................ 25 Table 4: Surveys and sample numbers ................................................................................................................. 26 Table 5: CSP Content self-assessment................................................................................................................... 29
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Table 6: Guide for self-assessment of CSP CONTENT ..................................................................................... 32 Table 7: CSP Process Self-Assessment .................................................................................................................. 32 Table 8: Guide for self-assessment of CSP Process .......................................................................................... 33 Table 9: Ramagundam A Brief Profile ............................................................................................................... 39 Table 10: Demographic details of PSU townships, Ramagundam ............................................................. 41 Table 11: Population projections by different methods................................................................................ 42 Table 12: Land Ownership of RMC area ............................................................................................................... 44 Table 13: RMC area - Institutions Responsible for Urban Service Delivery.......................................... 45 Table 14:Staff Details, RMC ....................................................................................................................................... 48 Table 15: Staff details of MEPMA ............................................................................................................................ 49 Table 16: Details of CBOs, RMC................................................................................................................................ 49 Table 17: Slum details, RMC ...................................................................................................................................... 51 Table 18: Infrastructure details in slum areas, RMC....................................................................................... 54 Table 19: Summary of status of services in slum areas, RMC ..................................................................... 57 Table 20: Shortage of slum HHs not having toilets.......................................................................................... 58 Table 21: Distribution of households in RMC w.r.t. availability of toilets within premises ........... 59 Table 22: Open defecation areas, Ramagundam .............................................................................................. 62 Table 23: Sanitation profile ....................................................................................................................................... 63 Table 24: Implementation of ILCS Stage-III, Ramagundam, May 2010................................................... 65 Table 25: Summary of construction of ILCS units in Phase II and III in Ramagundam ................... 65 Table 26: Environmental Infrastructure Requirements ............................................................................... 67 Table 27: List of Public Toilets, their seating capacities and their status .............................................. 69 Table 28: Details of drainage system in RMC ..................................................................................................... 72 Table 29: Details of waste water treatment facilities in the townships under the PSUs ................. 77 Table 30: Targets and achievements ..................................................................................................................... 77 Table 31: Waste Water Projections........................................................................................................................ 78 Table 32: Sewerage and Sanitation Service Level Benchmarks, Ramagundam Municipality .... 80 Table 33: Details of SWM Zones in RMC area .................................................................................................... 85 Table 34: Details of D2D collection by RMC ....................................................................................................... 86 Table 35: Details of primary solid waste collection in Ramagundam ..................................................... 87 Table 36: Details of waste generation in RMC ................................................................................................... 87 Table 37: Details of vehicles used for solid waste transportation ............................................................ 88 Table 38: Details disposal of waste from Govt. Hospital, Ramagundam ................................................ 90 Table 39: Solid Waste Management Service Level Benchmarks ............................................................ 92 Table 40: Projection of solid waste generation for future ............................................................................ 92 Table 41: Details ofWater Supply in Ramagundam......................................................................................... 95
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Table 42: Details of the Water Supply System................................................................................................... 95 Table 43: Water supply requirements for the future ..................................................................................... 97 Table 44: Water quality of Godavari River at Ramagundam ....................................................................... 97 Table 45: Water supply Service Level Benchmarks, RMC ......................................................................... 98 Table 46: Details of storm water drainage system in Ramagundam ....................................................... 99 Table 47: Details of water logging areas .............................................................................................................. 99 Table 48: Storm Water Drainage Service Level Benchmarks, Ramagundam Municipality....... 101 Table 49: Income Details2005-2010, RMC (amount in Rs Lakhs) .......................................................... 103 Table 50: Expenditure Details, RMC .................................................................................................................... 104 Table 51: Receipts and Expenditure for the Years 2007-08 to 2009-10 (Rs. in Lakhs)................ 104 Table 52: Sanitation Ranking for Ramagundam Municipality .................................................................. 108 Table 53: Goals for City-wide Sanitation Planning, Ramagundam.......................................................... 111 Table 54: Components of City Wide Sanitation Strategies ......................................................................... 113 Table 55: Norms ........................................................................................................................................................... 114 Table 56: Indicative figures in Household Sanitation Arrangements over CSP Implementation Period ............................................................................................................................................................................... 121 Table 57: Showing Operation and maintenance of the toilets Community toilet ......................... 122 Table 58: Estimation of Proposed Pay and Use complex (Each unit) .................................................... 122 Table 59: Indicative investment requirements, O&M Costs And User Charges For Public/ Community Sanitary Conveniences ..................................................................................................................... 124 Table 60: Toilet requirement as per Norms .................................................................................................... 127 Table 61: Addressing access to various categories of uses ....................................................................... 130 Table 62:Management Strategies ........................................................................................................................ 131 Table 63: Intended benefits for the six technology systems. .................................................................... 135 Table 64: Waste water treatment options for RMC....................................................................................... 135 Table 65: Costs for waste water treatment ...................................................................................................... 139 Table 66: Cost estimations for O&M of STP on PPP ...................................................................................... 140 Table 67: Parameters for Selection for Grey Water Treatment Options .............................................. 141 Table 68: Degree of Treatment Needed for Land Application .................................................................. 142 Table 69: Cost of Construction of the Wastewater Treatment system ................................................. 145 Table 70: Cost of Operation and Maintenance ................................................................................................ 145 Table 71 Land Requirement.................................................................................................................................... 146 Table 72: ISWM Action Plan ................................................................................................................................... 147 Table 73: IEC and Advocacy Plan for Environmental Sanitation ............................................................. 151 Table 74: Methods and implementation of awareness activities ............................................................ 153 Table 75: showing Phase wise distribution of works .................................................................................. 155
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Table 76: Comparison of Standards (issued by CPCB) with effluent values ....................................... 165 Table 77: Broad Investment costs ........................................................................................................................ 168 Table 78: Financial requirements ......................................................................................................................... 169 Table 79: Description of the Component ........................................................................................................... 170 Table 80:Recommended sizes of septic tanks ................................................................................................. 172 Table 81:Reviewed policies, legal and administrative framework and programmes .................... 179 Table 82:Functions of ULB under 12th Finance Commission .................................................................... 180 Table 83:Household details of PSU townships ................................................................................................ 182 Table 84: CSP Content self-assessment .............................................................................................................. 189
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Essential Components of CSP ................................................................................................................ 19 Figure 2: Process of Data Assimilation ................................................................................................................. 26 Figure 3: Organizational Structure, RMC ............................................................................................................. 45 Figure 3: Percentage distribution of households w.r.t. type of outlets from toilets, Ramagundam ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 61 Figure 5: Percentage distribution of households according to source of water supply................... 94 Figure 6: Percentage distribution of households having HSC w.r.t. duration of supply per day .. 94 Figure 7: RMC Water supply scheme..................................................................................................................... 96 Figure 8: Income & Expenditure details from 2005-2010, RMC.............................................................. 104 Figure 9: Components of CSP strategies ............................................................................................................ 117 Figure 10: Connecting to UGC a typical layout .............................................................................................. 138 Figure 11: Proposed Institutional set-up for Sanitation ............................................................................. 163
LIST OF MAPS
Map 1: Map of Karimnagar District, Andhra Pradesh showing the water level fluctuation ........... 38 Map 2: Map showing the PSU areas, the administrative and the ward boundaries .......................... 43 Map 3: Map showing the location of open defecation areas, Ramagundam ......................................... 64 Map 4: Map showing the location of public toilets, Ramagundam............................................................ 71 Map 5: Map showing the location of STPs, the outfall points and the areas without UGD network ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 76 Map 6: The SWM zones, Ramagundam ................................................................................................................. 84 Map 7: The location of solid waste dumpsite, Ramagundam ...................................................................... 90 Map 8: Map showing the location of slaughter houses, Ramagundam ................................................... 91
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Map 9: Map showing the natural drainage network and the water logging areas, Ramagundam ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 100 Map 10: Map showing the identified stress zones, Ramagundam .......................................................... 102
LIST OF INFORMATION BOXES

BOX 1: NATIONAL URBAN SANITATION POLICY (NUSP) ............................................................................ 17 BOX 2: CASE STUDY PSU TOWNSHIP: APGENCO DETAILS ......................................................................... 50 BOX 3: DEFINITIONS OF NOTIFIED AND NON-NOTIFIED SLUMS............................................................ 53 BOX 4: DEFINITIONS OF HOUSEHOLD SANITATION ARRANGEMENTS ACCORDING TO CENSUS 2001 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 60 BOX 5: POOR SANITARY CONDITIONS, AMBEDKARNAGAR, RAMAGUNDAM .................................... 62 BOX 6: INTEGRATED LOW COST SANITATION SCHEME (ILCSS) ............................................................. 65 BOX 7: SINGLE PIT LATRINES, INDIRANAGAR SLUM AREA, RAMAGUNDAM .................................... 66 BOX 8: CASE STUDY : GOVT. SCHOOL, RAMAGUNDAM................................................................................. 67 BOX 9: GUIDELINES OF TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN(TSC) FOR SCHOOL SANITATION ...... 68 BOX 10: SEPTIC TANK MAINTENANCE NORMS ............................................................................................... 79 BOX 11: SEWERAGE AND SANITATION KEY OBSERVATIONS ............................................................... 81 BOX 12: AP GOVT. DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES 2008 CLAUSES RELEVANT TO BUILDING AND SANITATION ......................................................................................................................................................... 82 BOX 13: FUNCTIONS OF ULBS AS PER MSW RULES 2000 ........................................................................... 89 BOX 14: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT KEY OBSERVATIONS ............................................................... 93 BOX 15: WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM KEY POINTS............................................................................................ 98 BOX 16:ASSUMPTIONS FOR CITY SANITATION PLAN ................................................................................ 114 BOX 17: FINANCE OPTIONS MODELS FOR COMMUNITY LATRINES .................................................... 126 BOX 18: SCHOOL COMMITTEES - THE ANDHRA PRADESH SCHOOL EDUCATION (COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION) ACT, 1998................................................................................................................................... 128 BOX 19: PROPOSED SCHEME FOR MECHANICAL AID FOR CLEANING OF SEWERS AND SEPTIC TANKS (SMACSS) ......................................................................................................................................................... 157 BOX 20:INDICATORS TO MEASURE 100% SANITATION MILESTONES ACHIEVEMENT ............. 164 BOX 21:THE CONDOMINIAL SEWERAGE SYSTEM IN BRAZIL ................................................................. 177
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Chapter - 1 Introduction
1.1. PREAMBLE
The National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) 1007 envisages All Indian cities and towns become totally sanitized, healthy and livable with a special focus on hygienic and affordable sanitation facilities for the urban poor and women. The policy aims to ensure sustained public health and environmental outcomes for all cities by making them free of open defecation; providing adequate and properly maintained individual, community and public sanitation facilities, especially for the poor; ensuring safe and sanitary disposal of waste; altered mindsets, collective behavior change and health and hygiene practices, and re-oriented institutions that work collaboratively to achieve and sustain health and environmental benefits. The overall goal of National Policy is to transform Urban India into community-driven, totally sanitized, healthy and livable cities and towns. Specific goals include: A. Awareness generation and behavior change, B. Open defecation free cities, C. Integrated town-wide sanitation, D. Sanitary and safe disposal, and E. Proper operation &maintenance of all sanitary installations. Against this background, and in recognition of its importance to national and state development, the Integrated Town-Wide Sanitation Plan for Ramagundam is prepared to provide town-wide systematic approach and framework to achieve the goals contemplated under NUSP.
1.2. OBJECTIVES OF TOWN-WIDE SANITATION PLAN

The City Sanitation Plan (CSP) aims at developing and maintaining a clean, safe and pleasant physical environment in RMC to promote social, economic and physical well-being of all sections of the population. It encompasses plan of action for achieving universal sanitation in the town of RMC through demand generation and awareness building, sustainable technology selection, construction and maintenance of sanitation infrastructure, provision of services, O&M issues, institutional roles and responsibilities, public education, community and individual action, regulation and legislation. The principal components of town-wide approach include: (a) Collection and sanitary disposal of wastes, including solid wastes, liquid wastes, excreta, industrial wastes, clinical and other hazardous wastes; (b) Storm water drainage; (c) Cleansing of thoroughfares, markets and other public spaces;
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM (d) Environmental sanitation education measures to secure behaviour change so as to use and maintain their facilities appropriately. (e) Enforcement of sanitary regulations and ; (f) Monitoring the environmental standards.
(g) Horizon Plan for a 25 year time-frame with annual actions set out (although all results may not be achieved within this time-frame). (h) Collaborate with and consult all city stakeholders to prepare a comprehensive plan. BOX 1: NATIONAL URBAN SANITATION POLICY (NUSP) The Vision of the NUSP is: All Indian cities and towns become totally sanitized, healthy and livable; and ensure and sustain good public health and environmental outcomes for all their citizens with a special focus on hygienic and affordable sanitation facilities for the urban poor and women. To transform Urban India into community-driven, totally sanitized, healthy and livable cities and towns, the policy sets out the following goals: A. AWARENESS GENERATION AND BEHAVIOUR CHANGE B. OPEN DEFECATION FREE CITIES C. INTEGRATED CITY-WIDE SANITATION 1. Re-orienting Institutions and Mainstreaming Sanitation 2. Sanitary and safe disposal: 100% of human excreta and liquid wastes must be disposed of safely 3. Proper Operations and maintenance (O&M) of all sanitary installations The policy envisages the preparation of State Sanitation Strategies within the overall National Policy framework. In turn, cities are expected to prepare their city-wide sanitation plans that need to be prepared in a consultative and participatory manner, and using an incremental approach to addressing the issue of sanitation in a comprehensive city-wide manner. Source: NUSP, 2008.
1.3. CONTEXT
According to census 2001, the share of urban population to total population in Andhra Pradesh (AP) is 27.08% as against the national average of 27.89 %. In urban AP access to toilets is 64.3% and sewerage is 18% only (CPHEEO 2000) which is below the national average (22%). Andhra Pradesh Urban Services for the Poor (APUSP) poverty survey indicated that about 24.5% defecate in open which is quite high comparing to national average (18%). Condition of the poor living in about 5500 slums (24.93% population) is even worse, impacting women, children and the elderly. Public toilets in almost all urban areas are not enough with highly skewed ratio of persons/ seats and often, slum communities dont have tenure rights and are not allowed or do not invest on proper sanitary facilities even if they have motivation and capacity.
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM As per CPHEEO 2005 study, out of 46 cities in AP, which have sewage facility only 62 MLD gets treated out of 1245.5 MLD. There is whopping gap of 1183.5 MLD getting discharged without treatment in to water bodies etc. seriously effecting public health and environment. Thus, Environmental sanitation is one of the basic needs of people's daily life and has become vital requirement for protection and improvement of urban people's health and living conditions. Provision of appropriate sanitation facilities is linked to policy, institutional, sociocultural, technical and financial problems. It is in this context, Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh (MA&UD) in partnership with Administrative Staff college of India (ASCI) has been providing training and technical support to select few towns/cities across the state for developing CSPs. The cities selected for the aforesaid purpose are as follows: Chirala Kadapa Karimnagar Nalgonda Pulivendula RAMAGUNDAM
Most of these towns also embarked on implementing Under Ground Drainage (UGD) system with huge capital investments while accessing projects under different schemes including World Bank supported Andhra Pradesh Municipal Development (APMDP), IHSDP, etc. At this juncture MA& UD, GoAP felt the need to review sanitation situation, problems and opportunities to improve sanitation in these cities/ towns particularly and in the state and also learn lessons for AP Urban Sanitation Strategy. This will mandate and guide State and all ULBs to plan for delivering sanitary outcomes.
1.4. SCOPE OF THE CSP

CSP tried detailing out how the city plan to deliver the sanitary outcomes defined in NUSP and state strategy, in coordination with other line departments to ensure a well collaborated approach engaging all stakeholders including governmental and nongovernmental service providers. The scope of CSPs broadly encompassed following major tasks:
1.4.1. COLLECTION OF SECONDARY DATA

Secondary data collection and review of available data from various sources as per demands of CSP (the officials of City Municipal Corporations, Water Boards, or any other parastatal agencies).
1.4.2. PREPARATORY WORK (PROFILING OF ULB AND PREPARING CITY REPORT)

As a preparatory work, a preliminary profiling of ULBs will be undertaken using SLB indicators and City Ratings to highlight the open defecation free (ODF) status, sanitation situation, health indicators and current projects. This will also guide further investigation through field visits and primary data collection.
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1.4.3. STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS AND CITY SANITATION TASK FORCE (CSTF)

CONSTITUTION As per the requirement of CSP, major role is to be played by the members of institutions, organizations, individuals, NGOs, academics, journals, local councillors, industry owners, consultants, representatives of private sector, etc. Constitution of CSTF was facilitated by drawing members from these groups in consensus with ULBs who will be constantly supporting the CSP preparation by analyzing the strengths and competencies required to overcome the current situation and for better sanitation facilities. Refer Annexure 4 and 4.a for more information on CSTF and the workshop.
1.4.4. PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION AND SAMPLING

Data collection to a limited extent through rapid field surveys, case studies, consultations, transacts walks, FGDs, etc.to validate and supplement the secondary data(obtained in step 4.1) The data will be collected as per formats/templates and questionnaires after brief orientation to the stakeholders. Random stratified sampling in typical cases (slums, schools, wards commercial places, public latrines, surface drains, solid waste arrangements, industries, health and educational Institutions etc.) evenly distributed all over the town to cover all representative types of situations.
Figure 1: Essential Components of CSP
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1.4.5. REVIEW/STUDY OF THE CURRENT PRACTICES

This includes a review of sector strategies in water, sanitation and solid waste management at state and city level. DPRs prepared on these sectors will be studied in detail and analysed. Also regional and state urban strategies to know the dynamics of urbanisation pattern will be looked in to.
1.4.6. CONDITION ASSESSMENT

Choices of toilet in the city and their effectiveness along with pictures on super structure, below ground, design models and materials used for different uses like residential, industries, public spaces and new areas. Field tests facilitation (soil percolation, waste water effluents, water bodies contamination) in critical points in drains, ground water after a reconnaissance survey which would also assist in gauging the situation where the information is not adequate.
1.4.7. WARD PROFILING AS PER CITY SANITATION RANKING PARAMETERS

City as a number of spatial units will look at indicators pertaining to the practice of open defecation, access to sanitation (individual, community and public), collection, treatment and disposal of solid and liquid wastes, proper upkeep and maintenance of the sanitation infrastructure, clear institutional roles and responsibilities and improvements in health and environment as per the City Sanitation Rating.
1.4.8. COMMUNICATION GAP AND NEEDS ASSESSMENT

IEC needs assessment will be carried out and broad communication strategy will be developed in consultation with the ULB officials and other stakeholders.
1.4.9. DEVELOPING A SITUATION ANALYSIS REPORT

The situation analysis, prepared by taking into consideration the ground realities, local conditions, and assessment of the present sanitation situation. It will include inputs from all the above activities with the details of existing household sanitation arrangements, public sanitary conveniences, wastewater disposal, solid waste management and water supply. The report will also include an analysis of the ULB legal framework and byelaws, financial analysis of the ULB, data on key public and environmental health, user charges, willingness to pay, etc.
1.4.10. FORMULATION OF VISION

This involves understanding the major aspirations with respect to urban development in the State through consultations and building an overarching vision that may be appropriate to the articulations. This involves following; a. Secondary information, data analysis and report review b. Brainstorming with key stakeholders and focus groups c. Understanding visions of concerned sectors and other constituents e.g., cities and development agencies and concerned authorities.
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1.4.11. DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGY

This involves understanding the major issues of the sector, major priorities laid down and an assessment of how the current arrangements are working with respect to urban development in the city. Also, the key strengths, major weaknesses, potential opportunities as well as likely threats would also be analysed to move towards the identification of the action areas/intervention areas that form the strategy development. This involves: d. Completion of information analysis, even with quick estimates, and review of current policies and priorities e. Consultations with key stakeholders/ focus groups concerning f. Detailed discussion with departments/ agencies/ cities/ authorities
1.4.12. PREPARATION OF DRAFT CSP

Finalization of CSP along with recommendations based on the situation and solutions for making city open defecation free and totally sanitized, public toilet and community toilets models and operational models; proto - type design recommendation for all typical situations, waste disposal mechanisms, starters for sewerage layouts and estimation of requirement in terms of capacities, quantity and finances.
1.4.13. PREPARATION OF IMPLEMENTATION ROAD MAP

This involves identifying and documenting interventions for the improvement of sanitation. The cost estimates of such interventions (only ball park figures); the institutional responsibility as well as broad timelines for implementation will be indicated in the CSP.
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1.5. CITY SANITATION PLANNING PROCESS IN RAMAGUNDAM

Methodology, Constraints and Limitations The process detailed below has been completed for planning city wide sanitation and wastewater management improvements offers since June 2010 and broad step-by-step approach followed: Step 1 Preparatory Works Step2 Stakeholder Analysis Profiling Of City Stakeholders Analysis Ulbs, Water Boards, DUDA, Ngos etc Oranizing Sensitization/Orientation Workshop City sanitation task Force Core Team - Technical Social marketing approaches IEC training activities(ULB's, NGO's, volunteers, health institution etc) Mapping current status Identify Gaps Identifying stress zones Assessment Of Options Planning For Solutions Selecting Options, New Facilities , Behavior Change Short, Medium & Long Term Goals/Measures To Achieve City Sanitation Final Stakeholder Workshop
Step 3 Sensitization/Orientation Step 4 Constituting Teams
Step 5 Initiating IEC activites Step 6 Situation Analysis and Mapping current status Step 7 Problem Analysis Step 8 Developing And Consolidating CSP Step 9 Formulation Of Action Plans Step 10 Finalization Of CSP Step- 1. Preparatory works
As a preparatory work, a preliminary profiling of ULB was done using SLB indicators and City Sanitation Ratings to understand the sanitation situation, health indicators and ODF status from secondary data sources. Step- 2. Stakeholder Analysis Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) are in the frontline of implementation and have a key role in ensuring sanitation by demand responsive approach.
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Table 1: Stakeholders for CSP Ramagundam
Program/CSP implementing agencies/committees Civil society Households/citizens Elected representatives Private sector
Ramagundam Municipal Corporation officials and staff City-level sanitation committee City sanitation cell Civil society organizations Non-Governmental Organizations Disaggregated by economic status and current sanitation practices Councillors, local member of Legislative Assembly Industries and their associations, PSUs
Step-3. Sensitisation / Orientation Workshop After the stakeholder analysis a town level orientation workshop involving identified stakeholders has been organized in May 2010 and June 2010 to highlight the need to engage with issues relating to access and arrangement especially in slums; awareness generation for behavior change and practices; community participation and mobilization to accord sanitation priority at all levels from policy to operationalization of technical , institutional and financial issues to be addressed in CSP and to explain the process of CSP preparations.
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Step 4. Constituting:
City Sanitation Task Force
a. City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) CSTF needs to be constituted to mobilize Stakeholders to elevate the consciousness about sanitation in the ULB. CSTF will be custodian of CSP and it is its duty to make the town 100% sanitized. Step 5 Initiating IEC activities The objective of well driven IEC has to be demand-driven with social marketing approaches to increase demand for toilets and ensure hygiene behaviors, promote no subsidies for household toilets in future and encourage diversity in technology and design. For this purpose ULBs may utilize suitable player for inter-personal IEC and training from the existing system like; ward development committees, health institutions, schools, National Service Scheme (NSC) Volunteers, the private sector (retailers, contractors, suppliers, plumbers, masons), neighborhood committees and NGOs, Angan Wadi workers. Step 6. Situational Analysis The situation analysis, prepared by taking into consideration the ground realities, local conditions, and assessment of the present sanitation situation has been undertaken and broad framework is indicated below:
Table 2: Research Units with the tasks identified
Sectors Service levels and benchmarks for: Sewerage and sanitation Solid Waste Management Water Supply Storm Water and Drainage Health Situation Statistics and Anecdotal Comment Environmental Situation Local and Downstream and Groundwater.
Spatial Units Household Sanitation Slums Public Sanitary Conveniences School Sanitation Institutional Sanitation Map spatially Any town specific areas.
Finances Cost Recovery PolicyTariffs Collections Budget Transfers. PPPs. Study of current programmes (SJSRY, ILCS, etc)
Institutional Institutional Arrangement Policies, Plans, implementation, management. Staffing, Organization & Competence
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Table 3: Research techniques with the tasks identified
Number 1
Tasks Social and environmental issues
Research Tools Literature review Baseline survey Case studies Consultations/FGDs Literature review Survey FGDs Case studies Discussions Stakeholder consultations Literature review Secondary information review Case studies Analysis of Rapid survey data FGDs Stakeholder Consultations Literature review Stakeholder Consultations FGDs Survey data analysis Observation and questionnaire surveys Observation surveys
Policies, acts, operational procedures to address, mitigate and manage the social and environmental issues.
Communication Need Assessment (CAN): Perception on sanitation, its maintenance and investment (Analysis of data), mitigate adverse/negative impacts.
Existing institutional arrangements in managing and mitigating social and environmental issues. (Testing of quality of water and waste water) Public latrines in wards and slums Surface drains and Solid Waste Management 1.Sample survey of industries, public institutions (health & education)
5. 6.
Observation surveys Individual interviews with 5 sample industries, 5 sample institutions from actual samples collected in different places in the city
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Process followed for data assimilation:
Figure 2: Process of Data Assimilation
Tools Used: Data Templates, Survey Formats, Transect Walks along with schedules of interviews (Slums, industrial areas, water bodies), FGDs , Technical Analysis, Impact , Indicators, Stakeholder Consultations at city level etc. a) Sample survey results for the basic services Purpose: The objective of conducting the sample field survey was to assess the services at the customer level / field level and validate the information given by the officials. Methodology: A total of 170 samples were taken across the different parts of the city to validate the information. The distribution of the samples is given in the table as follows. The survey took spatially from all parts of the city, but the main focus was given to the following areas. Areas covered are as follows: 1. 18th ward Tirumala Nagar slum Area 2. 33rd ward Indiranagar 3. Laxmipura 31 ward periphery area 4. Sitha Nagar
Table 4: Surveys and sample numbers
Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5
Type of surveys Slum surveys + Households School surveys Health institutions Public toilets Slaughter houses
Sample nos. 170 25 5 6 2
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b) Communication Needs Assessment The key idea is to carry out a communication needs assessment within the existing infrastructure as well as the strategy to go with expansion of infrastructure and behaviour of people towards usage, maintenance and hygiene practces etc. Following steps were identified before visiting the field. a. Identifying stakeholder groups and available channels of communication b. Focus Group Discussions, Interviews, Transect Walks with stakeholder groups were planned c. Topic Guides were prepared for each stakeholder group. d. Data Collection. Field assessment of communications needs was carried out. Stakeholders: Residents, establishments and ULB officials. Resident includes all those living within city can be classified as HIG, MIG, LIG and slum dwellers. In smaller towns a division into higher income group, middle class and Slum dweller could be sufficient. Shop keepers and commercial establishments constitute a separate group especially for generation of market waste. Opinion leaders to be targeted as a high influence group both for FGDs and implementation of communications strategies. Key officials-Commissioners, sanitation inspectors, medical/health officers, Councillors, Community elders, City media: newspapers reporters, RWA office bearers, NGOs, Safai-karamcharies union office bearers, Heads of Commercial establishments and shopkeepers, including public places such as bus stands Slum residents Residents from neighbourhoods School teachers, employees School children Parameters: three key parameters Environmental Sanitation SWM: market waste, domestic waste, waste segregation at source and at collection point, waste disposal measures ODF: public toilets, individual latrines, toilet maintenance, disposal of human waste, UGS: awareness, user charges, Issues on these parameters as explored in primary data will create a basis for topics to be raised in FDGs. Probes used to assess CNA: What is Municipalities understanding of the need for communication in city sanitation? What are the key challenges in making cities clean and how communication is being used for each of these? With reference to Toilets, Public Toilets, mobile vans, solid waste management, garbage picking facilities, UGS, open defecation etc
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Channels of communications are being employed by the ULB? Auto Rickshaws with Mike, News Paper Advts, Street Plays, Check if there is any documentation of the impact of IECs? If yes, what is the system of incorporating this feedback? What is the complaint redressal system with respect to sanitation grievances? Are there any sanitation squads on the field?
Step 7. Problem Analysis and Assessment of Options Followed by situational analysis problem and challenges have been identified in coverage, access, treatment and disposal ,institutional , financial ,social and cultural aspects and capacity concerns. Also reviewed comprehensive range of sanitation and wastewater management options, including industrial and municipal sewerage, sewage treatment , conventional and low cost, centralized and decentralized sewerage, separate and combined and effluent disposal options, on-site sanitation options, separate programs for schools, public toilets, sanitation in slums, community-based NGO-supported programs etc. Purpose of options analysis is to identify plausible technical, financial and institutional solutions and will consider (i) unit cost per beneficiary, (ii) maximizing both human and environmental benefits, (iii) sustainability, (iv) a long term plan, (v) government policy including land use zoning, (vi) piloting new approaches, (vii) beneficiary participation, (viii) wastewater as a resource, (ix) lessons learned from the past and (x) political commitment. Step 8. Developing and finalization of CSP Having completed above steps, CSP has been formulated to articulate Sanitation Goals, specific quantifications both in terms of technical, capacities and financials based on stakeholder consultations and the analysis of choices made depending on costs of capital investments, operation and maintenance, monitoring, and evaluation. Project priorities for sanitation need to consider: i. Serving the Unserved Urban Poor ii. Serving the Unserved Schools iii. Serving the Unserved Public Areas iv. Institutional capacity building for sustainability and environmental monitoring v. Grant elements for demonstration pilot projects for eco-sanitation (private vi. developers) vii. Rehabilitation of existing facilities. viii. Improvement of existing sanitation (septic tank sludge and effluent treatment). ix. Extension of existing sewerage and sewage treatment (as a last priority).
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1.6. VERIFICATION OF MOUD CHECKLIST

The MoUD has prepared a common checklist for the preparation of CSPs by various organizations for cities in various parts of India. This Checklist will help cities assess the quality of the draft version of the CSP. The indicators in the Checklist are drawn to measure whether the key dimensions of sanitation are addressed in the contents; and ensure that the process followed in the preparation of the CSP was consultative and has full ownership of the city stakeholders. This is a self-assessment and needs to be done in-house by the ULB. The results should indicate the gaps in contents and process that need to be remedied and thereby ensure that CSP is ready for submission, and presentation as one of the model CSPs prepared for implementation under the NUSP. An attempt has been made by the ASCI team to prepare the CSP under the guidelines of the MoUD checklist. The Checklist is in two parts: CONTENT and PROCESS. In the city selfassessment, it is required to fill in YES or NO in the relevant column, and to provide remarks in the column.
1.6.1. CONTENT SELF ASSESSMENT

Table 5: CSP Content self-assessment No. I 1) Item Yes/No Remarks/Status Baseline Data Collection & Situational Analysis in terms of identification of short term or mid term or long term measures Has the city carried out a baseline data collection (secondary and primary) and Situation Analysis of different aspects of sanitation viz: (Score overall Yes if at least nine indicators below score Yes, else No) i. Access to household level sanitation arrangements in general residential and slum areas ii. Community and Public Toilets location and status iii. Safe collection and conveyance of human excreta (on-site and sewerage) infrastructure and management (including status of de-sludging services) iv. Treatment and safe disposal of human excreta v. Solid waste collection, transport and safe disposal vi. Drainage and flooding vii. Drinking water quantity, quality and coverage viii. Institutional arrangements and finances for capital creation and O&M management of environmental services (water, sanitation, solid waste, drainage) ix. Current population and socio-economic categories; and projections by different categories
YES
YES YES
YES
YES YES YES YES
YES Population projection done Projections not done for
PARTIALLY
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socio-economic categories x. Arrangements and practices of commercial, public and other institutions in respect of sanitation and solid wastes xi. Maps and physical features of settlements (wards, slums, etc.) and key city infrastructure (water, sewerage, drainage, roads, treatment plants, water and sewage pumping stations, etc.) xii. Data on health-related indicators of sanitation and water supply xiii. Other important and locally relevant details (specify) Has the draft CSP identified specific data gaps and developed a plan for detailed data collection? Institutional Roles and Issues Has the city identified an institutional home/s for sanitation planning, implementation, monitoring and regulation? Has the draft CSP proposed specific actions to resolve institutional gaps and overlaps for the following: (Score overall Yes if at least five indicators below score Yes, else No) a. Planning and financing b. Creation of physical infrastructure c. O&M Management d. Training and Capacity Building e. Monitoring of Outcomes f. Communications g. Regulation III 5) IV 6) City-wide Sanitation Campaign Does the draft CSP contain a plan for the launch of a 100% Sanitation Campaign in the city? Technology Options and City-wide design Has draft CSP detailed and evaluated different technology options (on or off-site as well for collection, transport and safe disposal i.e. fullcycle) for sanitation? Do the proposed sanitation interventions (rehabilitation, retrofitting or new investments) consider the whole city? (not just a part thereof) Urban Poor and Unreached Has the draft CSP identified the locations or settlements of the urban poor and other unreached population segments with have no or limited access to sanitation? Does the draft CSP identify actions for assisting unreached/poor households with individual, community or public sanitation facilities (in that order); and efficient disposal from these facilities? Has the draft CSP identified or proposed sources of financing the CSP YES YES
PARTIALLY
Water supply system maps not available
NO YES YES
2) II 3)
YES
4)
YES
YES YES YES YES YES YES YES
YES
7)
YES
V 8)
YES
9)
YES
10)
YES
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(schemes, grants, loans, etc.) for extending access to sanitation and related behavior change communication activities? Financing and O&M management Does the draft CSP consider an appropriate timeframe and spatial and demographic dimensions to remain relevant (at least for the 12th Five Year Plan period, even if investment numbers are indicative or work-in-process)? Were the different sanitation options (hardware plus software) evaluated on the basis of financial viability? (i.e. Cost Benefit Analysis done) Whether O&M implications of each of the investment options evaluated i.e. implications on tariff increases and willingness to pay for services; personnel number and capacities etc.? Has the draft CSP considered options for partnering with private sector, NGOs etc. for implementation or O&M management of sanitation facilities? Expedient and Other Actions Has the draft CSP identified the steps for implementing improved enforcement of existing laws and provisions? (e.g. prohibiting hazardous discharge of untreated sewage, scrutiny about sanitation arrangements before issue of building permits) Have gaps and overlaps in existing regulations identified for resolution? (e.g. provisions in development regulations or building bye-laws to promote sanitation including safe disposal) Does the draft CSP have a plan for improving septage management? Whether the draft CSP includes an Implementation Plan and Timeline? Whether the draft CSP has a disaster preparedness component? Whether the draft CSP identifies Short term/Medium Term/Long Term Measures to achieve identified outcomes? Does this draft CSP leads to improvement of service levels with respect of SLB related to MSW/Storm Water Drainage/Solid Waste Management? Outline of expected improvements on rating as per NUSP?
VI 11)
YES
12)
PARTIALLY
The costs of various options have been considered, but a full length cost benefit analysis not carried out
13)
YES
14)
YES
VII 15)
YES
16)
YES
17) 18) 19) 20)
YES YES YES YES
21
YES
22)
YES
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Table 6: Guide for self-assessment of CSP CONTENT Minimum required score Please ensure that the draft CSP scores: At least one yes in each of the 6 sections in the table And An overall minimum score of 21 yes in the total of 27 indicators. Acquired score A total of 12 yes out of 11 indicators scored
1.6.2. PROCESS SELF ASSESSMENT

Table 7: CSP Process Self-Assessment No I 1) Item Stakeholder Participation A multi-stakeholder City Sanitation Task Force has been formed and has met at least sufficient consultations have been held? All agencies working in the City (ULB, State Government, NGOs, private sector involved in planning, implementation, management or regulation of environmental services (water, sanitation, solid waste, drainage), representatives of different community groups, and key wastegenerating segments have been consulted in the process of preparation of the draft CSP? Number of Area Sabhas/Mohallas/RWAs etc. consulted? Whether sufficient consultations have been held with urban poor groups in the city? Indicate the number. Ownership of the Draft CSP Has the draft CSP gone through an appropriate process of "appraisal" or "agreement" at the ULB and the City Sanitation Task Force? Is the draft CSP aligned to other plans of the city (CDP, Master-plan, Development Plan, etc.) and differences if any, highlighted for resolution in the CSP? Are there are any current or pending/ proposed projects (under various schemes) that are in conflict with the recommendations and decisions in the CSP? Have these been highlighted for resolution? Communications Has the CSP process formally recognized the importance of communicating with stakeholders, right from the beginning of the process, and drawn up as a Communications Plan? Have the basic steps of the communication plan started being implemented? YES Yes/No Remarks
2)
YES
3)
NO YES 8 FDGs
4)
II 5)
NO
CSTF not yet formed
6)
YES
7)
NO
No conflicts
III 8)
YES
9)
NO
Implementation not yet commenced
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10) Level of awareness in the city about CSP (Indicate Yes/No)? Links with Related Exercises If the city is participating in the Service Level Benchmarking (SLB) exercise, have the relevant indicators been measured and uniformity ensured between that and the CSP?
?????
NOT CLEAR
IV 11)
YES
Table 8: Guide for self-assessment of CSP Process Minimum Required Score Please ensure that the draft CSP scores: At least two yes in sections i and ii, a nd At least one yes in sections iii and iv in the table. Acquired score A total of 3 yes in sections i and ii A total of 1 yes in sections iii and iv
As presented in the table above, a detailed assessment has been done on the basis of the MoUD checklist. On the whole, in Content Self Assessment, the CSP has scored 21 YES out of 22 indicators and for the Process Self Assessment, the score is 6 YES. Few of the indicators have been covered partially, as clearly mentioned above.
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1.7. STATE URBAN/SANITATION POLICIES

1.7.1. ANDHRA PRADESH URBAN REFORMS AND MUNICIPAL SERVICES PROJECT
(APURMSP) The Municipal Administration & Urban Development department is implementing "Andhra Pradesh Urban reforms and Municipal services Project" in all the Municipalities and Corporations of Andhra Pradesh. The main objective of the project is to improve the living conditions of the urban population, especially the urban poor through sustainable development. The project will finance the infrastructure facilities like roads, drains, water supply, street lighting and solid waste management. The Development Objectives of the project are: Improve urban governance through the implementation of an agreed reform agenda at State and local levels based, in part, on Government of Indias Urban Reform I ncentive Fund (URIF). Enhance the capacity of State, local, and community groups to manage urban affairs through a demand driven capacity enhancement program; and Support the rehabilitation and creation of sustainable urban services with economic and social benefits at community and citywide levels. The project includes the following components: Legal and Institutional Reform; Municipal Capacity Enhancement; Urban Infrastructure Investment; and Project Management.
1.7.2. INTEGRATED LOW COST SANITATION (ILCS)

The programme envisages construction of new sanitary latrines in households not having latrines by adopting the low-cost leach pit system, with an objective to eliminate dry latrines and manual scavenging. The scheme is being implemented with 63% Hudco loan, 32% Government of India subsidy and 5% of contribution of beneficiary. Initially during the year 1992 the Integrated Low Cost Sanitation Scheme was taken up in 34 municipalities, subsequently extended the programme covering all the Urban Local Bodies in a phased programme. The scheme was implemented in all 113 Urban Local Bodies with HUDCO financial assistance.
1.7.3. INTEGRATED NOVEL DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL AREAS AND MODEL MUNICIPAL

AREAS (INDIRAMMA) Andhra Pradesh Government has taken a decision to take up development of model villages and towns with an intention to saturate certain identified basic needs of the people and the village/town Infrastructure In an integrated and focused manner. This is planned to be achieved in a period of three years. The primary aim of this programme is to provide in every village pucca houses, drinking water supply, individual sanitary latrines, drainage, power supply to every household, road facilities for transport, pensions to eligible old age persons, weavers, widows and the disabled, primary education to all, special nutrition to adolescent
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM girls/pregnant and lactating women and better health facilities in all the villages over a period of three years in a saturation mode, This shall improve the living standards of the people significantly.
1.7.4. CLEAN AND GREEN PROGRAM

The Government has issued instructions vide G.O.Rt.No885, Finance and Planning (Plg.XX) Department, dt.30.11.1998, to implement the Clean and Green Program in all the Urban Local Bodies in the State. Every third Saturday in a month has been declared as Clean and Green Day. The activities taken up by the ULBs under Clean and Green Program as follows: Motivating people, particularly women groups and private industrial / business groups to make contribution to the Clean and Green Program Special drive for desiltation of drains, mobilising additional manpower wherever required Special drive for garbage removal with suitable deployment of civic staff and private persons wherever necessary. Mobilising cleaning operations of market places and slaughterhouses. Cleaning of all the municipal parks including removal of weeds and bushes. Cleaning of burial grounds. Deseeding and cleaning of water bodies along with proper chlorination and beautification. Identification of low-lying areas and action for draining out of water from theses areas. Plantation of trees by procuring suitable species of saplings in every household, road margins, community lands, public offices, schools buildings, college buildings, compounds of industries, parks, water works, institutional premises, filed bunds and canal bunds etc. Provision of soak pits and platforms near public bore wells. Construction of individual sanitary latrines etc. Construction of Neeru- Meeru structures. Motivating school / college students by conducting rallies etc.
1.7.5. PLASTICS
With a view to discouraging indiscriminate use of plastic carry-bags and containers in the urban areas in particular, and at public places in the State, the Government issued a notification through GO Ms. No.24, dt 20th March 1002 of EFS&T, in accordance with the Phasing Out Plastic Carry-Bags Recycled Plastic Manufacture and Usage Rules 1999, under Environment (Protection) Act 1986. A State-Level Committee has been formed to take necessary actions on Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and the first meeting was held on 25th April 2003, which decided the following: The Environment Protection Training and Research Institute (EPTRI) is the nodal agency to coordinate all legal, technical, economic and physical aspects of the MSW Management system through a three-year action plan. EPTRI has to prepare a proposal in consideration with the action plan of Andhra Pradesh Industrial Technical Consultancy Limited (APITCO) and all on-going projects,
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM and in consultation with experts of the committee and other agencies with past experience. EPTRI can chalk out activities among the agencies involved to commence the site selection processes or where sites are already located their environmental assessment, DPRs etc. The APPCB and the Director of Municipal Administration (DMA) would make initial contributions to a rolling fund with the EPTRI to meet the costs of running the monitoring cell and paying for initial studies. [Source: Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department, GoAP]
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Chapter-2 Ramagundam - A Brief Profile

2.1. INTRODUCTION
Ramagundam is situated at a distance of about 64 Kms. North East of Karimnagar, on the Bank of the River Godavari. It is located on main railway line - Kazipet to Balharsha of South Central Railway. The economic pattern of the town shows that the primary activity in the town is coal mining & power generation. The mineral wealth of the town reveals that the ULB has Coal minerals. The town is an industrial town, coal mines & energy generation being taken up by the Singareni Collieries Company Ltd. (SCCL) and National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd. (NTPC) respectively. Hence there are issues relating to air, water and soil pollutions. The industries like NTPC, SCCL have taken up several interventions like greenery, plantation, and development of parks to control air and sound pollution. Since it is predominately industrial town , there are many slums and can be observed inadequate infrastructure. Provision of civic amenities i.e. drainage, toilet facilities, sewerage system, street lighting and roads are grossly insufficient. RMC constituted comprising the Revenue Villages of Ramagundam, Medipalli, Malkapur, Janagama, Laxmipur (Hamlet of Elkalapalli) Maredupaka, Allur and Jallapelli. Ramagundam was declared as Notified Committee under A.P. Municipalities Act, 1965 w.e.f. 19.01.1982 vide G.O. Ms. No.33, M.A., Dt:19.01.1982, subsequently Ramagundam Notified Area Committee was declared as II Grade Municipality by the Government in its G.O. Ms.No.218 MA, Dt:08.05.1995, comprising the revenue villages of Ramagundam, Medipalli, Malkapur, Jangoan, Laxmipur (Hamlet of Elkalapalli), Maredupaka, Allur and Jallipalli. It was upgraded 1st grade in 2001 and Special grade in 2003 and became Municipal Corporation vide G.O. Ms. No. 96, Dt: 25.02.2010.
2.2. LOCATION & LINKAGES

Ramagundam is located at 18037N latitude and 79017E longitude along the banks of the Godavari river. It is connected to major parts of the state through a well connected road, Rajiv Highway and also the State Highway. It has good linkages to the nearby towns and cities through the South Central Railway. The nearest airport is at Hyderabad, about 250 km. away.
2.3. WEATHER
March to May are the hottest months at Ramagundam, with temperatures rising to about 45 Degrees. The annual mean maximum temperature and the mean minimum temperature are 39 and 15 degrees respectively. The monsoon season is between June to October, August being the peak, receiving a rainfall of about 230mm.
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2.4. TOPOGRAPHY AND GEO HYDROLOGY

Ramagundam has an average elevation of 179 meters (590 feet). The land is undulating, with abrupt hillocks scattered at a few places. The general slope of the land is from the south-west towards the river in the north eastern boundary of the city. The river Godavari forms the northern boundary of the city with a few canals flowing through the city into the river. Ramagundam being on the banks of the Godavari river, the land predominantly contains alluvial soil. Alluvium comprising sand, silt and clay occurs along the banks of the river Godavari down to a maximum depth of 20 m below ground level (bgl) near Mahadevpur. The filter point wells of depth 10 to 20 m bgl constructed in these aquifers sustain continuous pumping. The depth of water in the region is about 5 m bgl. The fluctuation of the water level between the pre-and the post monsoon season is more than 4 m.
Map 1: Map of Karimnagar District, Andhra Pradesh showing the water level fluctuation [Source: Ground Water Information, Karimnagar District, Andhra Pradesh, July 2007]
The ground water in the district is in general suitable for both domestic and irrigation purpose. The electrical conductivity ranges from 877 to 2010 micro Siemens/cm at 250C. A total of 487 villages are affected by high fluoride problem and 20 villages are having brackish water problem in the district. Alluvial aquifers are developed through filter point well of 10 to 20 depth. The district is mainly dependant on ground water for its irrigation and domestic needs. 64.75% of the irrigated area is through ground water and to cater to this need 225816 ground water extraction structures exist. 99% of the drinking water needs are met from ground water sources.
2.5. ECONOMY
The economic pattern of the town shows that the primary activity in the town is coal mining & power generation . Now, the city is driven by public sector industries. The city consists of many industries and their townships as follows: Ramagundam has A Navaratna National Thermal Power Corporation with 2600 MW 7 units running successfully and another 500 MW progress. The largest Coalmining industry Singareni Collieries Company Ltd., has got 11 Underground Mines and 4 Open Cast Projects in Ramagundam.
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM The AP Genco plant with 63 MW is successfully running the project and further extension proposals are stated to pending with the Government. The Fertilizer Corporation of India, Ramagundam unit will also be reopened shortly (Madras, Nagarjuna) and other Fertilizer Companies are negotiating with the Government to take over the above plant. The BPL Company 600 MW power plant generation company works are also under progress. The Singareni Company also proposed two MW power plant. Coal Washarie plants, premier explosive plants, BEML plant, IOC, HPCL Depots, Indian Oil Corporation, Golf Oil Corporation, Drica explosive companies are running successfully.
2.6. DEMOGRAPHY
RMC is spread over in the area of 93.86 Sq.km. In 1991, it became a Class I city (Population of over 1, 00,000) and has a of population of 2, 36, 600 as per 2001 census and includes the population of SCCL, NTPC and APGENCO townships. In 2001 the density was 8311 persons per sq km. It had male population of 120687 and Female population of 115913. Literacy among Male is 78.31% and female is 60.40% with overall rate at 69.54%. SC population was 46422(17%) and ST population 3493(1%). The trend of population growth rate in Ramagundam between 1971-1981 was about 37.25%. The growth in the next decade had a phenomenal growth of 158.98%. Again , between 1991 and 2001, the growth was mere 10.36% as some of the industries were closed. The population for the year 2011 has been projected to be 3,00,000, making the growth rate 26.7%. The average annual growth rate of the State of Andhra Pradesh is 13.86 % (as per 2001 census).
2.6.1. PROFILE OF RAMAGUNDAM

Table 9: Ramagundam A Brief Profile
S.No 2. 3.
Indicator Area (in Sq. Km.) Population As per 2011 census (Projected) As per 2001 census Total Households PSU
Whole ULB 93.87 3,00,000 2,36,600 13482HHs 36 (50 delimitation notification) 92 47 42 3
Slums 1,68,960 1,33,253
5.
No. of Municipal Wards
29
6.
No. of Slums Notified Non-notified Slum Pockets
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Slum Population and HHS 7. Community Organizations TLFs SLFs SHGs 9. No. of Hospitals No. of UHCs No. of ICDS 10. No. of Schools No. of High Schools No. of Upper primary schools No. of Primary Schools 11. Roads Length of CC Roads (in Km.) Length of BT Roads (in Km.) Length of WBM Roads (in Km.) Length of Gravel/ Murum Roads (in Km.) Katchcha Roads (in Km.) 16. Sanitation Length of sewerage (In Km.) No. of HHs with sewer connections No. of ILCS toilets 17. Others No. of Burial Grounds No. of Vegetable Markets No. of Community Halls 18. Municipal Finances Yearly income including grants (Rs. In Lakhs) Yearly expenditure (Rs. In Lakhs) Net surplus 2009-10 [Source: RMC] 1,497.77 1,195.41 (+)302.36 5 3 11 4 79.00 21066 5303 41.10 10954 2758 150.00 48.07 36.00 33.60 71.70 78.00 24.9 8.72 13.80 28.70 8 10 35 5 7 29 1 6 2 133 2414 16905 (2010)
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Table 10: Demographic details of PSU townships, Ramagundam
Ele.Ward SCCL/NTPC/FCI/ Slum AP Genco Households (Qtrs) 1 220 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1186 290 382 473 942 429 399 151 703 1346 1219 1110 1130 1105 1300 1122 709 2006 106 334 180 243 0 0 1013 626 444 450 287 57 29 1307 0 0 973 558 1361 2287 1126 1607 1263 1681 884 15
Private Houses 1030 833 0 1566 2022 665 20 757
Total
Remarks
1250 1013 1550 1566 2022 2651 1204 2562 2737 1413 1664 1292 1681 No PSU township No PSU township No PSU township No PSU township No PSU township No PSU township
330 1579 1832 543 337
1548 1594 1832 1397 1683 1648
62 41
1571 1171 1395 1682 1595 1651 2006 No PSU township No PSU township No PSU township
234 352
340 1538
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM 29 30 31 32 33 34 Total 2471 13482 27146 277 253 2071 805 347 1351 825 641 737 2022 21 16499 2418 2981 641 1014 2275 2492 57127 Out of 34 wards12 have PSU townships No PSU township No PSU township No PSU township
[Source: PSU Officials, Ramagungam]
2.6.2. POPULATION PROJECTIONS

The demographic profile of Ramagundam and the trend of population growth between 19712001 are given in the table below.
Table 11: Population projections by different methods
Population in 2001 2005 2009 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
By Geometric Increase method
By Incremental Increase method
By Arithmetical Increase method
316,242 422,692 454,491 653,178 938,722 1,349,097 1,938,872
261,509 287,130 293,647 326,901 361,270 396,753 433,351 471,063
260,260 283,920 289,835 319,410 348,985 378,560 408,135 437,710
2035 2,786,474 Including PSU township areas.
2.7. URBAN GOVERNANCE

Ramagundam was declared as Notified Committee under A.P. Municipalities Act, 1965 w.e.f. 19.01.1982 vide G.O. Ms. No.33, M.A., Dt:19.01.1982, subsequently Ramagundam Notified Area Committee was declared as II Grade Municipality by the Government in its G.O. Ms.No.218 MA, Dt:08.05.1995, comprising the revenue villages of Ramagundam, Medipalli, Malkapur, Jangoan, Laxmipur (Hamlet of Elkalapalli), Maredupaka, Allur and Jallipalli. It was upgraded 1st grade in 2001 and Special grade in 2003 and became Municipal Corporation vide G.O. Ms. No. 96, Dt:25.02.2010.
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM The city administration divided into 34 wards and 8 zones for administrative convenience. For water supply Connections, data base are maintained ward wise. The PSUs oversee the urban services (water supply, sewerage, solid waste management, storm water drainage, etc.) within their respective townships. They are marked by high level of service levels in comparison to rest of the city. The RMC is in charge of the services in the remaining areas. The first Municipal Council Elections was held on July, 1998 then second on June, 2004. The District Collector appointed as Special Officer since July, 2nd onwards after dissolved the period of 2nd Council.
Map 2: Map showing the PSU areas, the administrative and the ward boundaries
Now the Government issued G.O. Ms. No.154, Dt: 01.04.2010 and made 50 wards forwhich delimitations of the wards not available. A number of institutions are involved in the governance of RMC and the surrounding peri-urban areas and villages. Some of them were established through Acts of legislature and others are part of state governments framework. The RMC area is managed by multiple stakeholders. About 33% of the land area is under the RMC, whereas the remaining land is under several Public Sector Undertaking (PSUs). The area of land and the percentage w.r.t. the whole RMC area as owned by the various stakeholders is presented in the table as follows.
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Table 12: Land Ownership of RMC area
Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Stakeholders RMC Singareni Collieries Company Ltd.(SC.C) National Thermal Power Corporation (N.T.P.C) Fertilizer Corporation of India Ltd.(F.C.I) A.P.S.E.B
Area (sq.km) 30.84 42.48 13.15 4.48 2.91 93.86
Area (%) 32.86 45.26 14.01 4.77 3.10 100
The functional domain of local bodies in the state is derived from respective legislations. The Municipal Acts list the functions under two categories, namely, obligatory functions and discretionary functions. The functional domain was expanded in 2883 as per the 21 th Schedule of the 74th Constitution Amendment Act. In Andhra Pradesh, the Corporations and Municipalities Acts provide for a majority of the functions listed in the 12th Schedule (ref Annexure 1) of the constitution. In 2003, the Government, after a review of functions of urban local bodies, transferred five more functions to the urban local bodies through government orders. They are: Planning for economic and social development Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects Urban Poverty Alleviation Safeguarding the interest of weaker sections including the handicapped and mentally retarded Promotion of Cultural and Aesthetic aspects
2.8. FUNCTIONS OF THE URBAN LOCAL BODY

Basic functions of the ULBs are to provide civic amenities such as health, education of local inhabitants and issues incidental to Municipal Administration. Important functions of the Municipalities are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Maintenance of Public roads, streets, lanes, bridges , culverts and causeways, Construction and maintenance of storm water and sewerage water drains, Supply of protected drinking water, Maintenance of Play Grounds, Recreation Centres and Parks, Maintenance of Libraries, Cleaning of Streets, Drains and Scavenging, Maintenance of Hospitals and Dispensaries, Control of Epidemics and Endemics, Registration of Births and Deaths, Maintenance of Elementary Schools, Housing, Maintenance and Improvement in Slum Areas,
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM 13. Maintenance of Street Lighting, 14. Maintenance of slaughter houses and markets. The RMC is headed by the Commissioner with five sections under him. The Sections and the services provided by them are as follows.
Table 13: RMC area - Institutions Responsible for Urban Service Delivery
Sl. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Service Water Supply- bulk & distribution Storm water drainage system Sewerage Sanitation (liquid waste) Solid waste management Roads Community / Public toilets Slum upgradation Primary education Primary health Town planning
Section Engineering Section Sanitation Section Sanitation Section Sanitation Section Sanitation Section Engineering Section Sanitation Section Poverty Alleviation Section Education Section Sanitation Section Town Planning Section
As part of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), the Singareni Collieries Company Ltd. (SCCL) and NTPC have been involved in extending resources to take up several basic civic amenities to the people in the Corporation like Roads, Under Ground Drainages and Storm Water Drainages etc. During the last 3 years, the SCCL has sanctioned and provided Rs. 85.30 lakhs for 32 no. of works.
RAMAGUNDAM MUNICIPAL CORPORATION - ORGANIZATION CHART
Commissioner
General Administration
Engineering
Town Planning
Poverty Alleviation
Sanitation
Manager
M.E.
T.P.O.
P.R.P.
Sanitary Inspector
Acct. Revenue Inspector
Dy.E.E.
T.P.S.-1 T.P.S.-2
C.O.s D.E.O.
Record Asst. Asst. S.I.s
M.A.E.-1
T.P. & B.O. Revenue Sec. Clerk Bill Collectors

Estt. Clerk
T.L.F.
PH Workers O.S. Labour
M.A.E.-2 A.E. (Electrical) Contract

Engg. Clerks - 2 Nos Water Supply Sec. Clerk
S.L.F.s
S.H.G.s
Comp. Operators (O.S.)
Work Inspector (Contract) Work Inspectors (O.S.)
Figure 3: Organizational Structure, RMC
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ADMINISTRATION The main functions of the general administration are: 1. Personnel management 2. Election relate matter such as conduct of parliamentary and other elections 3. Monitoring of the court cases 4. Management of all immoveable properties of the ULB, 5. Leasing and monitoring the leases of the properties, and collection of the rents The main functions of the revenue section are: 1. Assessment and levy of various taxes such as property tax, Vacant land tax, 2. Collection and monitoring of the taxes The main functions of the secretarial section are: The main function of the secretarial section is to provide secretarial support to the deliberative wing of the ULB and assist in the conduct of meeting, maintain the minutes of the meeting, communicate the decisions of the governing body to the executive wing. ENGINEERING SECTION The main functions of the engineering section are: 1. Preparation of plans and estimates for civil works 2. Construction and maintenance of roads 3. Construction of buildings 4. Execution of civil works 5. Construction and maintenance of drains 6. Maintenance of water supply TOWN PLANNING SECTION 1. formulation of building rules, master plan rules and zonal regulation 2. Implementation of master plans 3. Road widening programmes 4. Public spaces, Roads and Junctions improvement 5. Issuance of permission for buildings and layouts 6. Regularization and demolition of unauthorized constructions 7. Removal of encroachments Under Section 8 of Andhra Pradesh Town Planning Act, every Municipal Council within four years of its constitution shall prepare, publish and submit for sanction of the Government G.T.P. Scheme in respect of all lands within the Municipality and in its vicinity. So there is a statutory obligation on the part of the municipality to prepare a development plan. As many of the municipalities do not have required technical expertise the work of preparation of development plans is being taken up by Director of Town and Country Planning at the state level.
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM URBAN POVERTY ALLEVIATION SECTION The main function of the UPA section is to implement the developmental schemes of the Government. Depending on the objectives of the scheme, it need to formulate the strategy, identify the beneficiaries and administer the scheme. ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT SECTION The main functions of the Accounts Section are Preparation of the budgets, Processing of the bills and payment vouchers, Monitoring of the revenue generation, Maintenance of the books of account, Maintenance of the payroll, general provident fund, Management of treasury The main functions of the Audit Section is Conducting a pre-audit of all the receipts and payments. Based on the verification and approval of the audit section, payments will be released HEALTH SECTION Sanitation is one of the key functions of the ULB and the Health Section of ULB is responsible for all sanitation work in the limits of the ULB. Maintenance and upkeep of urban infrastructure such as roads, sewerage drains, preventive measures for control of diseases and epidemics, solid waste management, etc., are some of the key processes which help in maintaining the sanitary conditions of the ULBs. The key processes of Sanitation-Solid Waste Management function involve allocation of employees for sweeping and garbage removal, cleaning of drains, allocation of the vehicles for garbage transportation and disposal of garbage at the dumping ground, maintenance of the vehicles, maintenance of the public toilets, controlling of pigs, dogs and carrying out anti-malarial operations, etc. It is not specifying or silent about managing and disposing the liquid waste. The main functions of the public health / sanitation are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Cleaning of the streets and supervision of sanitation Lifting of garbage and dumping of the same in dumping yard Spraying disinfecting materials under anti malaria schemes Maintenance of vehicles, diesel bunks, vehicle sheds, and work shops Registration of births and deaths Regulation of dangerous and offensive trades Maintenance and management of slaughter houses and certification of animals for slaughter 8. Prevention of epidemics 9. Prevention of food adulteration 10. Management of dispensaries of Indian Medicine System and allopathic system.
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Following Table gives a status of list of staff working in RMC:
Table 14:Staff Details, RMC
Sl. No.
Designation
No of posts for which revised sanction was given and continued by implementation Committee Sanctioned Filled up 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 6 Vacant Total
Remarks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Commissioner Municipal Engineer (EE) Dy. Executive Engineer T.P.O. M.A.E. Manager Accountant T.P.S. T.P & B.O Sanitary Inspector Sr. Asst Typist / Data Operators Junior Asst.
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 6
1 1 -
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 3 1 6 1 No. on deputation and 1 No. PA to MLA On deputation Under Suspension On deputation Long Leave
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Record Asst. Bill Collectors Hand Pump Mechanic Drivers Town Planning Tracers Office Sub-Ordinates Public Health Workers Total
1 7 1 3 1 6 90 129
1 7 1 2 6 74 109
0 1 1 16 20
1 7 1 3 1 6 90 132
[Source: RMC] To execute various Government Schemes the following Community Development Staff has been working under IKP, Urban (MEPMA)
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Table 15: Staff details of MEPMA
Sl. No. 01. 02. 03.
Staff Details Poverty Resource Person Community Organizers Jr. Asst-cum-Data Entry Operator
Nos 01 06 01
[Source: MEPMA] Community Based Organization: To strengthen the empowerment of women the formation of Self Help Groups (SHGs), Slum Level Federations (SLFs) as follows:
Table 16: Details of CBOs, RMC
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
No. of SHGs No. of SLFs No. of SLFs registered No. of SHGs covered under SLFs No. of TLFs TLF OBs, Account No. No. of women covered under SHGs No. of PWDs identified in town No. of SHGs of PWDs No. of PWDs covered under SHGs TVS formed OBs with account No.
2410 132 1566 Nil 26,389 1250 108 389 01
[Source: RMC] Decision Making Process The decision making process in Municipal Corporation can be divided into two stages. Firstly, the process of making strategic decisions like, prioritisation of services, preparation of budget, and other policy decisions. In democratic system, these decisions are made by the elected wing of the government. The decisions related to planning, designing, execution, and operation and maintenance are taken by the executive wing of government. Mohalla Samitis have yet to be formed in the city. Also the Ward Committees are not participating actively at present. In the process of preparing budget, each of the Ward Committee is expected to send proposals for specific projects for their respective zones by the end of October. Simultaneously, the officers at Zonal office also send proposals for various works in respective departments in their zones. The Commissioner then prepares a budget and lays it before the Mayor-in-Council for further review. After making necessary modifications and additions in the budget, the Mayor-in-Council submits the same to the Corporation by 15th January. The Corporation, after discussion on the budget, may refer the budget back to Mayor-in-Council for further considerations or adopt the budget estimates or submit any revised budget estimates to Mayor-in-Council by 15th February. In case no consensus is reached by 31st March, the budget of Mayor-in- Council is considered to be final. RMC had proactive leaders in the recent past and involved the staff, Councilors and other important persons of the town in the following committees. 1. Town Development Committee 2. Town Planning Committee
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM 3. Sanitation Committee 4. Electrical Committee 5. Sports and Cultural Committee 6. Family Planning Committee 7. Library Development Committee 8. Committee for Poverty Reduction 9. Committee for 100% Literacy 10. Committee for Horticulture Development Online Grievance Redressal Tracking System (OGRTS) A concept of Call Center introduced recently to change people perception about ULB functioning and help its people in addressing problems timely. It is a soft ware driven initiative with a computer aided communication centre. The OGRTS is a web based application to support call center. SMS (Short Messaging Services) technologies are adopted for communication across functionaries and citizens duly taking the citizen charter of ULBs into consideration. Complaints are registered multimode: email, telephone (08728 248777), internet and by post. A comparatively new system introduced in the ULB and with the help of this sector wise complaints and area wise can be summarised and its proper application can be powerful to address problems in holistic manner and will help in decision making. Key issues: Urban sanitation is not with one section and not given due recognition and plagued with fragmented institutional responsibilities as multiple institutions responsible for different activities, with low coordination between them. ULBs do not often have primary responsibilities, major investments often undertaken by parastatals. Regulation is often poor, especially of household onsite sanitation. Emphasis is mostly on creation of infrastructure with low priority for O&M. No Accountability thus no responsibility.
BOX 2: CASE STUDY PSU TOWNSHIP: APGENCO DETAILS I. Water supply system: 1. Population: 3000 Nos ( 750HHs) 2. Quantity of supply: 2400 KL/day 3. Floating population: 100 Nos/day 4. . Quality of water: Potable (Slow sand filtration & chlorination) 5. Expenditure incurred: Rs. 1 Lakh/anum (towards liquid chlorination) II. Underground drainage system:
1. Waste water generated: 720 KL/day 2. Waste water treatment: Nil. At present, the waste water is let into the earthen sedimentation tanks from there to local water bodies and this water is utilized for agriculture and remaining water is let in to river godavari.
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM 3. Waste water quality: No system is available. 4. Expenditure incurred: Rs. 2.5 Lakhs/annum (towards maintenance of existing sewage system) 5. Length of roads: 19.5 Km 6. Length of storm water drains: 4.5 KM 7. Outfall points: 3 Nos (1 No for each colony) III. Solid waste management:
1. Waste generation: 3000 Cum/annum 2. Dumping places: Low lying areas near railway station 3. Collection & treatment of solid waste: Manual collection and at present no treatment. 4. Segregation: No segregation is being taken up
2.9. SLUMS AND SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS

Total population of RMC is as per2001 census is 2,36,600 out of which 1,18,500 is population in slums which is about 50% of the total population. It is projected that the total population of RMC by 2011 is 3.0 Lakhs and 2031 is 4.32 lakhs where as slum population is projected as 1.67 lakhs and 2.43 Lakhs. There are 92 no. of slums out of which 47 no. are notified and 45 no. are non-notified. There are total 26147 households in slums with a population of 1, 11,9113. All the 92 slums are located in non hazardous areas. 2414 SHGs and 133 SLFs are working in these slums. The SC population in Corporation is 46,422, STs 3,493 and Women population 1,15,913 as per Census. The high population of slums is observed in Ashoknagar (ward 14), Hanuman Nagar (ward 3) and Seetha Nagar (ward 11). The Map shows the ward wise location of slums in the RMC.
Table 17: Slum details, RMC Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 W. No. 1 1 1 3 3 4 5 5 8 8 8 8 10 11 11 Slum Name Rahamathnagar Bharathnagar Mallialpally (v) Ramagundam (v) Pamulapadu (V) Medipalli (V) Narisngapoor & Jangalapalli Malkapoor & Ramaiahpalli Janagam - I Janagam - II Tharakaramanagar (CSP Colony) Ganga Nagar Vidyanagar Leninnagar Vinobha Nagar N/ NN N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N House Holds 240 550 861 234 264 261 756 239 206 206 292 326 261 415 95 Population Female Male 402 546 771 1046 716 971 409 554 504 683 500 678 1351 1832 398 366 366 386 607 503 964 154 539 496 496 524 822 682 1306 209 SHGs Total 948 1817 1687 963 1187 1178 3183 937 862 862 910 1429 1185 2270 363 11 12 14 46 11 28 17 21 18 19 61 29 16 22 28 SLFs 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 2 1 1
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16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 15 16 18 18 19 20 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 26 26 27 30 31 31 32 32 33 33 1 2 2 4 4 4 6 7 9 11 15 15 Ramnagar - I Ramnagar - II Ramnagar - III Ramnagar - IV Rammandhir Area Bhagathnagar Vittalnagar - I Vittalnagar - II Ashoknagar Kasthuribanagar Addaguntapalli Thirumalanagar L.B. Nagar - I L.B. Nagar - II Vijayanagar Kakathiyanagar & MM Labour Colony Chandrashekarnagar Parshuramnagar Jawaharnagar Vittalnagar - III Tilaknagar Vittalnagar - IV Vittalnagar - V Vittalnagar - VI Veerlapalli Rajiv Nagar (ST Colony (Alluru)) Laxmipoor Elkalapally gate Chaithanyapuri Colony Sanjaygandhi Nagar Indiranagar & Shanthi Nagar Kazipelli S.T. Colony, Ramagundam Ambedkar Nagar & Mubaraknagar Hanuman Nagar, Opp. Ram Temple Bheemunipatnam Kakatiya Nagar Subhash Nagar & Momeen Nagar Saptagiri Colony PH Colony Gandhi Nagar Surya Nagar Ganesh Nagar Swathantra chowk N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN 291 317 252 152 207 269 254 272 610 406 256 317 689 297 294 657 326 319 282 257 261 163 156 663 280 196 289 254 200 278 183 122 170 292 190 341 196 248 168 305 322 363 243 374 549 591 485 363 357 512 488 517 1963 1169 492 592 1048 559 551 1019 606 592 534 493 500 391 413 1360 503 394 544 487 400 364 378 273 351 364 383 630 370 353 313 500 436 715 356 734 744 802 657 493 485 693 662 702 2662 1584 666 802 1420 758 747 1382 821 803 724 668 677 531 559 1844 682 534 738 660 543 493 512 369 477 493 520 853 501 478 425 679 591 970 483 994 1293 1393 1142 856 842 1205 1150 1219 4625 2753 1158 1394 2468 1317 1298 2401 1427 1395 1258 1161 1177 922 972 3204 1185 928 1282 1147 943 857 890 642 828 857 903 1483 871 831 738 1179 1027 1685 839 1728 25 7 12 10 14 11 14 10 39 10 22 30 46 23 21 32 34 25 78 12 74 14 153 14 21 29 32 20 13 20 30 15 8 45 81 47 16 24 43 41 112 10 14 33 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 3 1 3 2 2 2 1 3 1 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 0 1 0 1 2 3 0 3 0 1 4 3 5 1 1 2
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60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 16 17 20 21 21 23 28 Maruthi Nagar Shivaji Nagar Indira Nagar Santhosh Nagar Bharath Nagar 5 Incline Area New Maredupaka S.C. Colony 29 Tarakarama Nagar 30 Indira Nagar 30 Alluru (V) 33 Mathangi Colony 33 Chandra Babu Naidu Colony 1 Vidhyuth Nagar 2 O' Point, Ramagundam 3 Ayodhya Nagar 3 Bheemaiah Colony 3 Housing Board Colony 3 Odia Camp (Oddera Colony) 3 Hanuman Nagar 4 Annapoona Colony 4 Ambedkar Colony 4 PK Ramaiah Colony (Camp) 6 Narra Shallapally 10 Ambedkar Nagar 11 Seetha Nagar 11 Mallikarjuna Nagar 12 Sanjay Nagar 20 Dwaraka Nagar 20 NTR Nagar 23 Andhra Colony & Sikku Wada 30 Hanuman Nagar 32 Rajiv Nagar 33 KCR Colony & Pragathi Colony TOTAL HHs with individual toilets NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 370 335 291 196 219 137 282 209 209 279 304 301 191 197 153 192 174 200 763 114 96 656 245 117 551 199 165 176 130 86 137 124 111 26096/26147 5303 (20%) 726 457 670 421 369 392 371 397 394 414 405 450 379 416 408 400 417 424 1818 227 200 1351 415 340 1709 411 415 396 386 141 417 396 365 50286 984 620 909 571 501 531 502 539 533 561 550 610 513 563 552 542 566 574 2465 307 271 1832 563 462 2316 557 563 537 523 191 565 537 496 68171 1710 1077 1579 992 870 923 873 936 927 975 955 1060 892 979 960 942 983 998 4283 534 471 3183 978 802 4025 968 978 933 909 332 982 933 861 118457 59 80 10 4 23 15 14 8 9 10 8 61 10 6 11 4 15 8 8 84 4 6 36 30 22 24 10 20 22 6 21 13 16 2414 2 2 3 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 3 0 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 2 0 2 133
[Source: MEPMA]
BOX 3: DEFINITIONS OF NOTIFIED AND NON-NOTIFIED SLUMS Notified Slums: The definition of notified slum area as provided in Andhra Pradesh slum
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM improvement (A Acquisition of Land) act 1956, Act no XXXIII of 1956, in which the Government are satisfied that any area is or may be source of danger to the public health, safety or convenience of its neighbourhood by reason of the area being low lying, insanitary, squalid or otherwise there may be notification in AP gazette declare such area to be slum area. Non-notified Slums: The slum areas recognized by local Govt.s but not notified by the state government as above are Non notified slum areas. In AP the percentage of slum population is 36.8%. The slums of Ramagundam are all located on government owned or PSU lands mainly on SCCL & A.P Genco. The major concentration of the slums is observed in ward 9 - 25 wards, which form the core of the RMC area. Detailed slum wise list of population, no. of households and other summary of attributes related with slums are presented in the following table.
Table 18: Infrastructure details in slum areas, RMC Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 W. No. 1 1 1 3 3 4 5 5 8 8 8 8 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 Slum Name N/ NN N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Populati on 948 1817 1687 963 1187 1178 3183 937 862 862 910 1429 1185 2270 363 1293 1393 1142 856 842 Water Supply Not Connected Not Connected Not not Partially not Not Fully Fully Fully Partially Partially Fully Partially Fully Partially Fully Fully Partially Fully Storm water drainage Partially Partially Connected Partiall partially partally fully Fully fully fully fully fully fully fully fully fully Partially Partially Partially Partially fully Sewerage
Rahamathnagar Bharathnagar Mallialpally (v) Ramagundam (v) Pamulapadu (V) Medipalli (V) Narisngapoor & Jangalapalli Malkapoor & Ramaiahpalli Janagam - I Janagam - II Tharakaramanagar (CSP Colony) Ganga Nagar Vidyanagar Leninnagar Vinobha Nagar Ramnagar - I Ramnagar - II Ramnagar - III Ramnagar - IV Rammandhir Area
Partially Connected Partially Connected Partial fully fully fully fully patially not Not Not Partially Connected fully Partially Connected Partially Connected Municipal Staff Municipal Staff Municipal Staff Municipal Staff partial
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21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 13 13 13 14 15 16 18 18 19 20 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 26 26 27 30 31 31 32 32 33 33 1 2 2 4 4 Bhagathnagar Vittalnagar - I Vittalnagar - II Ashoknagar Kasthuribanagar Addaguntapalli Thirumalanagar L.B. Nagar - I L.B. Nagar - II Vijayanagar Kakathiyanagar & MM Labour Colony Chandrashekarnag ar Parshuramnagar Jawaharnagar Vittalnagar - III Tilaknagar Vittalnagar - IV Vittalnagar - V Vittalnagar - VI Veerlapalli Rajiv Nagar (ST Colony (Alluru)) Laxmipoor Elkalapally gate Chaithanyapuri Colony Sanjaygandhi Nagar Indiranagar & Shanthi Nagar Kazipelli S.T. Colony, Ramagundam Ambedkar Nagar & Mubaraknagar Hanuman Nagar, Opp. Ram Temple Bheemunipatnam Kakatiya Nagar N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N NN NN NN NN NN 1205 1150 1219 4625 2753 1158 1394 2468 1317 1298 2401 1427 1395 1258 1161 1177 922 972 3204 1185 828 1282 1147 943 857 890 642 928 857 903 1483 871 Partially Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully not not not Partially Fully Fully Fully Fully Partially not Not not not partially fully fully fully fully fully fully fully fully fully fully fully fully fully fully fully fully fully fully partial not not partially not partially fully fully partially fully Fully fully fully Partially Connected Partially Connected Partially Connected Partially Connected Partially Connected fully fully fully fully fully fully fully fully fully fully fully fully fully fully not Partially Connected not patially Partially Connected Partially Connected fully fully Partially Connected fully fully fully fully
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53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 4 6 7 9 11 15 15 16 17 20 21 21 23 28 29 30 30 33 33 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 Subhash Nagar & Momeen Nagar Saptagiri Colony PH Colony Gandhi Nagar Surya Nagar Ganesh Nagar Swathantra chowk Maruthi Nagar Shivaji Nagar Indira Nagar Santhosh Nagar Bharath Nagar 5 Incline Area New Maredupaka S.C. Colony Tarakarama Nagar Indira Nagar Alluru (V) Mathangi Colony Chandra Babu Naidu Colony Vidhyuth Nagar O' Point, Ramagundam Ayodhya Nagar Bheemaiah Colony Housing Board Colony Odia Camp (Oddera Colony) Hanuman Nagar Annapoona Colony Ambedkar Colony PK Ramaiah Colony (Camp) NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN I I I I I I I I I I 831 738 768 1027 1685 2150 1728 1710 1077 1579 870 752 923 873 936 927 975 955 1060 892 979 960 942 983 998 4283 534 1471 3183 Not Connected Partially Partially Partially not not connected Partially partially partially not Partially Connected Partially Connected Partially Connected not 248 Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Fully Partially Fully Fully Fully Not Connected Not not not Partially Fully Fully Fully Partially Partially 831 fully fully fully fully partially Partially Partially Partially partally fully fully fully not Not not not Partially fully fully fully partially Partially fully fully fully fully Partially Connected Partially Connected Partially Connected Partially Connected Partially Connected fully fully fully not Not not not Partially Connected fully fully fully Partially Connected Partially Connected
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82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 6 10 11 11 12 20 20 23 30 32 33 Narra Shallapally Ambedkar Nagar Seetha Nagar Mallikarjuna Nagar Sanjay Nagar Dwaraka Nagar NTR Nagar Andhra Colony & Sikku Wada Hanuman Nagar Rajiv Nagar KCR Colony & Pragathi Colony I I I I I I I I I I I 978 857 2966 968 978 933 909 332 982 933 861 119113 Partially no Fully Fully Partially Fully Fully Partially Partially Partially Not Fully fully fully fully partially fully fully Partially Partially partially Not fully fully fully fully Partially Connected fully fully Partially Connected Partially Connected Partially Connected Not
[Source: MEPMA] Summary of status of services in various slums is as follows:

Table 19: Summary of status of services in slum areas, RMC Tot al Slu ms Slum HHs Slum Popul ation Details of Infrastructure services Connectivity to Water Supply Connectivity to Storm Water Drainage Not Connected Connectivity to Sewerage Sysem Approach Road
Not Connected Fully
92
26147
11911 3
50
21
21
54
2 8
10
41
39
12
[Source: MEPMA] Some field observations in slums of Ramagundam can be summarized as the follows: There is a lack of awareness about health and hygiene among the slum dwellers Waste (both solid and liquid) are discharged directly into the storm water drainage system Unplanned unorganized dumping of solid waste both by the slum dwellers as well as municipal workers. Some of the slum areas have extremely poor housing conditions with houses made of temporary materials. The Urban Poverty Alleviation programmes in Corporation have been given great emphasis. The urban poor women are organized with Community Based Organizations (CBOs) like Self Help Groups (SHG), Slum Level Federations (SLF)
Not Connected Motorable Pucca Motorable katcha Nonmotorable Pucca Nonmotorable kaccha 42 31 11 8 57 | P a g e
Partial
Partial
Partial
Fully
Fully
CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM and Town Level Federations (TLF). The CBOs of the poor have been provided access to credit by giving about 20 crores under Bank linkage program with subsidized interest under Pavala Vaddi Scheme. The disabled being vulnerable are also organized in to SHGs and Town Vikalangula Samakya to address the needs of vulnerable. Looking at the nature of activity (primary ctivity) of the ULB expected population growth mainly will be slum population and accordingly projections done as indicated below.
Table 20: Shortage of slum HHs not having toilets Year Slum Population 1,62,633 2626049 2874331 1454313 Avg HH size in slums 5.02 5.02 5.02 5.02 Slum HHs HHs having no toilets in 2001 14540 14540 14540 14540 GAP
2001 2012 2014 2035
32,397 5,23,117 5,72,576 2,89,704
17,857 5,05,260 5,54,719 2,71,847
[Source: ASCI]
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Chapter-3 Environmental Sanitation - An Assessment

3.1. SEWERAGE AND SANITATION
INTRODUCTION Sustainable urban sanitation presents one of the most significant service delivery challenges related to poverty alleviation and sustainable development of the towns. Environmental sanitation holds a primordial position in assessing and documenting nature of a town/town in its status regarding sanitation. This chapter essentially deals with issues pertaining to the core objective of the town sanitation plan and also covers sanitary installations at different levels of households, at public places, in institutions and schools. Concentration on open defecation levels in slums along with corresponding sectors like solid waste management, storm water drains and water supply, an essential component of sanitation is dealt at vast. This also demarcates service level benchmarking and factors leading to health hazards. The Sanitation & Solid Waste Management in Corporation has been improved with remarkable change during last 3 years with the assistance of 12th Finance Commission (TFC) grants released by the Govt. The mechanization of transport, loading & unloading of urban solid waste has been taken up with TFC funding, which improved the Solid Waste Management scenario. The processing facility of Solid Waste Management and connected infrastructure requirement of processing as well as disposal facility has been taken up with TFC funding.
3.1.1. HOUSEHOLD SANITATION

According to Census 2001, about 41% of the households have water closets within their premises, 7% have pit latrines and 25% have latrines of other types. About 27% do not have toilets. In 2004 a detailed survey was conducted and the summary of sanitation status was as follows:
Table 21: Distribution of households in RMC w.r.t. availability of toilets within premises Ward No. No. of Houses Dry Latrin es Flush out Latrines connected to Direct ly to drain 2417 6.74 Sewer w.o. septic tank 6988 19.45 Sewer with septic tank 8363 23.32 Own septic tank 6306 17.58 Open Defecati ons I.L. S.S.
Total In %
35861 *
25
11759 32.79
2205 6.15
9554 26.64
*Exclusive of PSU Households (13482quarters)
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Subsequent improvements in sanitation situation showed considerable improvements in access to toilets and as per property tax records only 9% of properties do not have toilets in 2010. But when it is coming to good information base there is no consistency and all survey findings give different figures. Recently a detailed survey in slums under Rajiw Awas Yojana (RAY) was taken up. For the CSP purpose this data and findings majorly used but some correlations and assumptions had to be made while assessing the situation for the whole RMC area. BOX 4: DEFINITIONS OF HOUSEHOLD SANITATION ARRANGEMENTS ACCORDING TO CENSUS 2001 Water closet latrine (WC): The sanitary water flush latrines are those latrines that have water closets fitted with flushing cistern. Such latrines that may be connected to a septic tank or an underground sewerage system will also be recorded as water closet latrines. The faecal matter from these types of latrines is removed without the need for scavenging or manual handling of excreta. Pit latrine: The latrines attached to the pit that is dug into the ground for the reception of night soil are reckoned as pit latrines. Other latrine: This category includes service latrines (i.e. those that are cleaned manually); latrines serviced by animals such as pigs, etc. and all latrines other than the pit and the water closet types of latrine. Note: the definitions adopted for baseline sanitation survey follow the above definitions.
The above table shows the sanitation profile of RMC area. It shows high percentage of OD in the slum areas (16.53%) where as in the Non-slum areas it was observed to be 10.53% HHs. The majority of HHs 71.54% HHs in slums and 81.88% HHs in overall RMC have toilets connected to septic tanks. About 13500 households reside in the different township areas under the management of the PSUs. All of them either connected by Septic tank or UGD with well maintained STP in case of NTPC. This number is almost constant and discussion with officials concluded that there will not be increase in population in these areas.
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3.1.2. SANITATION IN SLUMS

The slums of Ramagundam are all located on government owned or PSU lands mainly on SCCL. Houses in some of the slum areas are made of temporary materials. Such areas include Ambedkarnagar, Sikh colony, etc. In other slum areas, most of the houses in the slums are pucca houses. Majority of the toilets in the slum areas are connected to either septic tanks (individual or community) or pits. Major concentration of slums in wards 9 - 25. Several slum pockets have main drainage canals running through them. In such areas, the waste from the households is discharged directly into the drains even though the area may have pits or septic tanks. . Some houses have apertures on the floor of certain rooms with outlets to the canals for use at night. There are no community toilets in Ramagundam, thus adding to the problem of open defecation which is quite common in RMC. Following pictures depict the various sanitation choices in slums:
Poor housing conditions in slums, Ramagundam
Septic tank Community 11% 14% 10%
Drain No Access
65%
Figure 4: Percentage distribution of households w.r.t. type of outlets from toilets, Ramagundam [Source: Primary Survey, ASCI, 2010]
Slum houses having toilet outlets directly into drains [Source: Primary Survey, ASCI, 2010]
Slum houses having apertures within premises with direct outlet to drains. These apertures are used as urinals during night time [Source: Primary Survey, ASCI, 2010]
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM BOX 5: POOR SANITARY CONDITIONS, AMBEDKARNAGAR, RAMAGUNDAM Ambedkar Nagar, a slum area in ward no. 10 in RMC area, has about 120 households. The general housing conditions in the area are quite poor, all the dwellings being kutcha houses. Majority of the houses have no toilets, and instances of open defecations in this area are quite high. The railway tracks being in the vicinity become the prime area for open defecation.
Poor housing conditions, Ambedkar Nagar, Ramagundam [Source: Primary Survey, ASCI, 2010]
There are no pucca drains in the area. The waste water from the houses the kitchens and the bathrooms drain into the kutcha drains, which overflow into the courtyards and the streets. There is no provision for the regular cleaning of drains in the area; the slum dwellers take the responsibility onto themselves. Such factors together with dumping of solid waste create unclean environs in the area. This further leads to pig nuisance in the area.
Overflowing kutcha drains, Ambedkar Nagar, Ramagundam
Unplanned solid waste dumping leading to nuisance from pigs, Ambedkar Nagar, Ramagundam
Field investigations revealed that Open defecation is found to be very common in the following areas:
Table 22: Open defecation areas, Ramagundam
Sl. No. 1 2 3 4
Ward No. 1 3 4 5
Areas S.T.Colony, Mallialpally, Housing Board colony, Village Ramagundam Kakathiyanagar, Momin Nagar, P.K.Ramaiya Colony, GVK Colony, Krusher Nagar New Poradpalli, Jangalpalli
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 6 8 18 27 28 31 32 33 Shalapally, Ramaiahpalli Janagaon Thirumal Nagar Veerlapalli New Maredpalli Lakshmipuram Chaitanya Colony, Puri Colony, Sanjeev Nagar Indiranagar, KCR Colony, Chandrababu Colony, Kazipalli
[Source: Discussions with Sanitary Supervisors, RMC]

Table 23: Sanitation profile
HHs
HHs with own septic tank 18669 71.54%
HHs with own dry latrine 741 2.84%
HHs with shared septic tank and flush latrine 1595 6.11%
HHs with shared dry latrine 375 1.44%
HHs with communit y septic tank
HHs with commun ity dry latrine 56 0.21%
HHs pro ne to OD 4315 16.5 3%
Total HHs
Slum HHs Percentage w.r.t. Slum HHs
346 1.33%
26096 100%
[Source: Details from RAY survey data] The following OD areas have been depicted in the map. It has been observed that the open defecation is prevalent in both slum and Non-slum areas as there is no facility for community toilets in Ramagundam. OD is also observed in some pockets of the PSU areas where some illegal settlements have come up.
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Map 3: Map showing the location of open defecation areas, Ramagundam
INTEGRATED LOW COST SANITATION SCHEME (ILCS) IN SLUM AREAS A STATUS APPRAISAL
For Ramagundam, the Commissioner and Directorate of Municipal Administration (CDMA) act as the nodal agency whereas the RMC acts as the implementing agency for implementing ILCS programme. The construction work of the ILCS units is contracted out to private contractors and NGOs take care of the mobilization and implementation. On the whole state ILCS programme is implemented in three phases. The state has a Financial Institution for funding the scheme in the urban areas known as Andhra Pradesh Urban Finance & Infrastructure Development Corporation (APUFIDC). The role of APUFIDC is only to release fund to the CDMA for programmes of urban infrastructure. CDMA constitutes a District level Committee headed by the Collector of the concerned district for implementing the ILCS scheme. District Level committee is authorized to select the contractor for construction of ILCS units. The contractor is selected through open tenders. Each contractor has to construct a minimum 200 low cost units. RMC had been sanctioned 3353 units in stage-II and further 3100 units in stage-III entrusting the work on nomination basis to the contractors. Under stage-II work is completed while 1948 units have been constructed under stage-III.
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM BOX 6: INTEGRATED LOW COST SANITATION SCHEME (ILCSS) Integrated Low Cost Sanitation Scheme (ILCSS) is a demand driven programme aiming to cover all households which have dry latrines as well as those having no sanitation facilities including slum and squatter colonies are given special focus. The scheme is being implemented with 63% HUDCO loan, 32% Government of India subsidy and 5% of contribution of beneficiary. Initially during the year 1992 the Integrated Low Cost Sanitation Scheme was taken up in 34 municipalities, subsequently extended the programme covering all the Urban Local Bodies in a phased programme. The scheme was implemented in all 113 ULBs with HUDCO financial assistance. Below Plinth Above Plinth Government of India subsidy HUDCO Loan Beneficiary Contribution 45% 50% 5% 95% 5%
Objectives of ILCS: To stop proliferation of dry toilets and open defecation. To remove the dehumanizing practice of manual scavenging. To provide better sanitation facilities to the people of all municipalities in the state. To motivate people of latrine less areas, to come forward and build toilets. To inculcate healthy practice of maintaining sanitation
Table 24: Implementation of ILCS Stage-III, Ramagundam, May 2010
No. of ILCS units (Original Targets) 3100
Cost (Rs. in Lakhs)
Funds Released (Rs. in Lakhs) 65.55
Funds Unitilized (Rs. in Lakhs) 65.55
Total no. of ILCS units constructed *
920
1948
Note:- * All the ILCS units were constructed for individual households. None were constructed for schools
Table 25: Summary of construction of ILCS units in Phase II and III in Ramagundam
Sl. No.
Details
Stage - II 5 users 10 users 2353 units 1000 units
Stage III (5 users) 135.62 67.81 61.03 6.78 3100
Project Cost (Rs. In lakhs) HUDCO loan (Rs. In lakhs) GOI subsidy (Rs. In lakhs) Beneficiary contribution (Rs. In lakhs)
155.62 97.83 50.03 7.76 (2353 + 1000 = ) 3353
Target (no. of units)
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM 3 4 No. of units completed Unit cost (Rs.) Loan (Rs.) Subsidy (Rs.) Beneficiary contribution (Rs.) 5 6 7 Total amount released (Rs. In lakhs) Amount spent (Rs. In lakhs) Balance amount (Rs. In lakhs) (2702 + 652 = ) 3353 5 users 3740 1870 1652 218 118.09 120.84 -2.75 10 users 4510 2250 1992 263 1948 4370 2185 1935 250 65.55 65.55 NIL
[Source: Municipal Council, Ramagundam, 2007]
BOX 7: SINGLE PIT LATRINES, INDIRANAGAR SLUM AREA, RAMAGUNDAM Indira Nagar is a slum area in ward no. 20 in RMC area, with 202 households. In 1995, about 150 households were provided with single pit toilets. Even now about 60-70 households are using the same toilets. Some of the pits located beside the drains get inundated due to the inflow of water from the drains. The other households are also quite sceptic about using the toilets because of the fear of the pits getting filled. Hence, there are quite a number of households in the area opting for open defecation.
Toilets connected to single pits, Indira Nagar, Ramagundam
Unused toilets, Indira Nagar, Ramagundam
The additional initiatives taken by state under phase III was to include super structure in the scheme. The super structure is pucca structure with 3 width wall and 1.4 concrete roof and a door made of metal sheet. The distinct feature in Ramagundam was that Contractor had to submit a bond stating that the beneficiary is satisfied with the construction of the latrine and the quality of material used. The payment is released to the contractor afterwards. Systematic list of households along with photograph of the beneficiaries is maintained by the Municipality.
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM This section covers the existing environmental and social infrastructure and also the requirements for the same in all slums of the ULB including Perspective plan for 5 years.
Table 26: Environmental Infrastructure Requirements
Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Sector
Unit
Existing
Required
Estimated Cost for 2010-11 (Rs. in Lakhs) 94.00 59.12 165.60 514.80 97.96 427.00 61.18 1419.66
Water Supply Sanitation Drainage Roads Street Lighting Sewerage
Kilo Meters No. of individual toilets Kilo Meters Kilo Meters No. of Lights Kilo Meters
23.00 5303 88.14 164.12 2367 41.10 13.3
47.00 2956.00 82.80 85.80 3768 85.40 53.2
Solid Waste Percentage of door to door Management collection Total
[Source: RMC]
3.1.3. SCHOOL SANITATION

INFORMATION REGARDING SCHOOLS SANITATION TO BE INCORPORATED AFTER OBTAINING THE SURVEY SHEETS BOX 8: CASE STUDY : GOVT. SCHOOL, RAMAGUNDAM The course of primary surveys by the ASCI team members led to the visit to a small govt. school in the Seethanagar area. The immediate surroundings of the school premises were in a pitiable condition with the school located within an open piece of land used for illegal and unorganized dumping of solid waste by the tricycle pullers as well as the local people in the area. The school building had a single room with windows opening out into the surrounding dumpsite. There were two teachers taking care of a total roll count of 36 students of 5 classes. The single room is infested by flies and other pests due to the proximity to the unclean environment. The children fall ill frequently, about twice a month for 1-2 days each time. The dumping of waste ash/ coal by the Singareni Collieries Company Ltd. at the boundaries of the piece of land has turned the land into a low lying area. This causes the school building and the surrounding area to be flooded during rainy season, leading to further spreading of diseases among the students and the local people as well. There was no facility for toilets for students or the teachers. All of them being locals, go to their homes for the same, during break times or whenever needed. A request has been put forth very recently for the construction of toilets one for each gender. The toilets are to be constructed with the two-pit system under the Rajiv Vidya Mission.
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A Govt. school in dirty and unhealthy environs, Seethanagar, Ramagundam
BOX 9: GUIDELINES OF TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN(TSC) FOR SCHOOL SANITATION Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) guidelines at present stipulate that toilets in all types of Govt. schools i.e. Primary, Upper Primary, Secondary and Higher Secondary and Anganwadis should be constructed. The Dept. of Drinking Water Supply is supporting the construction of toilets and urinals in schools under TSC. The guidelines say that separate toilets for girls and boys should be provided in co-educational schools which are to be treated as two separate units and each unit is entitled to Central assistance. The unit cost of each school toilet units is Rs. 20,000 of which 70% i.e. Rs. 14,000 is given as Central share, the rest being the State share. Each unit consists of one toilet and three or four urinals. It is evident that the number of toilet units to be built should be linked to the number of students to be catered to by each unit. Hence, the following clarification is issued: One Urinal space may be provided for every 10 to 30 boys or girls separately and one toilet seat may be provided for every 80 to 120 boys or girls separately. One school toilet unit should consist of one lavatory and three to four urinals. Construction should be in multiples of units depending on the strength of the school, on whether students are allowed to go to urinals during classes, on whether schools have staggered breaks, space available in the school premises, expected growth in the enrolment and other regional conditions. States are given the flexibility to define their norms within this range depending on existing State norms and the other factors mentioned above. School-wise requirement of toilet units should be worked out based on these factors.
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3.1.4. PUBLIC TOILETS

Ramagundam being an industrial town, one can find lot of floating population. Field investigations and discussions with ULB people indicated about 25,000 people per day visit Ramagundam and there are quite a few public convenience systems and the list is given in the table below. But it is found that as many as six blocks are closed due to poor maintenance. The number of existing seats is grossly inadequate and on top of this about 50% seats are not in use.
Table 27: List of Public Toilets, their seating capacities and their status
Sl. No Area 1 2 Opp Traffic Police Station Bus Stand 2
Seating Capacity Male 3 are in used and 1 is in unused condition 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 5 54 23 Female 2 4 Urinals 4 5 Remarks Functioning Construction in Progress
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Chowrastha Near Old Ashok Theatre CSP 5inc Line Vittal Nagar NTPC Market Ramagundam Village Sinc Line GodavariKhani Market I GodavariKhani Market II Indhira Nagar Total Total Functioning Seats
4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 5 54 24
3 3 3 18
Functioning Functioning Closed Closed Maintenance is poor Closed Closed Closed Functioning Functioning Closed
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Note: The SCCL Ltd. has under its purview about 10 public toilet complexes under the contract with Sulabh, each complex having 10 seats each. The number of seats allotted separately to men and women is not known. (This is the information for SCCL-RG-II. Information about RG-I is not available. Information of public toilets under the other PSUs is also required)
Sulabh Public Toilet Complexes, Ramagundam
SULABH MODEL
Sulabh Public Toilet Complexes are the initiative of Sulabh International, working in the field of community health promotion. In fact these complexes are seminal in pay and use concept and contributes to a large extent in keeping cities clean as well reducing the risk of outbreak of sanitation-related diseases. The complexes are located at public places like bus stands, hospitals, markets, slums, etc. The Sulabh International takes responsibility of construction, operation and
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM maintenance of the complexes and plays the catalyst role between the official agencies and the users of complexes. The system has proved to be an important solution for the local bodies in keeping the towns clean and improving the environment. This is a unique example of partnership between local authorities and nongovernmental organisation. The local governments pay for construction (or acquisition of land); Sulabh constructs the system and guarantees the maintenance for at least 30 years from user charge. Contracts have been drawn with The Sulabh International by the RMC and the PSU organizations separately for public toilet complexes comprising of latrines, baths and urinals for the general public. The RMC has made the contract with Sulabh on BOT (Build-Operate-Transfer) basis with a lease period of 30 years. The contract is allotted to Sulabh with a licence fee of Rs.500 /- annually. It is the responsibility of Sulabh International to prepare drawings, get loans if needed from HUDCO etc. to construct toilets. The operation and maintenance is also done by Sulabh. All the toilets are connected to septic tanks and soak pit. Sulabh is entitled to collect user charges as follows: WC Rs 2/ Bath Rs 3/ Urinal Rs. 1/These charges can be increased automatically by 20% every year due to escalation in expenditures. Municipality will bear the responsibility of electricity and water charges for the entire period. Sulabh has also obtained the advertisement rights for adjoining areas. Of the 13 public toilet complexes under the RMC, only 4 are in use at present. The maintenance of the rest is of poor quality. The public toilets, the seating capacity and their status are presented in the table as follows
Map 4: Map showing the location of public toilets, Ramagundam ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD 71 | P a g e
3.1.5. WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN RAMAGUNDAM

Ramagundam has an Under Ground Drainage/ sewerage (UGD/S) system covering certain parts of the city. In other areas the sewage/sullage from the residential/ commercial units finds its way out onto street drains leading to natural nallahs /drainage channels which ultimately join the river Godavari. Other major drainage channels which also serve as storm water drainage channels for the city. UGD system covers about 30 % of the town area with a network of and is still under construction. It serves 99435 people of 244381 people (40.68% of population). 45.58% of the population has toilets draining into open drains. The remaining 13.74% of the population is not served. There are many areas in the city, especially slum pockets where UGD system is not present now. Two Sewerage Treatment Plants (STPS) are not functional since two years. The details of the drainage system in Ramagundam is as follows:
Table 28: Details of drainage system in RMC
Sl. No.
Ward No.
Total Population
Sewerage pipelines Total length of UGD (m) No. of septic tanks connected to UGD 2 3 1 0 0 4 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 0 0 0 2 2 2 No. of users
Open drainage Total length of open drains (m) 2360 2115 3160 4250 3975 2785 1882 3490 3120 2990 2565 2882 2635 3195 1730 1585 1976 2112 1780 2245 1930 2340 No. of users
Population not served drainage
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
6171 5064 4588 7226 6348 14557 9124 8954 7298 7893 5286 6442 6850 7873 7184 7452 7034 5772 6288 5362 6957 6015
1135 1230 1895 3140 2315 6165 1634 1815 2965 3912 2365 3310 2150 1557 6941 6886 2600 3951 2045 2566 2121 1116
1851 1519 2753 0 0 8734 5474 5372 4379 5920 3965 4832 4110 6298 5747 5962 0 0 0 4826 6261 5414
3120 2045 835 4726 4148 4023 2250 2282 2419 1673 522 1111 1740 1575 1437 1490 7034 5772 6288 386 516 442
1200 1500 1000 2500 2200 1800 1400 1300 500 300 800 500 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 180 160
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 5561 7869 6067 5639 1908 6642 6125 12341 8479 6340 10264 11408 244381** 54306 1416 1167 1816 1700 1120 488 300 2365 565 1247 3850 0 79848 79.85 KM 0 0 0 2 0 1 2 3 0 2 4 0 53 0 0 0 3383 0 1993 1838 3702 0 2536 2566 0 99435 22097 2215 2190 2555 3960 1656 1350 800 3160 2120 2350 3165 0 82623 18361 5511 7069 5867 1456 1408 2649 2788 3639 7479 2604 3698 11408 111410 24758 50 800 200 800 500 2000 1500 5000 1000 1200 4000 0 33540 7453
TOTAL Total as HHs* [Source: RMC]
*Average HH size 4.5 ** Excluding PSU township
SMALL BORE SEWERAGE SYSTEM: An unconventional sewerage system which has been experimented in Ramagundam recognized as simplified sewerage, shallow sewerage or interceptor sewerage, etc. They are characterized by few basic features, i.e., provision of a solid interceptor tank at individual property connections and small diameter sewers laid at shallow depths. These features enable design of the sewer lines based on tractive force criteria rather than the minimum velocity criteria (as in the case of conventional sewerage). The sewer gradient is designed based on initial design flow and the diameter is designed based on the final design flow (Mara, et. al., 2001). These considerations enable use of smaller diameter pipes (minimum 100 mm) at mild slopes. With mild slopes, excavation is shallow, allowing cover of 400 mm or less, and minimising or altogether eliminating the need for lifting of sewage. As the sewer lines are installed below sidewalks/footpaths or inside private properties, heavy vehicle loads are not expected and as a result the need for providing a minimum depth of soil cover is also reduced. Further, with shallow pipes, the requirement of deep manholes is eliminated and instead shallow and less expensive cleanouts or access chambers are provided. All these modifications result in almost 50% reduction in capital cost compared to conventional sewerage. Further, experience in Brazil has shown that simplified sewerage is cheaper than onsite sanitation in areas with population density higher than 175 persons/ha. Simplified sewerage system has been found to be reliable, upgradeable and extendable. It is applicable in all situations but especially suitable for areas characterized by gently sloping topography, high and low density population with reasonable water supply, small homesteads with lack of space, high water table, impervious soil and shallow bedrock. Variation occurs in rolling terrain where need for intermediate pumping may arise, however generally one or two lifts may be all that would be required. Another advantage of this system is that it enables decentralised treatment of sewage in the form of either a low cost community septic tank followed by a wetland or
CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM somewhat higher order treatment option according to the applicable discharge standards. In this regard, it is to be recognised that on account of individual interceptor tanks, settled sewage also requires lesser degree of treatment. Maintenance requirements of such a system comprise occasional flushing of sewer lines, removal of blockages through rodding machines or flushing equipment, repairs of sewer lines and connection chambers, as needed, manual inspection, and desludging of interceptor/septic tanks once every 5 years or so. One of the essential and desirable aspects of developing a simplified sewerage project is the need for community participation in its planning, construction and O&M. For instance while interceptor tanks are essential, further cost reduction is possible on users end by sharing of the interceptor tank by a group of houses before connecting to the network. The users also need to ensure that no large objects are disposed into the toilets and the tanks are emptied when full. The latest available edition of the Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment of the Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO), Ministry of Urban Development introduces small bore and shallow sewerage as appropriate technology options (CPHEEO, 2884) however as yet they have not been adopted by consulting organisations, municipal engineers and urban local bodies. However, a small beginning has been made during last 5 years under the Department for International Development, UK (DFID) supported project Andhra Pradesh Urban Services for the Poor at Ramagundam. To start with, the municipality identified a resettlement colony of 300 lower middle income families for a pilot project wherein each family agreed to construct an individual household latrine at its own cost and contribute towards 40% cost of sewer network. Each house connection includes a raised chamber at the front of a property. The sewers are of 150 mm diameter and are laid rather shallow, with invert between 150-200 mm below ground (Photographs 1&2). The combined sewage from 300 houses is discharged into a common large septic tank which subsequently overflows into a storm water drain. Although there are no individual interception tanks on any of the properties, the pipes are not laid perfectly and the treatment is not complete, the system can be characterized as shallow sewerage or a variant of simplified sewer system. It has resulted in significant behaviour change with preference towards fixed point defecation among the beneficiaries and improvement in environmental sanitation within the community. In 2003/ 04 the project cost was Rs. 0.75 million (~USD 15,790, @ Rs. 47.5/USD in 2003) wherein each family contributed Rs. 1000/(~ USD 21) towards community contribution and the balance was paid by the municipality. Drawing from this successful initiative, in subsequent years Ramagundam Municipality has by now provided total sanitation coverage in 13 middle and low income colonies. The average cost of construction is found to be Rs. 1100/per person (~USD 23.2). This is found to be one third of the going estimate of Rs. 3000/per person (~63.2 USD) for the conventional sewerage system. An interesting aspect under the whole programme has been provision of cement concrete pavements along with the simplified sewerage systems which together have led to significant improvement in the quality of life of the beneficiary communities. The municipality is responsible for repairs and maintenance aspects while the community extends necessary support in terms of timely reporting of any blockages and sharing of minor costs. Though the municipality plans to collect overflows from community septic tanks, and divert them to one of the two existing sewage treatment plants (which are based on waste stabilisation pond technology)
CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM which were constructed under a separate centrally sponsored programme. However it has yet to overcome several challenges, mainly resource constraints, before the overflows could be fully intercepted and the treatment plants could be commissioned satisfactorily.
A shallow chamber for house connection
Simplified sewerage in a resettlement colony
Defunct STP, Ramagundam
Sewage and sullage being discharged directly into nallahs without treatment
The following map shows the locations of the STPs and their respective outfall points it also shows the areas that are not covered under UGD system in the RMC. There are pockets even in the PSU areas that are not having connections to the UGD. At present, one STP of 14 MLD capacity is constructed and commissioned at Malkapur, Godavarikhani under National River Conservation Programme). It has been handed over to the RMC for operation and maintenance. Presently, it is not under operation for reasons not explained. The second STP of 4MLD capacity at Ramagundam has been constructed, but the Public Health Department (PHD) has not handed it over to the RMC, and hence has not started operation. The wastewater is directly discharged into the Godavari river through different canals. A third STP of 14 MLD capacity has been sanctioned at Sundilla Village, but the construction work has not started because of land ownership between the authorities of two villages and the Singareni Collieries. Most of the sewage drains into Ooracheruvu, polluting the water used for cultivation in the nearby areas. [Source: Checklist for monitoring of performance of Sewage Treatment Plants by Central Pollution Control Board, 2009]
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Map 5: Map showing the location of STPs, the outfall points and the areas without UGD network
Some PSUs have set up STPs for their respective townships. They also have single or community septic tanks. The details of treatment facilities in the townships are as follows.
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Table 29: Details of waste water treatment facilities in the townships under the PSUs
Sl. No. 1
Organization Singareni Collieries Company Ltd.
Households (nos.) RG-I: 7097 RG-II: 4000
Waste water generated RG-I: 16729 KL/day RG-II: 5455 KL/day
STP details Unit RG-I: XXX nos. of septic tanks of total capacity XXX MLD Unit RG-II: 1 STP of capacity 2 MLD XXX nos. of septic tanks of total capacity XXX MLD STP of waste stabilisation pond rechnology
2 3
N.T.P.C A.P.S.E.P (APGENCO) 750 720 KL/day
No waste water treatment facility
As per the instructions of the Honble Chief Minster of Andhra Pradesh, The District Collector, Karimnagar has been sanctioned Under Ground Drainage Scheme to Ramagundam town duly sharing the NTPC, SCCL, APGENCO etc., with an estimated cost of Rs. 14.00 Cores. The targets and achievements as follows:
Table 30: Targets and achievements
Investment Target S.C.Co. Ltd NTPC AP Geneco Ramagundam Municipal Corporation Total 5.00 5.00 1.00 3.00 14.00
(Rs. In Crores) Achievement 3.00 2.60 1.00 3.00 9.60 Balance 2.00 2.40 Nil Nil 4.40
The SCCL is pleading silent for release of balance amount of Rs. 2.00 Crores. In regards to NTPC had provisionally agreed for release of Rs. 3.20 Crores balance funds and out of which they have given consent for execution of Rs 82.00 Lakhs works. The works are completed. Further the NTPC authorities are requested to release balance funds of Rs.2.40 crores.
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3.1.6. WASTE WATER PROJECTIONS

At present, the RMC is able to supply water at the rate of 53 lpcd. Based on the present capacity of per capita water supply and the future population projections, the waste water that may be generated in the future years has been projected as follows.
Table 31: Waste Water Projections Year Avg per capita Waste Water in MLD
2005 2009 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 Note:
122 122 122 122 122 122 122 122 122 122 Wastewater Treatment
25.40 27.71 28.29 31.17 34.06 36.95 39.83 42.72 45.61 48.49
Q= py*Hhsew*W*R*0.8/1000000 Where, Q = Wastewater flow in mld Py = Population in design year HHSew = Households connected to sewerage system as % of total households W = average daily per capita water supply R = Sewage return factor = 0.80 (or 80 percent of water supply)
3.1.7. SEPTAGE MANAGEMENT

Septage Management refers to all sludge collected and transported from septic tank systems by vacuum trucks for treatment and then disposal in a safe manner. In Ramagundam there is no attempt to collect and dispose all sludge which is high in septic nature. Field investigations revealed that 86.6 % households connected to septic tanks constructed by house owners individually or shared/communal septic tanks. In many areas of the towns especially in some slums even community septic tanks for 200 -300 households exist. In one of the slum where community septic tank exists even bath room water is discharged in to these Septic Tanks which will greatly damager the effectiveness of Septic Tank. Also it was observed that Manholes are overflowing as these Septic Tanks have to be cleared and maintained by RMC. For individual properties, ULB neither has regulatory provision to clean septic tanks periodically or own any Suction pumps in these residential societies. Private operators do it for the individual households on request made, and charge Rs 1500/- for 3000 lt of volume. Majority of residents clear septic tanks by calling private operators from Karimnagar and there is no monitoring or regulation by RMC on disposal of sludge. Private operators dump the sludge in some low lying areas of
CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM the city outside the city limits. In case of twin pit latrines, the sludge is well stabilized and can be disposed off safely or can be used as manure. But in case of Septic tanks the accumulated sludge is highly septic in nature and should be periodically removed and disposed off with proper treatment. The hygienic risk is highest for septic tank due to the risk of direct contact during emptying. The discharge of this waste in the ponds will also indirectly affect the community members where water from hand pumps will also get contaminated. Two household on-site systems, biogas system and septic tank, the main risk is the sludge, which is difficult to handle. Professionally equipped workers are necessary to conduct the emptying of biodigester and the septic tank. The typical layout should is as follows but in reality the septic tanks in the city do not adhere to norms. The concerned PSUs outsource the task of sludge disposal to private organizations on a tender basis. One PSU told that they dispose the sludge it in coal quarries without any treatment. BOX 10: SEPTIC TANK MAINTENANCE NORMS Service agents and councils are not fully aware of the maintenance recommendations. Annual servicing should include assessment of the sludge and scum levels, and checking of the outlet and inlet square junctions for blockages. Septic tanks ideally should be desludged at a minimum of every three years and other criteria given below are not followed in septic tank maintenance. The scum layer is within 100 mm of the bottom of the inlet square junction, or the sludge layer is within 200 mm of the bottom of the outlet square junction. the sludge occupies the basic allowance (1550 L) of the septic tank, or The total depth of sludge and scum is equal to one-third of the depth of the tank. De-sludging procedure should ensure that 400 - 500 mm of liquid is retained in the tank, and that the tank is immediately refilled with water to the outlet level to prevent the tank from being lifted by soil hydrostatic pressure.
Periodical IEC programme can only address these issues. Considering the volume of the sludge disposed in an unhygienic manner pose great health hazards to people of Ramagundam and UGD which is under implementation should be able to provide solution to much of the problem.
RMC has provided about 3353 ILCS latrines - mostly outside thickly populated area where sewerage system is not economical. Also encouraged Community Sewer System with 40% public participation and covered over 4000 families under 18 schemes. As part of it surveyed entire town in 2004 to identify existing system of latrines in the town by engaging unemployed graduates. Notices have been served to all those who are directly leaving the sewage to open drain to immediately construct their own septic tank. RMC addressed bottlenecks in implementation of ILCS and tackled space problem in Slums. There was a huge demand of ILCS units in Ramagundam. At inception of ILCS, as per Municipal survey report 21041 households are devoid of proper toilet facilities. Even no
CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM community toilets are available within 200 meters. As Ramagundam is an industrial town, each year there was an addition to the population. The migratory population works in the power generation units, in local mines or cement factories. RMC has initiated a programme with DFID India to construct community septic tanks in the slums, as the slum houses did not have enough space for constructing the twin pit units. Pipes from each household opened into a community septic tank through an inlet pipe and the processed sewage water let out through an outlet vent. In densely populated slums, similar initiatives can be replicated provided the septic tanks are regularly cleaned and maintained. There should be proper regulation on not to discharge soapy water to septic tanks. Present Status of these Community Septic Tanks is mentioned in subsequent paragraphs under Septage Management. With this RMC had made good efforts in the past to make town in to 100% sanitised. But due to failure of running STP properly and ILCS toilets failure to some extent slipped its status. SLB indicators as indicated below reinforces the status.
3.1.8. SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKING INDICATORS

Table 32: Sewerage and Sanitation Service Level Benchmarks, Ramagundam Municipality
Sl. No 1 2 3
Indicators Coverage of toilets Coverage of sewage network services Collection efficiency of the sewage networks Adequacy of sewage treatment capacity Quality of sewage treatment Extent of reuse and recycling of sewage Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints Extent of cost recovery in sewage management Efficiency in collection of sewage charges
Benchmarks 100% 100% 100%
Status 84.4% 0% 0%
Reliability D -
4 5 6 7
100% 100% 20% 80%
0% 0% 0% 0%
100%
0%
90%
0%
[Source A.P gazette notification( as a part of fulfilling 13th finance commission)] .
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM BOX 11: SEWERAGE AND SANITATION KEY OBSERVATIONS OPEN DEFECATION Open defecation widely practiced, especially in the slum areas. These areas include Subhas Nagar, Seethanagar, etc. OD is common in pocket having immigrant population from U.P, Bihar, Punjab, etc. The common people also feel that construction of toilets cannot be afforded by them as they are daily wage labourers TOILET ACCESS Absolute lack of sanitation facilities- laborers and those who occupy land of PSUs, alongside railways and canals are obvious examples of people who have very limited legal rights and often have no access to sanitation. Improvements have been brought about in toilet access ILCS programs. There are no community toilets in Ramagundam. Only 4 out of 13 public toilets are functional which is quite inadequate for a floating population of 25,000 people. Toilets are majorly connected to septic tanks, or UGD systems. But the UGD system is not functioning properly, with many leaks, breakages. Many toilets are also connected directly to drains. WASTE WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM The common pattern is for WCs to discharge to open drains, usually but not always via a septic tank. In many areas, people have gone one step further and have worked together to provide sewers which discharge waste water to the nearest collector drain or natural watercourse. UGD system exists in certain parts of RMC area. But the construction of the system is not being done in a well planned manner, but totally ad-hoc. Facilities provided but not operated properly - The STPs constructed under National River Water Conservation Programme (NRCP) are also defunct. This indicates a well thought approach is required in creating assets before transferring to ULB for O&M. This has to be refurbished on priority basis. The PSUs have adequate and well maintained treatment facilities for the respective areas. NTPC has well planned waste water treatment facilities for their township. However SCCL has their own community STPs but sludge is disposed without any treatment. The remaining PSUs also have individual or community septic tanks and sludge is disposed without treatment in low lying and quarry areas.
SANITATION WORKERS There are upto 400 sanitation workers, 70 are employees of the Municipality. None of them have any protective gear. There are several open drains where the workers can be see working with bare hands unclogging the flow. Same workers double as garbage pickers visiting door to door. There is a need for more rickshaws and trucks to clear garbage.
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3.1.9. BUILDING BYE-LAWS

In the Municipal Towns of Andhra Pradesh the Building Rules have been framed under section 230 of Andhra Pradesh Municipalities Act, 1965. The building Rules are intended for regulating the constructions, reconstructions and additions or alterations to buildings in old built-up areas only. BOX 12: AP GOVT. DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES 2008 CLAUSES RELEVANT TO BUILDING AND SANITATION As per the building bye laws(Municipal Administration and Urban Development department _ Andhra Pradesh Municipalities Development Department AP govt. Development control Rules 2008 Orders dated 23 -8 -2008 vide GO MS NO 569) clause relevant to buildings and sanitation The work of the building services like sanitation, plumbing, fire safety equirements, lifts, electric installations and other utility services shall be executed under the planning, design and supervision of qualified and competent technical personnel. Irrespective of height provisions, the requirement of parts of the building like size and area requirements of habitable rooms, kitchen ,bathrooms and water closet ,other areas ,corridors and stair case widths service ducts etc. shall conform to National Building Code of India 2005. Such buildings shall be undertaken by owners by engaging registered Architects/ licensed builders/developers and licensed structural engineer and who shall be responsible for supervision and specification compliance of such buildings. The following are some of the important rules related and affect sanitation which should be kept in mind during the scrutiny of building applications and to take action on the building which are made against the rules. Rule 10:Minimum height to be provided for habitable rooms, bathrooms, W-Cs, and non residential buildings. Rule 11:Minimum size of habitable rooms, bath rooms and W-Cs Rule 12:Lighting and Ventilation to be provided in the Buildings. Rule 12(2):An open space equivalent to one fourth of height of the building should be left as open space adjacent to the Windows & ventilators to ensure required natural light and Ventilation. UNAUTHORISED CONSTRUCTIONS Unauthorized Construction is major impediments of the towns for the planned development and provision of optimum services and they should be promptly dealt with. If not, they will create impact and encourage others to resort to unauthorised construction to exploit maximum benefits without contributing such as payment of the fees etc., and jeopardize the prescribed land uses. Section 211 of Andhra Pradesh Municipal Act, 1965 and Section 17 of Andhra Pradesh Town Planning Act, 1920 prohibit commencement of any building without the prior permission of the Municipal Commissioner. Every person who intends to make construction of structures should obtain prior approval under section 209, 210 of Andhra Pradesh Municipal Act, 1965 and under section 17 and 18 of Andhra Pradesh Town Planning Act, 1920 in case where Town Planning Schemes are applicable.
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM If any person fails to obtain prior building permission or commences the construction after the lapse of statutory period, which is usually one year, it is considered as unauthorised construction and action against such construction is required to be taken under section 211,228 of Andhra Pradesh Municipal Act, 1965 and under section 19 of Andhra Pradesh Town Planning Act, 1920 in case of areas covered by Town Planning Scheme. Any deviations made from the approved plans are also considered as unauthorised construction and action should be taken under section 217 of Andhra Pradesh Municipal Act, 1965 if such deviations are against the rules. In case the deviations do not violate rules the same may be regularized on levying compounding fee. ACTION TO BE TAKEN ON UNAUTHORISED CONSTRUCTION As soon as unauthorised construction is detected, the Town Planning staff member should bring into the knowledge of the owners about the Act and Rule provisions under which they have to take permission for the construction. should be taken and a rough sketch should be prepared highlighting unauthorised construction They also have to explain them about importance and necessity of rules and they should be asked to stop the work. The details of the construction being made and the name and address of the owner should be promptly noted and the measurements of the site and construction. An unauthorised construction report should be prepared in the prescribed proforma mentioning the details of construction, stage of construction proposed use of construction, and violation of rules and regulations, if any, should be mentioned in the report. The report along with Provisional Order (P.O) notice should be got approved by Municipal Commissioner or by the official to whom the powers are delegated and the notice should be served to the owner duly obtaining acknowledgment. If the owner does not stop the construction and does not obtain building permission, as per rules the P.O. should be confirmed and Confirmation Orders (CO) notice should be served to the owner. If the owner fails to comply with this notice also, prosecution should be filed in appropriate court, if there are not violation in the construction from the rules and regulations. If the construction is in violation of Rules and Regulations the violated portion of the construction should be removed duly obtaining the demolition orders from the Municipal Commissioner. A penalty of twenty five percent of property tax shall be levied on unauthorized constructions and deviations to sanctioned plan till such unauthorized constructions are regularized or demolished as per sub-section 3 of section 220 of GHMC Act as amended by Act No. 9 of 2008 w.e.f 15-12-2007.
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3.2. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

INTRODUCTION The Urban Solid Waste Management is being dealt by the Corporation duly implementing the provisions of Rules 2000. Corporation has introduced Scientific processing and disposal facilities like composting of waste to energy of PPP mode. As the town as many no. of slums, there is inadequate infrastructure in provision of civic amenities i.e. drainage, toilet facilities, sewerage system, street lighting and roads. The Corporation is mobilizing all its resources and initiating measures to dove-tail funding resources available at State, Central and Private sectors.
3.2.1. PRIMARY COLLECTION

The primary collection of solid waste is done by the municipality and the PSUs for their respective areas. There are 8 zones in the RMC area. The details of the zones are as follows;
Map 6: The SWM zones, Ramagundam
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Table 33: Details of SWM Zones in RMC area
Zone No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Constituent wards 1,2,3 4,5,6,7,34 9,10,11,14,15 16,17,18,19 22,23,24,25 8,12,13,26 27,28,29,30 20,21,31,32,33
Two-compartment tricycles for primary solid waste collection
Waste dumped along the roadside
Illegal and unplanned dumping of solid waste within communities by tricycle pullers
The PSUs have door-to-door collection for garbage collection for all the establishments within their townships. The primary collection service is through Street sweeping and door to door waste collection Street sweeping is focused in the 32 wards demarcated as the Litter Free Zones. About 79% of the lengths of roads within the RMC area are swept by RMC sweeping staff. In the PSU townships, the authorities take care to clean the entire length of roads within the respective areas. Door to - door waste collection is done by the RMC authorities for 12300 households (32% of the total number of households) within their purview. The total solid waste generated is 115 TPD and that collected is 107 TPD. The coverage of DTD collection of solid waste in the RMC area is 25% and
CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM also inefficient to a large extent. DTD collection and segregation has a major scope of improvement in the RMC area. The PSUs on the other hand manage their DTD collection of waste efficiently in their respective township areas. The ULB is maintaining Litter Free Zones in 32 wards, duly collecting the house hold waste daily in two bucket system using tricycles. But in absence of policies of waste segregation at the source, effective use of two-bucket tricycles has not commenced till date. The un-segregated wastes collected from house-to house collection and street sweeping are deposited in mechanized container bins, placed by RMC in different localities. There are 40 such containers at different parts of the RMC area. The primary collection of solid waste as done under the RMC authorities is inefficient to a large extent. This is because of the carelessness and the ignorance of the tricycle pullers and the local people. Quite a number of such tricycle pullers dump the collected waste in open areas amidst the communities. Even the local people dump the residual waste of the day in such areas even after having the waste collected by the tricycle pullers. The PSU authorities ensure the door-to-door collection of solid waste for all households within the concerned township areas with tricycles. But the segregation of waste at source or during collection has not been brought under practice till date. The details of waste collection in the RMC area are presented in the table as follows. Details of door to door collection by the RMC authorities is as follows.
Table 34: Details of D2D collection by RMC
Sl. No. 1 2 3 4
Particulars Households Hotels and restaurants Commercial Establishments Any other establishments
No. of units 12300 24 68 4 12396
TOTAL ESTABLISHMENTS COVERED
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Table 35: Details of primary solid waste collection in Ramagundam
Sl. No.
Name of Organizatio n
No. of Zones/Ward s
No. of househol ds covered 12300 7097
% of househol ds covered 32 100
Total amount of solid waste generated (TPD) 115 10.65 (.3kg/person /day) 9.63 (.3kg/person /day) 2.90
Total amount of solid waste collected (TPD) 107
1 2
RMC SCCL RG-I
8/32
RG-II
6425
100
21.18 ?? (60 cu.m/day)
3 4
NTPC APSEP (APGENCO) 750 100
[Source: Discussions with RMC and PSU officials] Data required for the highlighted cells Details of waste as generated by RMC are as follows.
Table 36: Details of waste generation in RMC
Sl.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Particulars Households Street sweeping Hotels and restaurants Markets Commercial establishments Other sources (horticulture waste etc.)
MT/month 2670 30 90 600 30 30 3450
TOTAL WASTE GENERATED [Source: RMC]
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3.2.2. TRANSPORTATION
The accumulated wastes in container bins are transported to the different disposal sites as demarcated by the different authorities. Most of the refuse vehicles with RMC are tractors. The following are the vehicles as used by the RMC for solid waste transportation. Tractor Garbage Containers Dumper Placer JCB Tricycles Auto Trolleys : 15Tractors+2Hired : 40 Nos. : 1 No : 1 No : 101 Nos under repair : 12 Nos.
Details of waste collected by the tractor trailers and the wheeler auto tippers are as follows:
Table 37: Details of vehicles used for solid waste transportation
Particulars Number of tractor trailers used for solid waste transportation Capacity of each tractor trailer Total number of trips made by all tractor trailers daily to disposal site Total quantity of waste collected by tractor trailer Number of wheeler auto tippers used for solid waste transportation Capacity of each wheeler auto tipper Total number of trips made by all wheeler auto tippers daily to disposal site Total quantity of waste collected by wheeler auto tippers [Source: ASCI SLB Data]
Units Number MT Number MT/month Number MT Number MT/month
Value 14 3 28 2520 12 1 36 36
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BOX 13: FUNCTIONS OF ULBS AS PER MSW RULES 2000 As per the MSW Rules 2000, a wide spectrum of functions is to be undertaken by the ULB and major functions include: Prohibiting littering of street Organizing house to house waste collection Conducting awareness programmes to disseminate information to public Providing adequate community storage facilities Use of colour code bins and promotion of waste segregation Transport of wastes in covered vehicles Processing of wastes by adopting an appropriate combination of composting, anaerobic digestion, Pellatisation etc. Up gradation of the existing dump sites and disposal of inert wastes in sanitary landfills. It has been observed that there is a lack of proper and full fledged MSWM services in RMC primarily due to reasons including; financial constraints of ULBs, institutional problems within the ULB and PSUs , fragile links with other concerned agencies, lack of suitable staff, and other allied problems. Mostly, expenses towards MSWM are met from the general budget and allocation from Property taxes. Very often, funding for operations and maintenance relating to provision of MSWM services and Sanitation is not earmarked and properly budgeted for.
3.2.3. DISPOSAL SYSTEM

The solid waste as collected by the tractors is dumped at a dumpsite which is located near S T Colony about 0.5 km. from the Ramagundam Railway Station. The crude dumping and burning of waste generates dust, smoke and foul odour posing threat to the surrounding environment and public health. Moreover, a chance of leachate generation and subsequent contamination of ground water is also not ruled out. Till date no attempt has been taken towards improvement of this site. The solid waste collected in the PSU townships is dumped at remote low-lying areas within their respective lands. Only crude dumping of solid waste is done. There is no treatment facility present till date.
3.2.4. WASTE PROCESSING

Only Aerobic system was adopted at Gouthaminagar IDA Compost yard. The installed capacity of the composting plant is 120 MT/Month.
3.2.5. BIO-MEDICAL/ HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES

There is one Govt. Area Hospital and five urban health centers (UHCs) in RMC. The Govt. Area Hospital has 100 beds and offers treatment to patients in the fields of ENT, Gynecology, etc. The UHCs have about 2-3 beds each and their focus is on immunization, mother and child care, etc. Primary segregation: In the Govt. Area Hospital, the waste is collected by a private organization called Venkataramana incinerators and the waste is segregated and kept in proper coded containers (green for bio-degradable waste, Yellow for incinerable waste which when converted into ash is used in bricks, Blue for plastic waste is used for recycling and Plastic Proof container
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM waste (PPC) containing sharp objects like needles etc is dumped in constructed concrete pits for landfilling.
Table 38: Details disposal of waste from Govt. Hospital, Ramagundam
Name
No. of beds
Quality of incinerable waste(Yellow) in Kgs (Monthly) 109
Plastic waste (Blue) in Kgs (Monthly) 6
Plastic proof container(PPC) waste, sharps in Kgs (Monthly) 9
Govt Hospital
100
[Source Statement showing received biomedical waste by M/s Venkataramana Incinerators ]
Map 7: The location of solid waste dumpsite, Ramagundam
Collection and Disposal: For the collection and disposal of waste, the Govt. Area Hospital has made an arrangement with an organization M/s Venkataramana Incinerators at Karimnagar. The organization collects the bio-medical waste at regular intervals which is incinerated at the plant. The bio-degradable waste is collected and disposed by the RMC. URBAN HEALTH CENTERS Primary segregation: The UHCs have been provided with separate containers for plastic waste, cut needles and bio-degradable waste respectively.
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Collection and Disposal: The bio-degradable waste is collected by RMC. The District Medical and Health Office (DM&HO) is supposed to collect the hazardous waste such as the cut needles, and the plastic waste once in few months. But because of lack of regularity in the collection by the DM&HO, some UHCs resort to burning of waste within their premises. RMC also collects such hazardous waste from some institutions mixed with the bio-degradable waste. The waste collected by RMC is dumped at the dumpsite at Gauthaminagar. On occasions where RMC collects bio-medical and hazardous wastes as well (such as needles, etc), this waste is dumped in a low-lying area within the dumping yard and is covered by topsoil.
3.2.6. SLAUGHTER HOUSES

At present, slaughter houses at Ramagundam are located at four locations but these are not authorized. Hence they will be closed down and an authorized slaughter house will commence operation in the Malkapur Area. The unauthorized slaughter houses are located at the following areas. Ramagundam Village NTPC colony Godavarikhani area 8 Incline Colony The total waste generated per day from the slaughter houses is about 1 Ton. Slaughtering of animals is allowed in these areas only within a stipulated time in a day (6.00 A.M to 10.30 A.M). A veterinary doctor is present in all such locations for proper inspection. Waste is collected from all the areas by the RMC authorities on a daily basis.
Map 8: Map showing the location of slaughter houses, Ramagundam
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Table 39: Solid Waste Management Service Level Benchmarks
Sl. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Indicators Household level coverage of Solid Waste Management services Efficiency of collection of municipal solid waste Extent of segregation of municipal solid waste Extent of municipal solid waste recovered/recycled Extent of scientific disposal of municipal solid waste Extent of cost recovery in solid waste management services Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints Efficiency in collection of user charges
Benchmarks 100% 100% 100% 80% 100% 100% 80% 90%
Status 25% 90.4% 0% 4.7% 0% 0% 75% 0%
Reliability D D D C -
[Source A.P gazette notification( as a part of fulfilling 13th finance commission)] The Health section represented by a Health Officer and is responsible for all activities of collection, street sweeping, transportation, and disposal of solid waste. The Engineering section is responsible for procurement and maintenance of equipment and vehicles. For operational purposes, the entire area is divided into eight Health Circles. Each circle comprises four to ten electoral wards and is headed by a Sanitary Inspector.
3.2.7. SOLID WASTE PROJECTIONS

To assess the magnitude of the problem to be tackled in future estimations of waste generation has been done based on population projections done for Ramagundam taking considering CPHEEO norms (average per capita waste generation is 350gms). Since growth is expected to be moderate, the future generation trends will be governed by population changes and will be mainly from domestic sources. The solid waste generations for the future years have been calculated as follows.
Table 40: Projection of solid waste generation for future Year Avg per capita (kg) 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 Projection of solid waste generated (TPD) 150.95 164.67 168.10 185.26 202.41 219.56 236.72 253.87 271.03 288.18
2005 2009 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 [Source: ASCI]
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM BOX 14: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT KEY OBSERVATIONS Inefficient D2D collection system. Labor shortage is threatening to cripple the system as those involved in cleaning the drains are being sent to collect garbage as well - often leading to inefficient garbage collection. Extensive open drains network in Ramagundam is posing great O &M problem. However ,PSUs have complete and efficient waste collection, transportation and disposal system in their respective areas Both residents and sanitation workers have been observed to throw garbage in along roadsides, drains, or open areas. Hence piles of garbage can be seen on the roadside especially in slum areas. These dumps are a hazard to health as they are not cleaned regularly. Systems are in place for the collection and treatment of bio-medical waste in the Govt. Hospital and the Urban Health Centres. There are several illegal slaughter houses in RMC areas which are soon to be stopped, and one has been proposed to come up very soon. The waste from the slaughter houses is properly and regularly collected and disposed at the dumping site. Absence of waste storage system at Source (households, commercial establishments etc) Low coverage lack of adequate primary collection (door-to-door) system (25%) Lack of proper street sweeping and cleaning on regular basis especially ion drains and slums due to redundant/Out-dated vehicles for MSW transportation Design and location of MSW storage depots inappropriate, resulting in littering of waste . Absence of waste processing facility and waste collected is disposed directly into landfills. Final disposal is done through crude dumping in open dumping yards and Scientific landfill not present for dumping of waste. Waste to energy palnt is in proposal. Lack of an appropriate institutional arrangement for MSWM, planning and designing in ULB Lack of awareness creation mechanism and no SWM related user charges . Urban sanitation is not with one section and not given due recognition and plagued with fragmented institutional responsibilities. Multiple institutions responsible for different activities, with low coordination between them. Designs, major investments, often undertaken by parastatals and O&M passed on to ULB without any capacity building. Emphasis is mostly on creation of infrastructure with low priority for O&M. No Accountability thus no responsibility.
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3.3. WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION The major source of water supply for the city of Ramagundam is River Godavari. Water is supplied to people in both RMC and township areas from the river. The water supply for the RMC area is taken care of by the Engineering Department. The PSUs supply water to their respective townships.
3.3.1. SOURCE
Water is supplied to the population from the Godavari river through infiltration wells. The RMC is able to supply water to 16 wards to 10585 households out of the 52055 households in the entire RMC area at the rate of about 53.69 lpcd only. The un-served areas are supplying water through water tankers daily. Ten water tankers are engaging to supply water in un served areas. Ramagundam, S.C., S.T. Colony, Annapurna Colony, Bheemunipatnam, Medipalli (vill), Seetha Nagar, Kakatiya Nagar, Maredupaka, Allur and PK Ramaiah Colony. PSUs take care of water supply in their townships. There are 574 Hand pumps and Six Power Bores are working in the town. At present the daily supply is 10.00 MLD for 16 wards remaining 2 wards maintained by AP GENCO, Ward No. 34 is maintained by NTPC and 15 wards are maintained by SCCL. The SCCL is responsible for the water supply to 13522 households; APSEP to 600 households; and NTPC to XXXX households. Primary surveys in Ramagundam Municipality shows that 20% of the households have house supply connections (HSC), 40% depend upon tankers, whereas the remaining 40% of the households depend on their own resources for water. The surveys also show that 87% of the households get water supply only for about 30 mins to an hour per day. The remaining 13% get water for about 2-3 hours in a day.
Figure 5: Percentage distribution of households according to source of water supply
Figure 6: Percentage distribution of households having HSC w.r.t. duration of supply per day
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Table 41: Details ofWater Supply in Ramagundam
Sl. No.
Organization
No. of wards
No. of households
% of households
Total amount of water supplied (MLD) 14.5 2.09 0.68 0.24
1 2 3 4 TOTAL
RMC SCCL NTPC APSEP RG-I RG-II
16 15 1 2 34
10585 7097 6425 600
DATA REQUIRED FOR THE HIGHLIGHTED CELLS

Table 42: Details of the Water Supply System
Data No. of Power Bores No. of hand bores No. of Bore wells No. of Storage Reservoirs
Total 6 744 592 5
Working 3 640 592 5 (2400 KL capacity ELSR at Sharada Nagar and 1200 KL capacity ELSRs 4 Nos. at Ashok Nagar, Maternity Hospital, Old Municipal Office and Sanjay Gandhi Nagar.)
Not working /disconnected 3 104 -
Length of Distribution Network (km) Number of Service Connections Domestic HSC (House service connections) Commercial Connections Number of PSPs (Public Stand Posts) No. of tankers(capacities also) Municipal Corporation-15, Private-34,
96 km 10528
Nil
Total water Supplied in 10.06 MLD (Qty Supplied by Municipal corporation only to 16 wards) MLD DATA REQUIRED FOR THE HIGHLIGHTED CELLS
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3.3.2. DISTRIBUTION
The surface water is drawn from the infiltration wells and gallery from the bed of the river. The water is collected in to intake well cum pump house situated on the bank of river Godavari. The 135 H.P. V.T. Pump sets are installed at intake well to pump water to 1000 KL capacity sump at Sharada Nager water tank through 800 mm dia PSC pumping main for 3.70 Kms. From there the clear water after chlorination is pumped to the 2400 KL capacity Sharada Nagar water tank through 35 HP pump sets and other 4 ELSRs of each 1200 KL capacity situated at Gandhi Nagar, Old Mpl. Office, Maternity Hospital and Sanjay Gandhi Nagar water tank through 150 HP pump sets installed near clear water sump at Sharada Nagar water tank. Water is distributed to the 10528 HSC by the gravity from the existing ELSRs. The existing distribution is about 68 Kms, pipes varying from 110 m to 700m dia of PVC, HDPE, RCC and PSC lines are there. The scheme is designed to supply a quantity of 21.00 MLD, but present daily water supply to the town is 10.00 MLD. The unserved areas are provided with water supply through water tankers daily. Ten tankers are engaged for the purpose for areas such as S.C, S.T. Colony, Annapurna Colony, Bheemunipatnam, Medipalli, Seetha Nagar, Kakatiya Nagar, Maredupaka, Allur and P.K.Ramaiah Colony.
Figure 7: RMC Water supply scheme
3.3.3. WATER SUPPLY COVERAGE IN RMC

The total numbers of connections as provided by RMC authorities are 10585 (about 20% of the households in total RMC area). The RMC and the PSU authorities together serve about 24067 households. In Ramagundam water is supplied for average 2-3 days, it is even observed that the continuity went for even 4 days in some parts of the city. This is validated and can be easily cross checked from valve opening records. Records are maintained at valves for its operation. There is no system in place to regularly monitor the pressure of water and record them.
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3.3.4. WATER REQUIREMENT PROJECTIONS

At present, the RMC supplies water at the rate of 53.69 lpcd. Assuming the same rate of per capita water supply, the water requirements for the projected population for the future years has been calculated as follows.
Table 43: Water supply requirements for the future YEAR Avg per capita (lpcd) Population Water Supply requirements (MLD)
2005 2009 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 [Source: ASCI]
122 122 122 135 135 135 135 135 135 135
3,24,897 3,68,758 3,80,746 4,47,404 5,26,537 6,20,214 7,31,014 8,62,142 10,17,590 12,02,324
31.75 34.64 35.36 43.12 47.11 51.11 55.10 59.09 63.08 67.08
3.3.5. RIVER & WATER BODIES WATER QUALITY

GODAVARI RIVER QUALITY Godavari River flows along the northern boundary of the city. Under NRCP (National River Conservation Plan) of GAP-II (Ganga Action Plan-II) 4 towns were identified in Andhra Pradesh along the Godavari river, one of them being Ramagundam. The other three are Mancherial, Bhadrachalam, and Rajahmundry. The monitoring locations are : Ramagundam U/S and Ramagundam D/S near FCI intake well The following table gives the water quality of the water in the Godavari River as tested from the two aforesaid monitoring station.
Table 44: Water quality of Godavari River at Ramagundam
Sl. No. 1 2
Location Upstream Ramagundam
Ph 8.26 7.98
DO 4.8 8.5
COD 27 10.5
BOD 2.3 2.7
[Source: Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board Annual Report 2007-2008]
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3.3.6. SERVICE LEVEN BENCHMARKING INDICATORS

Table 45: Water supply Service Level Benchmarks, RMC
Sl. No
Indicators
Benchmarks
Status
Reliabi lity B D D D B
1 2 3 4 5 6
Coverage of Water Supply Connections Per capita quantum of water supplied Extent of metering of water connections Extent of non-revenue water Continuity of Water Supply Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints Quality of Water Supplied Cost recover in water supply services Efficiency in collection of water supply related charges
100% 135 lpcd 100% 20% 24X7 80%
22.8% 38.3 lpcd 0% 49% 0.5hrs X 7 70%
7 8 9
100% 100% 90%
91% 65.8% 82.9%
C D D
[Source A.P gazette notification( as a part of fulfilling 13th finance commission)] Note: RMC is responsible agency for provision of water supply in the area however the PSUs/townships have their own facility/arrangement for supply of drinking water to its township residents. BOX 15: WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM KEY POINTS Ramagundam had a 24X7 scheme running for a few months. It was introduced as a pilot project that served 800 houses. But the project was stopped due to several reasons. The households get water only from about 30mins to 3 hours per day. The coverage is only about 23 % and the per capita supply is only 53.69 lpcd. The PSUs have a well established and efficient d system for supply of treated water in their respective areas.
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3.4. STORM WATER DRAINAGE

INTRODUCTION There is no provision for separate storm water drainage in the city. The storm water goes along with the sullage in the open drains.
Table 46: Details of storm water drainage system in Ramagundam
Length of pucca drains(Km) Length of kutcha Drains (Km) Length of storm water drains(Km) Total Length of open drains(Km) Total Length of Road Network [Source: RMC Status Report, May 2010, RAY report]
32 76 108 (considering the length of kutcha and pucca drains as storm water drain length) 108 67 km (According to RMC Status Report, May 2010)
3.5.1. WATER LOGGING AREAS

There are only a few areas where water gets logged during the monsoons. The areas are:
Table 47: Details of water logging areas
Sl. No. 1 2 3
Ward No. 2 3 8
Area Old Bazaar area Pamulapeta Janagaon
3.5.2. DRAINAGE CONDITIONS IN SLUM AREAS AN ASSESSMENT

The slum areas in Ramagundam suffer from lack of proper drainage of water. Other than water logging during the monsoons, the slum pockets also suffer from ill-effects from stagnation of wastewater from the kitchens or toilets or even waste water draining down from other neighbouring areas accumulating within communities and creating unhealthy environs. This, along with accumulated solid waste leads to breeding of harmful pests which further leads to spread of diseases like diahorrea, dysentery, etc among the locals.
Wastewater stagnation in slum areas, Ramagundam
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Map 9: The natural drainage network and the water logging areas, Ramagundam
3.5.3. HEALTH OF SANITATION WORKERS

The RMC has workers assigned for cleaning of roads and drains. They have been provided with protective gears and equipments, but because of unexplained reasons, the workers development allergies from the rubber gloves and other equipments. Hence, they have resorted, once again, to cleaning without any sufficient protection. This exposes them to contact with unhygienic wastes thereby making them vulnerable to various diseases.
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Sanitary workers without protective equipments
3.5.4. SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKING INDICATORS

Table 48: Storm Water Drainage Service Level Benchmarks, Ramagundam Municipality
Sl. No 1 2
Indicators Coverage of storm water drainage network Incidence of water logging
Benchmark 100% 0
Status 67% 12
Reliability -
[Source A.P gazette notification( as a part of fulfilling 13th finance commission)]
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3.5. IDENTIFICATION OF STRESS ZONES

The problem areas have been identified in the previous sections and the corresponding maps. Thereafter, the overlapping of the maps clearly pointed out the stress zones in the city, where due to the concentration of multiple issues, focused strategies need to be proposed. The maps that were overlapped are as the following: Map showing the location of slum areas Map showing the location of open defecation areas Map showing areas prone to water logging
Two stress zones have been identified as depicted in the following map in wards 3 and 8.
Map 10: Map showing the identified stress zones, Ramagundam
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Chapter-4 Financial Analysis and Planning

The Chapter details the municipal finances of the Ramagundam Municipality and it involves the details of receipts and expenditure over the last 4years. The items of both receipts and expenditure are classified under revenue and capital accounts as per their sources and uses. The RMC has taken up several works/ activities were under different funding like HUDCO/APUSP /UIDSSMT/Municipal General Funds for the last few years, however these were several gaps for extending service delivery to cover all habitations in general and slums in particular. To improve service delivery further financial position of RMC assessed in this chapter.
4.1. REVENUE ACCOUNT

The Revenue account mainly comprises of two components one is revenue income and revenue expenditure. Revenue income comprises internal resources such as tax items and non-tax items. External resources are in the form of shared taxes/ transfers and revenue grants from the state and central governments. Revenue expenditure comprises of expenditure incurred on salaries, operation and maintenance cost, and debt servicing.
4.1.1. REVENUE INCOME:

The revenue sources of Ramagundam Municipality can be broadly categorized as own sources that mean all the taxes and non-taxes.
4.1.2. REVENUE EXPENDITURE

Revenue expenditure of Ramagundam Municipality has been analysed based on expenditure heads which are broadly classified under the following departments/sections of Ramagundam Municipality Salaries of different departments including pensions, Operations and Maintenance of the Water supply, Public Health, Public Works, Electricity Charges for water supply and street lighting. Revenue expenditure is further classified into establishment, operations and maintenance and debt servicing.
4.1.3. INCOME AND EXPENDITURE DETAILS FOR THE LAST 5 YEARS:

This chapter details the municipal finances of the RMC involved in the provisions of services and outline the receipts and expenditures over the last 5 years. The income details for the fianances include the receipts from taxes,, non taxes, planned and non planned grants.
Table 49: Income Details2005-2010, RMC (amount in Rs Lakhs)
Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. Taxes Non-taxes
Item
2005-06 294.84 263.39 122.52
2006-07 283.61 274.71 57.00
2007-08 454.66 324.09 87.26
2008-09 360.48 220.49 41.08
2009-10 469.00 181.56 46.01

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Assigned revenue
CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM 4. 5. Non-plan grants Plan grants Grand total 224.83 609.02 1689.87 309.73 846.73 2032.86 251.31 693.77 2386.81 0.00 817.75 1776.27 0.00 399.40 1701.63
The expenditure receipts include the establishments cost, operation and maintenance of services and capital works.
Table 50: Expenditure Details, RMC
Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4.
Item Establishment Maintenance of services Capital works Others Grand total
2005-06 99.01 327.91 308.03 208.31 943.26
2006-07 119.49 363.95 195.39 263.48 942.31
2007-08 327.64 224.04 261.40 427.00 1240.08
2008-09 307.6 86.75 425.93 125.29 945.57
2009-10 210.96 71.18 333.43 260.48 876.05
Table 51: Receipts and Expenditure for the Years 2007-08 to 2009-10 (Rs. in Lakhs)
Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4.
Particulars 2007-08 Taxes Non-Taxes Assigned Revenues Grants (Plan) Others TOTAL Establishment Capital Expenditure O&M Expenditure Others TOTAL Total Surplus 40% Allocation to UPA funds Expenditure of UPA Funds 454.66 324.09 87.26 693.77 251.31 1811.09 327.64 261.40 224.04 427.00 1240.08 571.01 194.17 194.17
Years 2008-09 360.48 220.49 41.80 817.75 0 1440.52 307.60 425.93 86.75 125.29 945.57 494.95 205.07 205.07 2009-10 469.00 181.56 46.01 399.40 0 1095.97 210.96 333.43 71.18 260.48 876.05 219.92 161.84 161.84
The following graph shows the income and expenditure from for the RMC from 2005-2010
2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1771.78 1811.09 1514.6 943.26 1240.08 942.31 1439.8 1095.97 945.57 876.05
Income Details
Expenditure details
Figure 8: Income & Expenditure details from 2005-2010, RMC [Source: RMC] ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD 104 | P a g e
Chapter- 5 Ramgundam Communications Needs Assessment

Ramagundam has several industrial townships along with the other areas administered by Municipal Corporation. Townships such as those of NTPC, Singereni Collieries (3 townships), APGENCO and FCI mirror a different reality from that of most of the town. While respective companies maintain townships, Municipal Corporation administers rest of the town. The township areas are well planned and neatly maintained. In fact looking just at them it is tough to imagine that Ramgundam figures in lowly three hundreds in sanitation rankings.
5.1. PROBLEM ANALYSIS

WATER SCARCITY Ramagundam town is plagued by severe water scarcity in the summer months. This seems ironic considering that it is situated on the south bank of Godavari. There are two factors, which account for this. Ramagundam does not have an allocation in the Elampally project. This means when the flow is low in the summer months water stocked in the reservoir cannot be diverted to city. Here it must be mentioned that NTPC Township, which has an allocation in the reservoir, does not suffer water scarcity. The second factor is leakages; water lost to leakages is phenomenally high, upto 60%, in Ramagundam. Thus a lot of supplied water goes waste. Situation is particularly acute in regions far flung from main city. Here the pipes flush out mud for the first half an hour of the supply hours. People have to let this water out before filling as it is unfit for consumption. OPEN DEFECATION Open defecation is observed in many slums. Visit to Subhash Nagar provides some interesting insights. This locality is inhabited by People describe their difficulties with defecating in open. Firstly, when it is raining it becomes hard to go out. Women are further inconvenienced, as they are constantly worried about their safety. In the first place respondents wanted municipality to build individual toilets free of cost. Daily wagers cannot afford to get a toilet built, they reason. The prospect of a Sulabh Shauchalay doesnt excite them either. They would not like to pay anything to use toilet- even Rs. 10 is a big amount. However, they would like to have a Sulabh complex built as it could be used during rains. Most slum areas are extremely price sensitive and slightest hint of payments is a turn off. SANITATION WORKERS Open drains run through the city. Sanitation workers can be seen cleaning them up without any protective gear. They step into the drain with bare feet and pick filth with bare hands. Many complained that they fall ill regularly. Due to shortage of workers same workers are being employed for drain cleaning and solid waste collection. UGD SYSTEM Many areas such as Seetanagar slum have underground sewerage system. The septic tank has been overflowing for past several months and needs to be cleaned. Underground drainage connection
CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM too, in this area, leak with sewerage flowing parallel to roads. Citizens complain that the lack of engineering expertise is leading to bad connections and several points of leakage. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Piles of garbage can be found on the streets of Ramagundam. Situation is particularly true of slums. Garbage collection points dont seem to be cleaned for months. Garbage heaps are found in open areas not necessarily dumps. Citizens complain that rikshaw pullers are unloading in non designated spot. They pick garbage from each home but do not go all the way to dump in the designated spots. Municipal authorities blame the citizens for garbage in non-designated spots. They claim some citizens are not paying rickshaw pullers regularly and throwing the domestic garbage on streets. During a special drive Municipality collected these dues during property tax collection. WATER-LOGGING Field investigations reveled that several low lying areas witness water-logging of up to 4 feet during rainy season. Residents complain that the stink in unbearable, especially in the Seetha Nagar due to improper drainage system. With leakages in UGD, sewage mixes into them making up a serious health hazard for residents. They are also acting as mosquito breeding points.
5.2. GAP ANALYSIS

WATER ALLOCATION RMC is trying to secure an allocation in the Elampally reservoir. It was told that there is a good chance of this coming through in near future. The water allocation is seen as measure that could relieve Ramagundam of its woes. However, much depends on controlling leakages, without most of the water would still go waste. WATER PIPES Ramagundam had a 24X7 scheme running for sometime. It was introduced as a pilot project that served 800 houses. As is the case with any 24X7 system, new water pipes were laid in this area to minimize leaks. Many now argue that it is impossible to reduce leakages without completely revamping/relaying the supply lines. DOOR TO DOOR COLLECTION The system for door to door collection exists but is plagued by several problems. Labor shortage is threatening to cripple the system as those involved in cleaning the drains are being sent to collect garbage as well. This puts strain on the labor and the result is often inefficient garbage collection. Another related problem crops up when either the residents or the sanitation workers throw garbage in a not designated area. Several such piles of garbage can be seen on the roadside especially in slum areas. These dumps are a hazard to health as they are not cleaned regularly. GRIEVANCE RESOLUTION SYSTEM Grievance redressal system is operational in RMC. Citizens can either call or complain online. Automated SMS messages are sent to citizens and the concerned officer regarding the timeframe of
CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM grievance redressal. Once the problem is solved by the official SMS is sent again to the citizen informing him of the resolution. If the official is unable to resolve the problem it is scaled up to a higher official. The system is refered as OGRTS and detailed out before in Chapter 2
5.3. SANITATION RANKING OF RAMAGUNDAM

The Ministry of Urban Development has identified a set of output, process and outcome indicators to assess the existing sanitation conditions in the town. The list of indicators pertain to the practice of open defecation, access to sanitation (individual, community and public), collection, treatment and disposal of solid and liquid wastes, proper upkeep and maintenance of the sanitation infrastructure, clear institutional roles and responsibilities and improvements in health and environment (cf. Annex 1). A total of 19 indicators have been detailed, of which nine are outputrelated (six are direct indicators identified under service level bench marking by GoUD, GOI) , seven are process-related and three are outcome-related. Sanitation parameters such as access to community toilets, safe management of human excreta and solid waste collection and treatment. Output Indicators: 50/100 ( 9 main output indicators and out of which 6 are SLB indicators) Behavioural aspects and provision to safe collection, treatment and disposal without harming citys environment.
Process Related: 30/100 ( 7 main process-indicators Indicators pertain to systems and procedures exist and practiced by city agencies to ensure sustained sanitation.
Outcome Related: 20/100 (3 main outcome-indicators) Indicators include: quality of drinking water & water in water-bodies, reduction in sanitation-related and water-borne diseases over a time period. Diseases by faeco-orally transmitted enteric pathogens - 10% of total burden of disease in India. Intestinal group of diseases claim about 5 million lives and about 50 million people suffer every year.
Findings of a survey commissioned by the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) that rate Indian cities on safe sanitation practices of 423 Class-I cities (with a population of more than 100,000 ). Four color codes have been assigned to the cities based on the points they obtained in the rating; red means the cities need 'immediate remedial action', black means 'need considerable improvement', blue means recovering, green means healthy and clean. community-driven Nirmal Shahars, or totally sanitized, healthy, and livable cities and towns. As per national Rankings, Ramagundam has been ranked at 330 out of 423 Class I cities, scoring 27.15 marks out of 100 and in Red category. This means performance of Ramagundam in regard to safe sanitation is abysmal on various indicators. A complete profiling of Ramagundam against 19 parameters has been done indicating present status and identifying few targets which can be achieved immediately, in a short term and in long term. The goal of Ramagudam is to strive for 100 percent access to sanitation facilities in next two years and 100 percent safe disposal of all town generated waste in long term.
Table 52: Sanitation Ranking for Ramagundam Municipality
Sl. No. 1. 1.a. 1.a.i.
Indicators
Total Marks
Marks awarded
Remarks
OUTPUT RELATED INDICATORS No Open Defecation Access and use of toilets by urban poor and other unserved households by individual and community sanitation facilities 4 0 Field assessment also validated on OD status and agrees with Ranking markings. Short Term Goal - two year (Ref management options on Access.) 1 st year reduce OD to 50% of present situation 2nd Year eliminate OD Medium - long Term Inadequate: out of 13 Public toilet complexes, only four in use (26 seats) for 25 000 floating population. Ref: management options Short to long term MIS, punitive measures and incentives through IEC. Sustaining efforts throughout CSP process and even after that Over estimated - No protection to sanitary workers. Short to Medium UGD is uner construction but there is no plan prepared for the same. The constructions are going on part by part. The STPs are also present, but defunct. STPs have to be made functional at the earliest. UGD has to be constructed along with other waste treatment options. Community Septic tanks with tertiary treatment for specific areas. do
1.a.ii.
Access and use of toilets by floating and institutional population
1.a.iii. No open defecation visible
0.5
1.a.iv.
Manual Scavenging eliminated in the city
1.b.
Proportion of total human excreta generation that is safely collected
1.c.
Proportion of total black waste water generation that is treated safely and disposed off
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM 1.d. Proportion of total grey wastewater generation that treated and safely disposed of 3 0 Medium to long term Nil now 30-40% - 2012 40-100% 2010 onwards Next year 1 mark 3 0 Medium to long term 1- 10% 2012 10- 20% 2012 -2014 20% and more 2014 onwards. Short to long 40 60% : 2012 60- 80 2012 : 2014 100% 2014 onwards Short to medium 25%-60% D2D collection improvement by 2012 60 100% 2012 onwards Sustenance of system 2012 onwards Long Term
1.e.
Proportion of treated wastewater that is recycled and re-used Proportion of total stormwater and drainage that is efficiently and safely managed Proportion of total solid waste generation that is regularly collected
1.f.
1.g.
1.5
1.h.
Proportion of total solid waste generation that is treated and safely disposed of City wastes cause no adverse impacts on surrounding areas outside city limits OUTPUT RELATED INDICATORS TOTAL
1.i.
Long Term
50
8.00
2. 2.a.
PROCESS RELATED INDICATORS Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Systems in place to track incidences of Open Defecation (OD) All sewerage systems working properly and no ex-filtration All septage / sludge cleaned and safely transported and disposed after treatment, from on-site systems Storm-water drainage 4 0 Short Term Adhering all
2.b.
3.75
Medium to long term
2.c.
Over estimated. Instances of manual scavenging still existent. Disposal of sludge not proper. Short to Long Term Frame work plan for
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2.d.
CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM systems functioning and maintained 2.e. Solid waste management (collection and treatment) efficient (MSW Rules, 2000) Documented Operational system and clear institutional responsibility assigned for each of the above Sanctions for deviance on part of polluters and institutions clearly laid out and followed PROCESS RELATED INDICATORS TOTAL 3. 3.a. 3.b. 3.c. Quality of drinking water in city Water quality in water bodies in and around city Reduction in (sanitationattributable and) waterborne disease incidence amongst city population OUTCOME RELATED INDICATORS TOTAL GRAND TOTAL 5 2.25 maintenance Medium to long term
2.f.
Short term
2.g.
Short Term Frame rules
30
15.00
OUTCOME RELATED INDICATORS 7 7 6 3.15 0 1 Short to Long Term No records for water bodies
20 100
4.15 27.15
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Chapter 6 City Sanitation Plan The strategy and approach

6.1. INTRODUCTION
From the situational analysis it is evident that urban sanitation is not only lacking investment it is also lack of systematic plan for environmental sanitation2. NUSP (2008) mandates ULBs for universal access, safe management of human excreta, including its safe confinement, treatment and disposal and associated hygienic related practices. Hence City - wide strategies are important as they priorities investment needs and can directly fund to where they are most needed. In keeping with the above, sanitation vision and following cross cutting strategies are addressed in CSP of Ramagundam. In this section brief outline of Vision statement and specific strategies are dealt.
6.2. VISION AND CITY- WIDE SANITATION PLANNING

6.2.1. VISION STATEMENT
Ramagundam to be environmentally safe and totally sanitized city so as to ensure good public health standards, human dignity, and privacy for all citizens This covers collection, transportation, treatment and disposal to prevent disease, pollution and safeguard dignity. Keeping these visions in mind, goals have been proposed to be achieved in the Immediate of Short Term Period (2012-2013), Medium Term Period (2014-2016), and Long Term Period (2016 onwards). The goals as proposed have been presented as follows.
Table 53: Goals for City-wide Sanitation Planning, Ramagundam
Period Immediate (2012 2013
Goals Elimination of open defecation Universal access to safe sanitation Households and Community level Upgradation of unsanitary to sanitary toilets School and institutional sanitation Floating population and other Public areas Revamping existing non functional STPs. Credible Information and updation (MIS) City-wide education and awareness campaign Start decentralized technology options on Pilot basis 100% Door to door collection of MSW Sanitary and safe disposal of human excreta and liquid waste (continuing process) Regulation of septic tanks and septage management Systems in place for good O & M (individual, community level toilets and disposal systems) through behavior change and good management
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Medium term (2014 2016
CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Long term (2016 onwards) Litter free areas Scientific MSW treatment and disposal Water recycle and reuse Monitoring and evaluation Environmental and financial sustainability.
6.2.2. PRINCIPLES
CSP not only emphasis on the physical infrastructure but also focus on behaviour change outcomes , proper usage, institutional reorientation, regular upkeep and maintenance, increased accountability and service delivery by ULBs and their partners. Accordingly the strategies have been developed on the basis of following principles: Right to sanitation and mobilization of community for demand creation All citizens should have access to safe sanitation services, but bearing the associated responsibility as well. Household sanitation is first and foremost the responsibility of a household. Hence, sanitation will be promoted based on demand i.e. communities and households will be encouraged to priorities by contributing to a significant portion of the costs involved in providing and running a sanitation system. Improve sanitation by institutionalizing rewards for good performance and sanctions against harmful actions and IEC programs to improve sanitation. Focus on sound finances and maintenance Invest in approaches that help end open defecation and unsafe sanitation and help to develop the tools and technology that will allow the urban poor access to sustainable nonpiped sanitation system. The users should pay against use to maintain sustainability. Similarly, polluters should pay for the cost of cleaning up the impact of their pollution on the environment. Choice and maintenance of facilities have to be well thought of in advance to make service affordable and sustainable. Integrated institutional engagement Sanitation cannot be maintained without proper water supply, solid waste management and development is not possible in isolation. Coordination is necessary between different departments, all tiers of Government and other stakeholders with clear roles and responsibilities. Environmental integrity and health benefits Sanitation services, which have unacceptable impacts on the environment, should not be considered to be adequate. Environmentally acceptable solutions to local problems that do not cause deterioration of the wider environment must be considered in all development activities. Sanitation, environment and health are all interlinked and process of improvements which should be accompanied by promotional activities as well as health and hygiene education. Right investments in development of new tools and technologies, such as latrine design, pit emptying, sludge treatment and disposal or reuse of waste. Aim is to develop scalable business models and technologies capable of moving millions of people from unsustainable to sustainable sanitation services across the sanitation value chain. Then
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM to build on these results to support the implementation of successful sanitation approaches at even larger scale and continued innovation to develop more effective and sustainable solutions for the future Policy and advocacy Proactively advocate for change and innovation in the sanitation sector to encourage changes in policy and funding priorities necessary to accelerate access to sustainable sanitation. Invest sgnificantly in technologies and methods for increasing sustainable access to clean water and hygiene in addition to funding for sanitation. While the focus is on sanitation, will also continue to provide limited funding to promising clean water and hygiene solutions.
Strategic planning likely to be constrained by the lack of a supportive context the policies, rules, attitudes and procedures with in which planning takes place. The following components of sanitation strategies are examined in CSP as per parameters of sanitation rating systems.
Table 54: Components of City Wide Sanitation Strategies
Components of City Wide Sanitation Strategies
Proposals ( Capital, O&M, IEC and Rehabilitation projects)
A. Sub-Sector strategy (Output -related )
1. Open defecation free status by ensuring 1. To provide safe access access to all (including poor and slum to HH sanitation and dwellers as well as visiting population). cover entire population by toilets. 2. Excreta Disposal and Waste Water Management by adopting decentralized 2. For safe disposal of treatment options as the town does not waste water storm have contiguous development. water and solid waste. 3. Integrated Solid Waste Management. 3. To meet the national standards for safe disposal of liquid and solid waste.
B. Enabling and Sustaining Strategies (Process related)
Issues to be addressed in preparing the implementation plan; 4. Awareness raising and hygiene promotion and community participation. 5. Institutional Strengthening and Capacity building for Sanitation Management in achieving better service standards, 6. Financial Management of the Sanitation Sector and resource mobilization. 7. Private sector and NGO Participation in
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Sanitation development. C. Monitoring Evaluation and Strategy for Monitoring and evaluation Implementation plan to propose monitoring systems.
6.2.3. ASSUMPTIONS, NORMS AND UNITS COSTS

Formulation of CSP is based on few assumptions and certain available norms as detailed below; BOX 16:ASSUMPTIONS FOR CITY SANITATION PLAN 1. Floating population: 25000 in 2010 and it is expected to grow to 50000 in 2036 (From discussions with Officials). In order to maintain desired sanitation levels and achieve improved health and environmental indicators certain standard of service have to be maintained. The basis for the maintenance of service levels is Standardized Service Level Benchmarks. They are assessed in Ramagundam as per MoUD framework and certain other norms and standards followed as indicated in the table below for estimation of deficiency in sanitation. This would enable to estimate infrastructure gaps and investment requirements for future.
Table 55: Norms
A 1 2 B
Household sanitation infrastructure Latrine connected to septic tank Grit and grease trap 1 per household 1 per household
Public and Community Sanitary Conveniences
Public Toilet 1 Users per Latrine Seat 60 users/ seat
Community Toilet 1 C 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 Users per Latrine Seat Septage Clearance, Treatment and Disposal No of septic tanks cleared per vehicle per day 3 tanks per day per vehicle Frequency of septage clearance from septic Once in 2 years tank Septage volume removed per tank No of operational days per annum Area per drying bed(average) Dimensions of drying bed Thickness of liquid sludge layer in drying bed Septage Sludge Drying Cycle 2 cu.m 300 days 225 m 15m x 15 m 0.20 m 10 days
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20 - 35 users/ seat (3-5 households)
Sludge Drying Beds
CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM 10 D 1 2 3 E 1 2 F 1 2 3 4 Sludge volume per bed Wastewater Conveyance Street Collector Sewers Branch Sewers Trunk Sewers Waste Water Treatment and Disposal Reuse for irrigation/ garden/ parks Disposal into river Solid Waste Management Road Length per Sweeper Sweepers per 1000 population Garbage Collection Points Norms for Road sweeping 400 600 m 3 1 for 15 HHs. (75 Persons. A Type Daily sweeping - 20% B Type Sweeping twice in a week - 30% to 40% C Type Sweeping once in a week - 40% to 50% For every 25 Kms of sweeping road length, 3 loaders / vehicle. For every 40 Kms of sweeping road length, 4 loaders / vehicle. Posts 1 for 15 HHs. (75 Persons) @ 45 Ipcd to 1 for 10 HHs. (50 Persons) 1 Tap for 75 Persons. 1 worker / 400 sq.m area, for two time cleaning everyday. Tertiary secondary 1.50 m / household 0.75 m / household 0.40m /household 45 cum
5 6 7
One Tractor trailer One Tipper Truck Water Supply
Markets/Slaughter house
[Source: Hoshangabad CSP]
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6.2.4. VARIOUS OCCURRENCE OF ISSUES VERSUS CONSEQUENCES IN RAMAGUNDAM

Some of the prominent issues faced by Ramagundam to maintain sanitation are put in a matrix to show their low to high occurrence versus low to high consequences so as to prioritize solutions in CSP. Absence of public No septage Rampant open awareness Management. defecation campaigns VERY HIGH HIGH Lack of Scientific Inadequate school Non functional Toilet effluents into process of sanitation STPs open drains disposal of MSW Inadequate 45.58% population 0% water supply Inadequate D2D solid waste collection Only 32% HHs covered Recycling of water Regulation Toilets for floating population
CONSEQUENCES
MEDIU M
Coverage of storm water drainage network 9.2% LOW OCCURRENCE MEDIUM HIGH VERY HIGH
LOW
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM The following sections present the strategies for the various related sub-sectors related to sanitation for Ramagundam Municipal Corporation area. The Sub-Sector Strategies are followed by guidelines for the Enabling and Sustaining the aforesaid strategies through IEC, proper suitable financing mechanisms, and guidelines for improvement of Institutional Arrangements and Responsibilities. This is followed by suggestions for proper and adequate Monitoring and Evaluation of the existing and the proposed systems.
Figure 9: Components of CSP strategies
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6.3. SUBSECTOR STRATEGIES (OUT PUT RELATED)

This CSP aims guiding through next steps in achieving the goal of city wide sanitation for Ramagundam. Broad strategies identified will try to lay down road map for achieving total sanitation and hence detailed out. Also in this section along with strategies, infrastructure gaps estimated as per practiced norms mentioned in previous section. Also both management and technical options and financial requirement to bridge the gap have been assessed. The goal of the exercise is to achieve 100% sanitation in the city. The following are the indicators of 100% sanitation: Primary Indicators as mandated by National Urban Sanitation Policy Every citizen has access to a toilet & the city is Open Defecation Free All the sewage generated is collected, treated and disposed off safely Secondary indicators are optional and are not mandated by the NUSP. However for holistic sanitation in a city it is important that the following indicators are also addressed. It is recommended to include the following indicators also into the CSP. All the solid waste generated is collected, treated and disposed off safely All water bodies and drainages are preserved and kept clean All the storm water drains are kept clean. Every aspect of the process and infrastructure provision must integrate community participation and must be inclusive. In addition water and waste water management must be carried out in an environmentally sustainable manner, recycling and reusing the by products as far as possible.
6.3.1. OPEN DEFECATION FREE STATUS

In previous section, as stated in condition assessment of sanitation Open Defecation is rampant in Ramagundam slums. Slum residents are migrant labourers. These people have problems like land availability, affordability and behaviour of old people and children. This has to be addressed in immediate term with concerted efforts to make OD free. OD free status needs to be achieved by ensuring access to all including poor and slum dwellers as well as visiting population . In Ramgundam this can be done easily with the help of PSUs support. Secondly like many places Ramagundam lacks proper documentation regarding the land ownership. This is particularly prevalent in communities of informal housing where families may have lived for generations but have no official title to the land. Without documentation, accountability for provision of services remains unclear, threatening the security of individuals, governments, and the future development of the city. By clarifying and establishing rights of those living on the land has another benefit of creating a tax base that brings revenue to ULB. If at all this is not possible service provision needs to be delinked from tenureship of land.
To achieve OD free status socially inclusiveness approaches that can be promoted are: Promoting access to households with safe sanitation facilities (including proper disposal arrangements);
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Demand driven approach for access and promoting community-planned and managed toilets wherever necessary, for groups of households who have issues of space, tenure or economic constraints in gaining access to individual facilities; Triggering social action by intensive IEC to prevent OD Promotion of no cost/ low costs technologies of right kind Adequate availability and 100 % upkeep and management of Public Sanitation facilities in all busy areas and floating population affected areas Promoting partnerships to construct community and public toilets - Public Conveyance blocks Increased access of the poor to water for hygiene Build capacities, political support and technical trainings Norms for sanitation provisions in buildings (including non-residential) and spaces where public congregate, through bye-laws Municipal fund creation for neighbourhood projects.
The main areas that need to be focused upon for achieving 100% OD free status in Ramagundam are as follows: A. Slum sanitation B. Household sanitation
C. School sanitation D. Provision of sanitation in other areas for achieving citywide sanitation
Strategies for making each of these focus areas OD free has been presented in detail in the following sections. A. SLUM SANITATION PROVISION
Creating demand responsive participatory approach to provision of community blocks wherever individual toilets are not possible will be important aspect in creating access. This can be done by giving incentives for private contractors, NGOs, community organizers to work together to jointly deliver community toilet blocks. Partnerships can be led either by contractor or NGO with each other. There need be high technical standards, high quality service levels and provisions for children. Considering the situation at Ramagundam, series of options need to be worked in slums as follows: Provision of new community toilets, Sewerage for individual household latrines (IHHL) Delinking tenureship for slum residents to build toilets. Management arrangements to be worked. E.g. CBO members operate and manage toilet block on their own, or CBO employs the staff like caretaker to operate and manage the toilet block or CBO contracts a caretaker (individual or family) to manage and operate the toilet block on its behalf.
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM In this regard estimation in the Table 59 has been done for number of toilets and urinals needed under various categories to make the city fully sanitized. Models for providing shared toilets, public toilets1 and urinals as needed and operations and maintenance of the infrastructure, including charging user fees is indicated below. The planning for public toilets has taken consideration the following user groups: slum population, floating population, population during weekly markets, population that comes into cities for special occasions like fairs, religious activities etc, population at public place like bus stands, railway stations etc. Such facilities can be managed through community groups, NGOs, CBOs and private operators on a self sustaining basis. Community toilets separately for ladies and gents need to be constructed in slum areas as per the norms where poor cannot afford an individual toilet financially. Here the municipality will act as facilitator to identify land for construction of toilet, approve design and provide finances and sign an MOA with local residents who are going to use it for O &M which is going to be the responsibility of Community. B. Household Sanitation arrangements
At the household level year wise sanitation installation requirements are indicated in Table 56 Important milestones for Ramagundam: 1. No more open defecation by Year: 2012/13 (achieve OD free status by constructing community toilets for HHS who dont have access). 2. Halve the pollution of surface waters by human excreta by 2013. 3. Reduce other type of toilets to 2.5%in 2012 4. Commission proposed UGD in some parts as planned and increased UGD coverage to 75% by 2015 and 85% next year.
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Table 56: Indicative figures in Household Sanitation Arrangements over CSP Implementation Period
Sanitation Arrangement 2001 census data 2001* Total HHs PSU HHs* 26% 52577 13482 2001 census data in % Baseline Survey Pre-CSP Year CSP Implementation Period
2010 57077 13482 43595 22096
2011 65722 13482 52240 22096
2012 67037 13482 53555 22096
2013 68351 13482 54869 22096
2014 69666 13482 56184 22096
2015 70980 13482 57498 22096
2016 72294 13482 58812 22096
RMC population 74% 39095 0utside PSUs WC Connected to Sewer led to STPs and STPs (small bore sewer system started in 2004)* In % of total population UGD (Commission UGD in few areas by 2015) In % of total population WC Connected to Septic Tank In % of total population Pit Latrine In % of population Others In % of population total 21557 41% 3680 7% 13144 total 25% 14196
39%
34%
33%
32%
32%
31% 28392 40%
31% 36147 50% 50198 69% 0 0% 0 0% 0
23402 41% 3995 7% 3995 7% 3924 41% 4601 7% 4601 7% 4702
26946
27485 41% 4693 7% 1676 3% 2142
28024 41% 4785 7% 0 0% 0
28563 41% 4877 7% 0 0% 0
48884 69% 0 0% 0 0% 0
Households with no toilets (practicing open defecation) In % of total population Total Households Assumptions:
27% 52578
7% 57413
7% 62946
3% 58093
0% 54905
0% 55536
0% 99373
0% 108443
RMC will observe Arithemetic Progression projection of population as PSU areas are almost stagnant. PT assemment data showed that about 9% HHS outside PSU HHs do not have toilets About 99,435 population connected to UGD as per RMC. That means about 22092 HHS . All the population increase will be located outside PSUs. In Ramgundam only 9% do not have toilets as per e-suvidha data. In 2015 it is expected that Sewer system both small bore and UGD will be commissioned and become functional. In 2016, 85% will be covered with sewer system. For SCCL it should be considered to take up DEWATS system and reuse water .
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Community and Public toilets Community toilets are viable for the people residing in slum areas where there is a problem of land availability and affordability for construction of toilets is difficult. The toilets for ladies and gents should be constructed separately as per the norms. For Household toilets user training and CBOs training is must User change 30/- per month per family may be collected.
Table 57: Showing Operation and maintenance of the toilets Community toilet
Sl. No. 1 2
O&M
In Rs
One seat toilet can cater for 20 HHs . Assuming Month- 100 HHs x 30 =3000 collection @ Rs.30/month for five seat toilet. Two walls of the complex shall be 1000x2 =2000 be used for advertisement from the departments (Social welfare, Education etc) Total Revenues Expenditure cleaning material per seat. Sweeper Charges Civic maintenance (water and electricity) UGD user charges per year Deposit for future repairs etc Remuneration to Community organizer 5000 50x 5 = 250 1500 800 360 380 5000 3000 = 2000
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Table 58: Estimation of Proposed Pay and Use complex (Each unit)
S. No 1 2 3 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Component No. of Seats
Estimated Cost in Rs 12 Nos
No. of users for maximum extent -Morning & 3 hours + 3 hours Evening. One seat can accommodate Total capacity 60 persons per day 12 nos X 60 persons /day
Revenue per month (720 persons * 1 per person Rs. 21,600/= 720 x 30 days ) Revenue by Ad per month Total revenue Cleaning articles Rs 50 x 12 toilets Sweepers 2 nos Civic maintenance and other contingencies Caretaker UGD user charges Total Expenditure Estimated Private Operator Income ( one wall) 500 22100 600 4000 1000 4000 360 9960 12140
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Making communal/public toilets work: Design and sensitivity to specific needs then finding land While making communal/public toilets, it needs to be seen that they should meet the needs of women and children for their successful operation and sustainability. It is well known that public toilets often fail to meet the needs of women and children, because the facility is a long distance from the home, leading to security issues after dark; and/or because children, and in some communities women, may have less spending money than men. For these reasons monthly-fee communal toilets may often be a more appropriate solution than pay-per-use public toilets. If public toilets are used, they should be well-lit and in safe high-visibility locations. Design of toilets needs to take into account the specific needs of women and children. It is essential to provide for sanitary towel disposal, not only to meet womens needs but also to prevent blockage of toilets, septic tanks or sewers. In Bangalore, WSUP-supported communal toilets have sanitary towel disposal chutes - lengths of tubing fitted through the toilet wall, leading to a bin in which towels are collected for disposal (which can be by burning or by a contracted collection service). Children may likewise require specific toilet designs, as may disable and elderly users. In some communities, privacy may be a more important concern for women than for men. Land availability for communal/public toilet construction of course varies from one location to another. Problems may arise because people living adjacent to an available plot may not want a sanitation facility constructed next to their property. In view of issues of this type, it is clearly important to resolve land availability issues early. A suitable plot of land should be: Close to the area of demand: users should not have to walk more than 200 m at very most, and will typically prefer a much shorter distance (probably about 30 m) In a location with safe after-dark access: this is critical for womens security In a location that is acceptable to people living nearby Reachable by small truck, to allow septic tank emptying Within reach of a sustainable water supply
If land is in short supply, then other models can be considered. Scale-up from concept to whole-city scale: Need to move from the concept stage and pilot scale to the whole-city scale. A three key stages approach to follows: 1) Sanitation zoning, involving identification of districts in which communal or public toilets are an appropriate solution; 2) Design and costing of communal and/or public toilet models; and 3) Identification of and access to finance.
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Indicative infrastructure requirements in making city sanitised while following climbing sanitation ladder approach:
Table 59: Indicative investment requirements, O&M Costs And User Charges For Public/ Community Sanitary Conveniences
Unit A. i. Public Sanitary Conveniences Floating population Persons served (including persons served by existing PSCs) Capital cost towards Rs 20000 per construction of public seat sanitary conveniences Indicative user charge minimum Rs. per use
2011 (Pre 2012 CSP) 57 seats Additional existing 65 seats 20000 21000
2013
2014
2015
2016 Additional 60 seats 25000
Additional 60 Additional 60 Additional seats seats 60 seats 22000 23000 24000
ii.
13 lakhs
12 lakhs
12 lakhs
12 lakhs
12 lakhs
iii iv
Annual O&M of public Rs sanitary conveniences (400/month per seat) UGD charges capital Rs costs (one time) UGD user charges Rs 30 month per seat) 91200
Rs. 26000 Cumulative Rs. 74000 per Rs. 98000 Rs. 122000 per month Rs. 50000 per month per month per month month 247000 1950 month 228000 228000 228000 228000
v vi
per Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative 3750 per 5550 per 7350 per 9150 per month month month month 3272 19 3272 0 3272 0 3272 0
B. i. ii.
Community Sanitary Conveniences Households Served Seats to be constructed No of HH Number 0 0 2149 36
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM iii Construction of community sanitary conveniences Annual O&M of community sanitary conveniences Rs 20000 per seat 0 7.16 Lakhs 3.8 lakhs 0 0 0
0 Rs
14326.67
7600
Assumptions: Existing floating population is 25000. About 1000 will be added every year. Land will be provided by government, respective departments who have huge visitors or ULB. To eliminate OD all community toilets will be added in first two years. Later it is assumed that few people will switch over to individual toilets and those additional seats will cater to increase in slum population. UGD one time connection cost Rs 3800 per HH. Indicative user charges for community toilet per HH is Rs 30 per month. Or Rs 1 day. Indicative user charges for public toilet Rs 1 per day use. Capital cost for construction of toilet is Rs 20000 per seat. (inclusive of water and electricity connection) [Source: ASCI]
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BOX 17: FINANCE OPTIONS MODELS FOR COMMUNITY LATRINES 1. Municipal fund for neighbourhood projects (Indonesia) Blitar, a small town in East Java, is special for its community development fund. It has twenty neighbourhoods, of which three are poor. The budget of the town was Rp. 6.14 billion (US$ 646,000) in 2004, double the amount of 2002. Under its community block grant programme the city disburses 2% of its income directly to the neighbourhoods for small projects, including an obligatory 13% for low cost housing. The neighbourhoods themselves contribute 13-22% of the project funds in kind or cash. The purpose of the fund is to increase public participation and self-management and allow local officials and communities to exercise their autonomy. Village Community Empowerment Institutions (LPMSKs) take care of mobilization. Women participate in the mandated community assemblies in which these projects are planned. Since 2003 project selection criteria include the number of poor beneficiaries. Most local grants go to improvement of infrastructure. From 2005 on, use of funds for hardware is restricted to 60%. Learning from mistakes is an accepted part of the approach17. 2. Slum Sanitation programme of Mumbai: A key feature was the involvement of slum communities in project implementation right from the planning stage. The mobilization process facilitated collaborations between NGOs, contractors and CBOs. In each slum a CBO was formed and registered as a trust or a society (under the Bombay Public trust Act. To express its demand each family in the target slum area was asked to pay contribution Rs.100 per adult (maximum of Rs 500 per family) as a membership fee. The amount was deposited in a joint bank account. After construction of the toilet block the CBO typically certifies its satisfactory completion and signs a MOU with the municipal Corporation. The responsibility of maintaining the toilet block is then handed over to the CBO. MOU specifies that CBO will operate and maintain the toilet block. 3. After the reforms in TSC programme, priority was given for setting up sanitary complexes in a place acceptable for both men and women. The prescribed unit cost is up to Rs 2 lakh, shared by GOI, State Government and the community in the ratio of 60:20:20. However, the community contribution can be made by the local governance from its budget (GOI, CSRS 2002). This approach directly provides subsidy to communities rather than individuals. Though many households are inclined positively to have IHL, the scarcity of space, the traditional taboos have become a constraint for construction of IHL. To overcome such constraints, the integrated Community Latrines Complex (ICLC) becomes a substitute. The maintenance cost of the community sanitary complexes has to be met by the Panchayats/voluntary organisations/charitable trusts/Self Help Groups and not the committee set up by local government.
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM C. SCHOOL SANITATION PROVISION
In Ramagundam like any other city, school latrines and water points become dirty and run down as detailed in the situational analysis report. As a result, they are not used and create a health hazard. School water supply, sanitation and hygiene education are very important for the following main reasons: Promotes health and hygiene behavior at an early stage of childhood. Improves the health of children and results in a lower dropout rate, especially among girl children. Huge network of schools offers a ready-made infrastructure to influence the students, teachers, parents and hence the community. Children are the change agents; hence, it ensures generational change in the adoption of the health and hygiene behaviour.
Table 60: Toilet requirement as per Norms (information not available)
Category
Total no. of scho ols
Total no. Toile of ts students exist ing
Urinals required as per norms
WCs required as per norms
Investm ent Require d for Urinals
Investm Total ent Require d for Urinals
Primary Secondar y High A good cleaning and maintenance system requires funds, spare parts, people and equipment, and a clear division of roles and responsibilities among the actors involved. A number of organizational options for maintenance suggested: through a cleaning committee, by classes on a rotation basis, with or without a rewarding mechanism, or by individual students. The children should be encouraged to help to maintain their own school environment and facilities. The following models are recommended for school sanitation. a. Health Clubs School health and hygiene clubs are usually involved in helping children for maintenance tasks. School health clubs (or similar groups with other names) can be very useful for:
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM stimulating safe hygiene behaviour among children; monitoring SSHE programme; reaching out into the community; Prepare an annual action plan for the School health club; Organize school activities in planning, teaching, monitoring, and maintenance; Conduct community activities with the help of headmaster and teachers; Different actors should be engaged and all work together to promote and implement gender-responsive sanitation, health and hygiene solutions. This includes: o Schools (parents, PTAs, school councils, teachers, o students) o NGOs and CBOs o Womens groups o Youth organizations o Governments including Ministries of Education, Health, Water o Health providers o Researchers
b. School committee Often school committees are found very effective and can be established in schools to plan and implement school sanitation programmes. These Committees may usually consist of students, teachers, and parents with following roles : Take a lead in coordinating and preparing action plan of SSHE programme. Involve other actors in mobilizing local resources and support special activities like fund raising, construction, maintenance and repair; Organize various activities periodically to collect funds for various programmes; Budget, allocate and supervise funds. BOX 18: SCHOOL COMMITTEES - THE ANDHRA PRADESH SCHOOL EDUCATION (COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION) ACT, 1998 In pursuance of community participation, The Andhra Pradesh School Education (Community Participation) Act, 1998 was passed and School Committees (at present 72,919) constituted in every government and government aided school in the state. The School Committee consists of five members of whom four should be parents (from different socio-economic backgrounds) of the children enrolled in the school and the Headmaster as the Member Convener. A parent shall cease to be a member of the committee when he has no child enrolled in the school.
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM D. PROVISION OF SANITATION IN OTHER AREAS FOR ACHIEVING CITYWIDE SANITATION
National Building Code (NBC 2005) of India is the basis for all Building Regulations and adopted by respective states in the country, which clearly specifies that any building meant for human occupancy or use should have adequate sanitation and disposal facilities irrespective of availability of sewerage. Detailed norms are available in the code depending on occupancy saying in no case less than one water closet should be provided. Wherever disposal facilities are not available they shall be provided as part of the building design for ensuring highest standards of sanitation condition. Part 9 on Plumbing services Section 1 of Water Supply Drainage and Sanitation clearly details the requirements under safe sanitation provision. But authorities are failed in implementation of NBC and Building regulation to check building plan approvals. The sorry state of affairs in Ramagundam indicates that out of 40992 property assessments 40485 properties have measurements and only 78 properties have building plan approvals. This clearly indicates ULB, who is expected to control the sanitation failed to do so. CSTF should intervene in this and two members should be identified from CSTF to ratify building plans for adequate sanitation provision. Clear rules need to be amended on responsibility of toilet provision in the premises of any human occupation or use.
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Various uses generally found in any given city and options for sanitation provision to achieve citywide sanitation are indicated below:
Table 61: Addressing access to various categories of uses
Residential Slums: Notified and non notified. Non Slums: Old areas, New upcoming areas, Govt quarters. Individual/ Community toilets
Institutional Recreational Commercial Transport Schools Central Govt offices, State Govt offices and private offices. Public Places, Kalyana Mandapams, Theatres, Auditoriums Shopping areas, malls, markets, Agricultural markets, Fair areas etc Railway station, Bus stations
Others
All Industr government ies and non government schools.
Independent toilets.
Public toilets on BOT basis (ref Individual management options). These properties toilets have to provide land within their premises.
Indepe ndent toilets.
It is the Strict implementation of building bye laws like no building permitted for responsibility construction and occupation without toilet and all Govt. buildings need to take of private approval of ULB for building construction. Monitoring is the responsibility of ULB. individual to construct and maintain toilet as per NBC and Municipal act norms. A mechanism to build social pressure to maintain design standards needs to be worked. Note: Wherever UGD is available toilets will be connected to UGD. Otherwise a decentralized concept for black water treatment by Biogas facility and duck weed based technology for grey water treatment should be implemented and it is individual responsibility.
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Efforts of many stakeholders to achieve various goals identified in Table 53. For this partnership arrangements with relevant government agencies, private sector, civil society, Non government organizations (NGO) need to established and institutionalized for successful implementation of CSPs. It is observed that different models will work in different situations and some of the options to be tested and implemented by RMC are as follows:
Table 62:Management Strategies
Option A 1. Improving Access HHs Individual toilets with subsidy.
Option B
Option C
Option D
Up gradation with technical Up gradation with financial Guidance notes to APL support for alternatives. support for alternatives. on different types of toilets with technical support. Demand driven approach: Community contribution to toilet construction and O&M where ULB facilitates. Education dept bears capital and O &M by outsourcing.
Community Toilet (Ideally to be cross subsidized from Public toilets for BOT models) Schools
Mobilizing donor agencies/ ULB bears Capital and ULB constructs toilet and individuals to construct toilets transfers to Community for O gives for adoption for O&M. and transfer to community for &M with monthly card system. O&M. Designing, field testing and Mobilizing business houses, Promoting PPPs for O&M propagating child friendly, companies etc. to donate or gender friendly and disabled adopt toilets with ad rights. friendly toilets by ULB as part of IEC. Create public-private Mobilizing business houses, partnerships between service companies etc. to donate or providers and government adopt toilets with ad rights. agencies. Generators of huge visitors (railways, APSRTC, Court, shopping complex, market areas, theaters and Govt offices) to give land for pay and use toilets on BOT mode. of
Public/Institutional toilets
Consolidate IEC money of all govt. programs for O&M and use Toilet walls.
2. Black soil and Waste water Treatment Septage Management Update and amend regulations on Considering subsidizing of Frequency
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septic Public awareness campaign
CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM tariffs for septage management. emptying fees to poor. tank emptying for enhanced frequency of regulated by septic tank emptying and authorities to every develop annual septage three years. symposium. Clear policies and guidelines for developers. Promotion of no cost/ low costs technologies like soak pits to septic tanks (Areas where UGD is not covered) Scientific treatment and disposal by developing pilot initiatives and testing by 2014 and scaling up afterwards.
Sludge Treatment Improving and disposal collection Capacity.
on public utilitys Regulations for and ULB manage and transportation licensing of private contractors for entrepreneur involvement scheduled desludging. in sludge collection and transportation.
UGD Scheme ISWM
Ref Starters Promotion of RWAs, local Making segregated wastes committees in 100% door to door available at disposal / collection. treatment facilities. - 50% (2010 -2012) - 80% (2012 -14) - 100% (2014 onwards) A strong regulatory framework to be put in place by amending the Municipal Act, Building regulations with rules on following: Guidelines on penalties/fines to be imposed on littering, obstruction of natural and artificial drainage, fecal and septic effluent discharge in to drains. Manuals on guidelines, regulations, O& M of toilets and extensive dissemination. Recycling waste - 50% (2010 -2012) - 60% (2012 -14) - 80% (2014 onwards)
3. M& E and awareness Regulation
Public awareness Triggering social mechanisms to Expose NGOs and media to Build political support campaign prevent OD, behavior change, importance of sanitation to with exposure visits, disuse of toilets. Raise public gain their support. technical trainings, awareness through multimedia reports, and
CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM campaigns, targeting children in particular. Monitoring evaluation and 1. Gather information and develop databases and regular updation. - SWM, Drainage, sanitation, track O&D 1. Adoption of Protocol on monthly collection of data from each ward/slum and publish in public forum. Framing rules and specifications and effective monitoring especially to make sewerage systems work without any ex filtration in the future. workshops. Continuing O&M practices(cleaning toilets, emptying pits/septic tanks, maintaining waste water disposal systems) Establishing linkages for funds defining allocations/sharing costs, determining community Contributions. Technical evaluation and finalization: Appraising models for toilets, solid/liquid waste management, school sanitation, vulnerable and special needs populations, menstrual hygiene. Documented operational systems and institutional responsibility assigned for each sector by preparing written manual.
Sustaining usage Impact monitoring: periodic and O&M and governance regular monitoring of socio economic, health, ground water and soil impact indicators.
Institutional processes: Community monitoring of construction, usage etc, social pressure on usage and O&M etc.
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6.3.2. EXCRETA DISPOSAL AND WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT

Presently liquid waste is collected through underground sewers lines in most of the places. Remaining areas need to be covered. But the town is spread and there are many empty pockets due to various townships many nodes have developed. There is no continuous growth and having centralised UGD will not work and will be very expensive. Sewerage system need not be the only sanitation system for liquid waste. Onsite sanitation systems to treat grey and black water or a combination depending on the user choice shall be adopted for less dense settlements and other uncovered areas. Need to ensure 100% treatment of both black and grey water. For onsite sanitation, periodic cleaning shall be ensured. ULB may provide the equipment at a fee and also final disposal, depending on the type of onsite treatment involved. The proposals for Ramagundam consider safe containment, treatment and disposal of human excreta and community liquid waste. This will be achieved by: Ensuring that all human wastes are collected, treated and disposed off safely by interpolated at the end of the village and treated in case of Ramagundam. This has been already planned it has to be completed. Promoting proper disposal and treatment of sludge from on-site installations (septic tanks, pit latrines, etc.); Promoting proper functioning of network-based sewerage systems and ensuring connections of all households to them; Encourage recycle and reuse of treated waste water for non-potable applications, wherever possible. A. TECHNICAL OPTIONS FOR FECAL TREATMENT AND WASTE WATER TREATMENT As discussed, cent percent human excreta and liquid wastes from all sanitation facilities must be disposed-off safely. Rudimentary latrines (discharging into drains and nalas) widely spread in Ramagundam, are the first step to manage excreta. The next step in the sanitation ladder is any form of improved latrines that ensure more hygienic separation of excreta and the final step is a flush latrine connected to a septic tank or a sewer network. Each successive step of the ladder represents a higher unit cost but is assumed to give a correspondingly lower level of health risk (Morella 2008). Different types of sanitation systems (indicated in the table) below and decentralized wastewater treatment plants can be suggested i.e. septic tanks, biogas toilets and Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System (DEWATS). The biogas and Ecosan system pose medium risk to the person who is emptying the systems, whereas the SIBF and the DEWATS feature only low risk as users do not get in direct contact with the system. The risk here is dependent on the reuse of water for irrigation practices, type of crops and how well the prior treatment has worked. One factor of success of the decentralized systems is the well organized operation and maintenance, which is either conducted by a private company or a community committee. Those decentralized systems also require less energy (and have therefore lower costs) than conventional treatment systems.
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM The six technologies represent different levels of sanitation services. Whereas the septic tank aims only at providing better hygienic conditions, the ecosan and biogas systems provide additional benefits (reuse of nutrients, biogas). The decentralized systems aim at reusing the treated wastewater for irrigation.
Table 63: Intended benefits for the six technology systems.
Basic Sanitation Intended benefit Type Septic tank Individu al Biogas Ecosan
Waste Water Treatment SIBF** MSF*** Commun al Yes NA* DEWATS** ** Communal Yes NA*
Individual / Individual / Commun Communal Communal al Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NA*
Better Hygienic Yes Conditions Reuse Nutrients Biogas of NA and
Reuse of NA treated waste water for irrigation
NA
NA
Yes
Yes
Yes
**Solid Immobilised Biofilter (SIBF) ***Multiple Stage Filtration (MSF) ****Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System (DEWATS) Following waste water treatment options are feasible to Ramgundam context;
Table 64: Waste water treatment options for RMC
Area 1 2 3
Preference (Offsite)
1 Preference 2 Preference 3 (onsite) (onsite) Individual Septic Tanks Two pits STP ECOSAN Community latrines with biogas tanks Community septic tanks
New upcoming areas DEWATS (high income) New upcoming areas ( DEWATS Low income) Slums of narrow lanes
Existing UGD/ Communal Community septic tanks septic Tank Community septic tanks DEWATS
Problematic areas
In Ramagundam though STP is not functioning many houses are connected with sewers. As apriority, RMC should strengthen the present position by properly maintaining small bore sewers and make STP operational immediately. With respect to this situation appropriate treatment options are as follows;
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Case 1: If a site does not have access to a public sewer line A. A septic tank should be provided for smaller sites (<1000 SqM) with necessary additives and a waste water treatment system should be installed for large sites (>1000 Sq M). B. At least 75% of the total treated water should be reused on site. Based on the reuse potential and quality requirement of treated water, appropriate treatment option or an additive to septic tank should be chosen from the matrices provided in the guidance notes. Case 2: If a site has access to a public sewer line A. Grey water reuse potential of the site has to be calculated. If potential savings on potable water due to reuse of treated grey water exceeds 20%, a grey water treatment system is recommended. This has tobe encouraged specifically in townships of PSUs. B. At least 80% of the total treated grey water should be reused on site . Based on the reuse potential and quality requirement of treated grey water, appropriate treatment option should be chosen from the matrices provided in the guidance notes. Case 3: New Townships All new townships less than 50n acres should be recommended to install dual plumbing systems. The treatment of wastewater by conventional systems requires a large amount of land, huge capital and O&M costs, are energy intensive etc. In view of these consequences, the grey and black water can be separated using dual plumbing systems at source of generation, which then can be treated separately using appropriate systems and increase its reuse potential. A. Separating grey and black water at the source of generation B. Treating grey water and reuse for external cleaning, landscaping, and WC flushing C. If the site has access to sewer, black water to be discharged into the sewer line D. If site has no access to sewer line, then will act as a future provision when the sewer line is laid Case 4: Large scale developments All large developments (>50 acre site area) must provide for a polishing pond with necessary aeration facilities for discharge of treated wastewater to enable Zero discharge outside site limits. All systems provide water for irrigation with which users get in contact so regular monitoring is required to keep the hygienic risks low. Hence education on appropriate hygiene practices as well as the use of the systems as a way to improve aspects, such as smell and breeding insects, should be provided on ongoing basis.
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Case 5: UGD in some areas As of now, UGD system in Ramagundam is not present in all areas. There is no proper DPR prepared for the area under the RMC area, but is being built part by part. The RMC is bearing the responsibility of managing the O & M of the partially established system. A sewerage system as it is known collects wastewater from residences, industries, hospitals and commercial institutions for conveyance to STPs for treatment and safe disposal. Any obstruction or overloading of the collection system can have dramatic consequences on public health and the environment. It is the responsibility of the RMC to ensure that the performance of the proposed sewerage system is not compromised in any manner by adopting proper practices of operation and maintenance of the system. Effective O&M of an underground sewerage scheme is critical and the direct responsibility rests with the RMC. For ease of operation and maintenance, the proposed sewerage system has to be of locally available materials , skilled manpower and easily available mechanical/electrical equipment. The primary aim of sewage treatment plants (STP) operation and maintenance (O&M), is the running and maintenance the plant, efficiently and economically, so that the effluent from the plant meets the prescribed standards in terms of BOD,SS and faecal coliforms laid down by the local body or the pollution control board while discharging the effluent on land or into water bodies. B. REQUIREMENTS OF MAINTENANCE OF SEWERS As huge investment are generally made for the implementation of the sewerage system, it is appropriate to operate and maintain the system effectively in order to derive maximum benefit of the investment. Maintenance of sewer system depends not only on proper design and construction but also on the availability of competent staff for their operation. The requirements of the maintenance of the sewerage system are: 1. Protect the sewerage system against damaging materials, which may be discharged by the public, commercial and industrial institution. 2. Prevent the sewerage system from clogging due to deposition of solids as a result of inadequate flow 3. Prevent the accumulation of foul gases in the sewerage system due to the anaerobic decomposition of the deposited solids 4. Save the workers involved in the sewer cleaning from death due to obnoxious gases. The preventive maintenance methods to achieve the above requirement are: Ensure self-cleaning velocity in all section of the sewerage system at least once in a day for prevention of clogging in the sewerage system. The sewer section where it is not possible to obtain the self-cleansing velocities due to flatness of the gradient especially in the head reaches of the sewer network, flushing is necessary. The O&M of the created infrastructure includes manning and maintenance of the STPs, power charges for the pumping stations, manning for the maintenance of the net work, maintenance and repairs of the sewer cleaning machinery and equipment, administrative expenditure involved in billing and collection of sewerage cess etc. Also thee sewer lines between two
CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM successive manholes should be periodically inspected using intrusive equipments & arrangement for silting and blockages. The revenue from the sewerage sector is mainly from the charges being collected while giving new sewerage connection and drainage cess collected along with house tax. The basic requirements of successful O&M of STP are: 1. A thorough knowledge of plant and machinery and equipment provided in the STP and their functions, 2. A thorough knowledge of the processes, 3. Proper and adequate tools, 4. Adequate stock of spare parts and chemical, 5. Assignment of specific responsibilities to operating staff, 6. Schedule of daily preventive maintenance, 7. Systematic and period inspection, 8. Training of all operating staff in operating procedures and maintenance practices, 9. Maintaining records of key activities and operating logs of equipment.
Just before Septic tank construct inspection chamber with in premises and bypass the existing septic tank
Figure 10: Connecting to UGC a typical layout
C. COSTS PER HOUSEHOLD 1. Cost of laying pipes = Rs.80 X 6 = Rs.480 (considering 70 max. pipe length and @ Rs.5/ft of pipe) 2. Cost of materials = Rs.1000 (inspection chambers & bricks and cement) 3. Cost of labor = Rs.1000 4. Therefore the total cost of laying pipes = Rs.2500 5. Connection cost/HH = Rs.3800 or Rs2000 6. Total max. cost per HH = Rs.6300 or Rs.4300
Table 65: Costs for waste water treatment
Treatment Option
Capital Cost (Rs./CuM)
O&M Costs Rs./CuM)
Power Required KWh/Day
Space Requirement Sq.m/cuM daily flow TSS
Treatme nt Indicator s - mg/l (%) -
BOD Stabilization Ponds Root Zone Treatment / Reed Bed Technology Decentralized Wastewater Sys-tems (DEWATS) Soil Biotechnology (SBT) Rotating Biological Contractors (RBC) Activated Sludge Package Plants (ASPP) Membrane Bio Reactors (MBR) Fluidized Bed Bio Reactor (FBBR) Fluidized Media Reactor (FMR) Sequential Batch Reactors (SBR) Bio Sanitizer (BS) - Additive 2.5 to 3 lakh/ MLD 1000 5000/ year 500 / year
COD Rs. 10000/ year NA 4, 25
70/90
50/6 0 -
1 (One)
20-30
30
25000 to 50000 49000
1000/ year
13W/cum of pond 0.06 KWh/ KL
10 to 12
(30/90 )8
(90) 23
(87) 54
5-20
3 (Three)
10-15
60-70
15-20
6 to 7 lakhs/ MLD 23-66 lakh/ MLD 2 lakh/ MLD 45 lakh/ MLD 1.2 lakh/ MLD 5.5 to 6 lakh/ MLD 10000 (cost of baffled
7500 to 10000 / year 0.4-2.5
1 to 8KWh 1/8 of / day conventional 2.5-10 400-1000 sqm/MLD 1 sqm for 25 cum 1500 Sqm/ MLD 40% < ASPP (ASP)
30
30
10-50
15-60
2500/ Year 2
0.9 to 1.5 KWh/cum 25KW/ 500KL STP 0.5 to 1 KWh/cum 310KWh/ day Nil
20
10
150
10
2000/ Year 15 to 20000/ year Nil
15
30
5-15
10-30
2 (Two) (for baffled reactor)
15-30
30
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM tank) + 800 (cost of BS) Effective Microorganism s (EM) Additive 6700 (include s const. of baffled reactor) 12/cu m (cost of EM solution) Nil 3 (Three) (for baffled tank) 15 30
O & M of STP on PPP mode: An estimation for maintenance of STPs in Ramgundam carried out recently by RMC officials for outsourcing STP O&M through PPP as follows:
Table 66: Cost estimations for O&M of STP on PPP
Sl. No 1 2 3 4 5 6
Name of the Work Maintenance of STP including motors and pipe lines at Malkapur Maintenance of STP including motors and pipe lines at Ramagundam Providing of internal Street lights along the bunds of STP at Malkapur Providing of internal Street lights along the bunds of STP at Ramagundam Providing internal WBM roads at STP Malkapur Providing internal WBM roads at STP Ramagudam Total
Amount(Rs. in Lakhs) 60.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 30.00 10.00 130.00
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM D. GREY WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM Based upon different uses, the building types are classified into 5 categories and further based upon their quantity of grey water generation and site areas, they can further be classified into 6 sub-categories. The parameters for selection of appropriate grey water treatment options for each of these categories is outlined below.
Table 67: Parameters for Selection for Grey Water Treatment Options GW Quantity (KL) Upto 500sq m 0 4 4 12 12 40 40 80 80 160 160 400 > 400 5001000sqm 10002500sqm Site Area / Appropriate Treatment Option 0.5-2.5acre 2.5-5acre >5acre
Residential Buildings D(C)/SFS/R BS D(C)/SFS/R BS D(C)/SFS/R BS D(C)/SFS/R BS EC/D(C)/D( UV) EC/D(C)/D( UV) EC/D(C)/D( UV) RBS/EC/D(C ) EC/D(C)/D( UV) RBS/EC/D(C ) RBS/EC/D(C ) EC/D(C)/D( UV) EC/D(C)/D( UV) SFS/RBS/D( C) RBS/EC/D(C ) D(C)/SFS/R BS D(C)/SFS/R BS D(C)/SFS/R BS D(C)/SFS/R BS EC/D(C)/D( UV) EC/D(C)/D( UV) EC/D(C)/D( UV) RBS/EC/D(C ) EC/D(C)/D( UV) RBS/EC/D(C ) RBS/EC/D(C ) EC/D(C)/D( UV) EC/D(C)/D( UV) SFS/RBS/D( C) RBS/EC/D(C ) GDS/RBS/D( C) SFS/RBS/D(C ) RBS/EC/ D(C) RBS/EC/D(C) EC/D(C)/D(U V) EC/D(C)/D(U V) EC/D(C)/D(U V) RBS/EC/D(C) RBS/EC/D(U V) EC/D(C)/D(U V) RBS/EC/D(U V) RBS/EC/D(U V) RBS/D(UV)/ ATS RBS/ABS/D( C) RBS/EC/D(U V) PDS/RBS/D(C ) SFS/RBS/D(C ) RBS/EC/D(C) RBS/EC/D(C) EC/D(C)/D(U V) EC/D(C)/D(U V) EC/D(C)/D(U V) RBS/EC/D(C) RBS/EC/D(U V) EC/D(C)/D(U V) RBS/EC/D(U V) RBS/EC/D(U V) RBS/D(UV)/A TS RBS/ABS/D(C ) RBS/EC/D(U V) PDS/RBS/D(C ) RBS/ABS/D(C ) RBS/EC/D(C) RBS/ABS/D(C ) ABS/D(C)/D( UV) ABS/D(C)/D( UV) ABS/D(C)/D( UV) ABS/EC/D(UV ) ABS/D(UV)/D (O) RBS/ABS/D(U V) RBS/ABS/D(U V) EC/D(UV)/AT S ABS/D(UV)/A TS RBS/ABS/D(U V) EC/D(UV)/AT S PDS/RBS/D(C ) RBS/ABS/D(C ) RBS/ABS/D(C ) RBS/ABS/D(C ) ABS/D(C)/ D(UV) ABS/D(C)/D( UV) ABS/D(C)/D( UV) ABS/EC/D(UV ) ABS/D(UV)/D (O) RBS/ABS/D(U V) RBS/ABS/D(U V) ABS/D(O)/AT S ABS/D(O)/AT S RBS/ABS/D(U V) ABS/D(UV)/A TS
Commercial / Mixed landuse Buildings 0 8 >8
Institutional / Corporate Campuses 0 20 20 30 30 40 > 40
Govt. Institutional Campuses 0 20 > 20
Other Public Buildings ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD 141 | P a g e

0 12 > 12 SFS/EC/D(C ) RBS/EC/D(C ) SFS/EC/D(C ) RBS/EC/D(C ) RBS/EC/D(C) RBS/EC/D(U V) RBS/EC/D(C) RBS/EC/D(U V) RBS/EC/D(UV ) EC/D(UV)/AT S RBS/EC/D(UV ) EC/D(UV)/AT S
NOTE: GDS Gravity Diversion System, PDS Pump Diversion System, SFS Sand Filter System, RBS Reed Bed System, ABS Aerobic Biological System, EC Electro Coagulation, D(C) Disinfection (Chlorine), D(UV) Disinfection (Ultra Violet), D(O) Disinfection (Ozone), ATS Advanced Treatment Systems REUSE POTENTIAL OF TREATED GREY WATER A number of key issues of concern need to be taken into consideration when contemplating the reuse of grey water. The system should be as simple and easy to use and maintain as possible, while minimizing risk to human health. If storage is required, the grey water must be treated to remove biodegradable contaminants; otherwise the grey water will quickly become septic and may generate noxious odours and create other aesthetic and operational problems. However, even if treatment is not required in an immediate use application, it is necessary to minimize the potential for animals and humans to come in direct contact with the grey water. If used for irrigation, the system should also minimize the risks to plants as a result of chemicals, soaps, detergents and other contaminants, which could adversely affect plant health. The details regarding the reuse potential for grey water using different treatment options is outlined below. Based on the requirement of water for different reuse applications arrived using the Water calculator, suit-able treatment system must be installed so that not more than 20% of treated grey water is disposed outside the site limits. E. REUSE OF RECYCLED WATER Decentralized wastewater systems collect, treat, and reuse or dispose of wastewater at or near its point of generation. It includes systems that treat wastewater from individual homes or buildings as well as cluster systems that treat wastewater from groups of two or more houses. Unlike centralized urban wastewater treatment systems, decentralized systems treat wastewater close to the source, typically using small pipes for collecting small volumes of domestic wastewater. They are most cost-effective option especially in peri urban and hilly terrain existing in Ramagundam. Following guidelines need to be followed for application of sewage water.
Table 68: Degree of Treatment Needed for Land Application
Treatment Primary
Device Type Septic tank Grey water Tank Waterless composting toilet Combustion toilet
Land Application System Soil absorption systems Burial (for compost)
Secondary
AWTS Subsurface Irrigation Grey water treatment Septic tank and re circulating sand filter AWTS Subsurface irrigation Grey water treatment Surface Irrigation (non Septic tank and re circulating sand aerosal)
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Tertiary (disinfection)
CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM filter Grey water (Excluding wastes) tertiary Grey water treatment Kitchen Subsurface irrigation Surface Irrigation (non aerosol) Toilet flushing
Options for safe disposal of treated wastewater Treated wastewater, if handled properly, can be of high value as it contains several nutrients and is a vital source of fertiliser. The different sustainable ways of disposing the treated wastewater are discussed below. Application on land for ground water recharge - Recharge of groundwater is one of the way of reusing wastewater particularly since the groundwater table tends to lower almost all parts of Rangundam. Application on land for irrigation - Treated domestic wastewater is ideal for irrigating community parks, flower beds in gardens and other farm lands/agricultural areas. For an irrigation rate of 2m per year (20,000 cum/ha) which is commonly required for semi-arid areas, even well-treated wastewater with concentrations as 15 mg/l of total nitrogen and 3 mg/l total phosphorous provides 300 kg N and 60 kg/hectare via irrigation without additional cost; at the same time the same amount of groundwater is saved. Discharge into lakes/ponds/water bodies - Wastewater is full of nutrients, which can directly be used by algae, water plants and lower animals, which then could become fish feed. Ramgundam has many mining ditches and can be used f or waste water discharge. PSUs can be regulated to do so. Use of treated waste water for construction activities - Water if treated upto the required standards can effectively be used for construction purposes. F. DEWATS : SEWAGE TREATMENT EQUIVALENT) (300 PERSON EQUIVALENT OR 60-65 HHS
The sewage treatment unit consists of anaerobic up flow reactor as a primary treatment and Root Zone Treatment (RTZ) System as secondary treatment system. A maturation pond is also in place for tertiary treatment. The treated wastewater is finally supplied to the houses for inferior domestic uses like toilet flushing and garden irrigation. Description of Wastewater treatment units The wastewater treatment system consists of Up-flow Anaerobic Reactor as primary treatment unit. This system was designed & implemented for 300 person equivalent. The cross section of this reactor is trapezoidal section in the bottom and rectangular in the top. The waste water from final receiving chamber is allowed to enter in this reactor at the bottom through a pipe and water rises up at a very low velocity. The treated waste water is collected through gutter along longitudinal walls and enters the secondary treatment system. Primary Treatment Unit
CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Type of Primary treatment: Up flow anaerobic reactor. Design capacity: 300 Persons. Type of Structure: Reinforced Cement Concrete Size of unit: 10m x 3m x 4m Design Load Characteristics Hydraulic load : 1600 lts/m2/day Organic load: 0.512 Kg/m2/day
Actual Load Characteristics Hydraulic load: 160 lts/m2/day (As per Standards) Hydraulic load: 177 lts/m2/day (As per Actual measurement before commissioning of recycling system) Hydraulic load: 81 lts/m2/day (As per Actual measurement after commissioning of recycling system) Organic Load (Maximum): 0.037 Kg/m2/day (As per Actual measurement before commissioning of recycling system) Organic Load (Maximum): 0.011 Kg/m2/day (As per Actual measurement after commissioning of recycling system) 1. Volume: 114 m3 2. Cross sectional area: 12m2 3. Longitudinal Sectional area at the centre: 40m2 Secondary Treatment Unit The wastewater treatment systems consists of Horizontal root zone system as secondary treatment which receives partly treated wastewater from primary treatment unit. Horizontal Root Zone Treatment Unit The secondary treatment units are implemented in Phase level hence the first level is designed for 50 persons. In the root zone treatment, wastewater passes through filter bed by uniform horizontal flow. Root zone treatment are sealed filter beds consisting of sand, gravel and soil system, occasionally with a cohesive element, planted with vegetation which can grow in wetlands. The wastewater passes through the filter bed where biodegradation of the wastewater takes place. Root Zone Treatment system Type of treatment system: Horizontal Root Zone treatment. Type of Structure: Reinforced Concrete floor with Brick walls. Size of Unit: 10m X 5m X 1.2m
Design Load Characteristics 1. Hydraulic load: 160 lts/m2/day 2. Organic load: 0.024 Kg/m2/day Actual Load Characteristics
CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Hydraulic load: 106 lts /m2/day (As per Actual measurement before commissioning of recycling system) Hydraulic load: 49 lts /m2/day (As per Actual measurement after commissioning of recycling system) Organic load: 0.0030 kg /m2/day (As per Actual measurement before commissioning of recycling system) Organic load: 0.0021 kg /m2/day (As per Actual measurement after commissioning of recycling system)
Type of plant species: Arundodonax Plan area of filter bed: 50m2 Tertiary Treatment Unit Maturation Pond: In this treatment unit, Maturation pond act as tertiary treatment, effluent from Root zone treatment unit enters in the Maturation pond. The important function of maturation pond is the removal of excreted pathogens to achieve an effluent quality which is suitable for its downstream reuse. Design of Maturation Pond Type of Structure: Reinforced Concrete floor with Brick walls Size of Unit: 5.75m X 5mX 1m Cross sectional area: 5m2 Longitude Sectional area: 5.75m2 Plan area: 28.75 m2 Capacity of unit: 28.75 m3 Hydraulic Retention time: 4.5 days (as per actual daily sewage inflow)
Table 69: Cost of Construction of the Wastewater Treatment system
Sl. No 1.
Description
Total Cost Rs
in For Person Equivalent 300
Cost/ Person 916.00
Primary treatment unit (Upflow 2,75,000.00 Anaerobic Reactor) Secondary treatment unit (Root 1,00,000.00 Zone Treatment) Tertiary treatment (Maturation Pond) TOTAL COST unit 25,000.00 Rs 4,00,000.00
2. 3.
50 50
2000.00 500.00 3416.00
Hence total cost required for the construction of wastewater treatment system is Rs 4000.00 per person.
Table 70: Cost of Operation and Maintenance
Sl. No 1
Description of work Monitoring Wastewater Analysis cost
Amount (Rs) 26,500.00

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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM 2. Maintenance Operation and maintenance commissioning till date) Onsite Laboratory Cost of Equipment and chemicals Total (two years) O&M cost year 12,000.00 68, 500.00 Rs 35000 30,000.00 (Since
3. 4 5 6
Table 71 Land Requirement
Sl No 1. 2. 3.
Description
Total Area Person (Sq. mt) Equivalent 300
Area / Person (Sq.mt) 0.11
Primary treatment unit ((Up-flow 34 Anaerobic Reactor) Secondary treatment unit (Root 62 Zone treatment) Tertiary treatment (Maturation Pond) TOTAL unit 33 129
50 50 300
1.24 0.7 2.4
Area requirement per person for the treatment of wastewater is nearly 2.4m2/person G. COST & IMPACT MATRIX The following matrix represents the cost & impacts scenario for OD free status and achieving environmental sanitation.
VERY HIGH Last mile connectivity to UGD with clear technical guidelines. Public Toilets in PPP. MEDIUM HIGH Intensive IEC programme to prevent OD, behavior change, disuse of toilets. Pro poor policy on Septage clearance and connections to UGD. Delinking tenure ship Community toilets (bearing capital costs and transferring to community for O&M) Capacity building by exposure visits, technical training and workshops Building authentic MIS and updation Ensuring right technology for STP with low OM costs, skill need. School Sanitation
Framing Rules ,specifications and effective monitoring
Enhancing DtD collection and transportation Incentives and Punitive measures
IMPACT
Institutional responsibility assigned. LOW
clearly
LOW COSTS
MEDIUM
HIGH
VERY HIGH
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A summary of the current position of the solid waste management has been dealt in previous chapters. Field surveys and discussions with stakeholders also identified key issues and problems in Ramagundam. Performance indicators in municipal solid waste explain poor state of the situation. There need to be considerable focus required to address Integrated Solid Waste management complying to MSW 2000 rules. A systematic action plan for maintaining solid waste management while achieving each recommendation as outlined below: Table 72: ISWM Action Plan Recommendation 1 Achieving benchmark cleanliness (following SLB indicators and parameter in Sanitation rankings in phases ) Strategy to be adopted Establish work norms (per worker) for roads (both congested and wide), open spaces. Regularise sanitary worker attendance by biometric system. Encourage successes of visible clean areas. Involve Corporators and a few other who will support such efforts in their Wards. Maximum recycling and maximum local composting of bio-degradable waste. Provide separate collection mechanism for Bulk Waste Producers, Construction waste / Debris, Garden/ Green Waste. Overall training and capacity building of MSW personnel in order to achieve segregation of solid waste at source. Good communication and awareness programme. Actions Promote clean wards/slums/Colony etc. by well-planned door to door collection. Increased involvement of NGOs/Private operators etc. Good working conditions and recognition mechanisms for workforce. Promote source segregation by keeping wet & dry wastes separately, doorstep collection of wet waste for bulk waste producers with extra rates, to compost all bio degradable and recycle dry wastes. Associate with trade & industry associations for better marketing to segregate recyclable material Give priority to the source segregation of recyclable waste by shops and establishments and later concentrate on segregation at the 3household level. Reduce expenditure on collection per household by imposing user charges 147 | P a g e Possible Constraints Increasing efficiency and productivity of existing staff. Possible protest from employees.
6.3.3. IMPROVEMENT OF INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Source segregation of waste into specified types
Targeting behavior change of households. Increased public health and hygiene levels
Minimizing ,primary collection, transport and
Encourage PPP and out sourcing.

handling costs per ton @ Rs. one per day), encourage source segregation and reduce waste reduction to at least 15%.Planning and optimizing vehicle routing with robust MIS and waste generation data base. Introduction of GPS and monitoring of MSW vehicles in a centralized locality. Regular reporting and data updating. Appropriate division of roles responsibilities. and Developing information base on : Daily/weekly/monthly reports at town/ward/zone level. Spatial and seasonal waste generation quantities and nature (Ward-wise waste), collection points linking to GIS, asset inventory, category wise waste generation, number of workers in each ward for collection, transportation and disposal. Recording weigh-bridge on-site Number of staff and expected clearance frequencies. Display boards with details of MSW in specific area including Contractors phone number on the dustbins to be cleared by them and specify how residents can handover waste to municipal body. Charges for business or trade, eatinghouses or hostels, health-care facilities, shops, offices, street-food, fairs and exhibitions and ceremonies. Avoid NIMBY by sanitizing all wastes near point of collection until composting commence. Funds and leadership
Management Information Systems
Levy user charges
Polluter pays principle and a policy on SWM user charges. Simple procedures and strict enforcement of regulations. Share MSW information with the Public.
Lack of political will.
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6 Advanced locality Management (ALM) Strong citizens group to work closely with ULB to develop strategy and improve ISWM as well as other civic amenities in their local area. Organize citizen meeting in neighborhood and explain concept of ALM through public meetings. Select ALM committee from all representative building, lanes etc. Enhancing the strength of ULBs and ability of engaged contractors to perform. Take up pilot in in newly developed areas, under-served areas and particularly in the areas where local bodies have not been providing service through their own labor force. PPP can be considered in: D2D collection of household waste, commercial waste, hospital waste, hotel waste, construction waste and market waste. Setting-up, operation and maintenance of waste disposal facility, operation and maintenance of waste treatment or processing plants. Supplying refuse collection vehicles on lease, repairs and maintenance of vehicles at a private garage, transportation of waste on contractual basis, etc. Setup expert committee. Lack of information Inadequate capacities to private operator credible internal monitor
Promoting Public Private Participation (PPP)
Performance improvement contracting system.
criteria
based
Selection of technologies.
treatment
Developing environmentally sustainable models especially in disposal e.g. scientific landfills (SLFs).
Coordination and capacities issues.
Internal
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6.4. ENABLING
6.4.1. AWARENESS
PARTICIPATION.
AND
RAISING, HYGIENE
SUSTAINING
PROMOTION AND
STRATEGIES
COMMUNITY
The first step in making cities 100% sanitized is to elevate the consciousness about sanitation in the mind of municipal agencies, government agencies and most importantly, amongst the people of the city. The policy also aims to transform cities into totally sanitized, healthy and livable cities and towns. This will only be achieved by: Generating awareness amongst households and institutions about sanitation and its linkages with public and environmental health; Promoting mechanisms to bring about and sustain behavioral changes aimed at adoption of healthy sanitation practices;
There needs to be considerable engagement with households and communities on changing mindsets, and understanding incentives to change behavior and practices. A communication strategy has been drafted to create support for and facilitate effective implementation of city-wide, demand-based sanitation programs; and for generating awareness amongst urban households on sanitation and its linkages with health, economic productivity and the environment along with facilitating behavior change towards adoption of safe sanitation practices among households. One reason for the low support to sanitation is that opinion leaders, policy makers and managers do not see the links between sanitation, public health and economics. The first step in making cities 100% sanitized is to elevate the consciousness about sanitation in the mind of municipal agencies, government agencies and most importantly, amongst the people of the city. ULBs are in the frontline of implementation and have a key role in ensuring sanitation and should focus on demand responsive approach. To meet this challenge a systematic Communication Need Assessment (CNA) for different Target Groups has been taken up as part of CSP and objective of well driven IEC is demand-driven with social marketing approaches to increase demand for toilets and ensure hygiene behaviors, promote no subsidies for household toilets in future and encourage diversity in technology and design. ULBs are in the frontline of implementation and have a key role in ensuring sanitation and should focus on demand responsive approach. State government should ensure support to ULBs in providing enabling environment in all respects and provide communication and awareness strategy. The following table details out IEC and advocacy plan in achieving desired goals of environmental sanitation:
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Table 73: IEC and Advocacy Plan for Environmental Sanitation
Target Audience Councillors, Engineers Commissioner,
Messages/Themes What are current habits and how the toilets should be designed for social acceptance. Promoting two pit latrines in slums How to ensure compliance from people Rewards/Punishments Better implementation of sanitation projects Safe handling of garbage by Sanitation workers Safe deposition of garbage by Contractors Consultations on preventing open defecation Toilet size Toilet options two pit, septic tank Safe disposal of Human Excreta Contamination due to Fecal Matter Health and hygiene Diarrhea, GE, Malaria, Scabies Consultation on problems with current toilets Consultation of water supply situation Consultation on Environmental sanitation Consultation on expectations form Municipality Safe disposal of Human Excreta Contamination due to Fecal Matter Toilet size Toilet options two pit, septic tank Health and hygiene Diarrhea, GE, Malaria, Scabies Consultation on problems with current toilets
Channels of Communication Council meeting, CSP workshops, News paper Advt calling for meeting Press Conference-sharing the goals and plan of action for CSP with press persons
Councillors, office bearers of Sanghabandams and Slum Level Federations representing slums in inner Town
SLF Meeting Door to door campaign New paper Advt calling for meeting Press Conference
Councillors, office bearers of Sanghabandams and Slum Level Federations in Old Town
SLF Meeting Door to door campaign Newspaper Advt calling for meeting Press Conference
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Councillors, office bearers of Sanghabandams and Slum Level Federations representing slums in Town Outskirts Water and Sanitation Workers Contractors Consultation on Environmental sanitation Consultation of water crisis Consultation on expectations form Municipality Health Risks due to open defecation Toilet size Toilet options two pit, septic tank Contamination due to Fecal Matter Safe disposal of Human Excreta Health and hygiene Diarrhea, GE, Malaria, Scabies Consultation on problems with current toilets Consultation of water scarcity Consultation on Environmental sanitation Consultation on expectations form Municipality Consultation on problems with current toilets Consultation on septic tank cleaning Consultation on Environmental sanitation Consultation of water supply situation Consultation of willingness to pay for tricycles etc Consultation on expectations form Municipality Display numbers of responsible officials like Sanitation Inspectors prominently in their Zones Restart Call Center Facility, establish grievance redressal mechanism. Appreciation of what people desire SLF Meeting Door to door campaign Newspaper Advertisement calling for meeting Press Conference
Office bearers of Residents Welfare Association middleclass localities
Meetings, Door to door campaigning Newspaper Advertisement calling for meeting Press Conference
Water and sanitation officials
Print pamphlets given with newspapers, news paper advertisements, painting on Elevated/underground reservoirs Print the phone numbers of responsible officials on the tractors
Importance of safe handling of waste Do not dump Garbage on roads leading to dump yard Print the phone numbers of responsible
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Shopkeepers Do not burn garbage Segregate waste at the dump yard. Do not dump garbage in by lanes If you need to dispose hazardous waste call the municipality and ask for a tractor. Road Side Billboards Keep house and neighborhood Clean News Paper Ads Boil/Filter the Water before drinking Wash your hands before and after eating/drinking Town Cable Dont allow mosquitoes to breed in your neighborhood Immunize Children Dont share clothes of persons infected with skin diseases officials on the tractors
Town Wide
Sanitation, despite being a basic human need and a critical need for improved quality of life, has not got the necessary attention in the past. Also, the different aspects of sanitation starting from collection of human feces to the safe disposal (the whole process cycle) have seen different stakeholders.
Table 74: Methods and implementation of awareness activities
Stakeholder Group Households (urban poor / slum dwellers) that lack toilets / access to sanitation
Message Intent Motivate citizens to take action and adopt safe, hygienic sanitation practices
Example of Messages that could be used Clean households leads to healthy, strong and successful families Choose dignity for your wives and daughters! Having toilets at home adds to the comfort, security and privacy of the women. Improved sanitation facilities, (e.g. use individual or community toilets) will reduce health expenditure of your
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM family. Service providers includes Reinforce that: Sanitation also includes Officials of ULBs management of human excreta Officials from different arms of and liquid wastes in addition to the city administration, solid waste management. primarily from ULBs, PHED, OWSSB, etc. Proper waste management is not solely the responsibility of Officials of DHUD the state. Citizens have an equal Officials from different arms of and important role to play in the city administration, helping the state achieve the primarily from ULBs, PHED, states urban sanitation goals. OWSSB, etc. Helping provide basic needs like sanitation will strengthen your popularity with your constituents and could further improve political mandate Leverage investments in sanitation and public health and give the residents and their future generations a chance to a healthy and happy future.
Service providers includes
Proper management of household waste + proper confinement, disposal and treatment of human excreta = Clean Cities. Winning the Nirmal Shaher Puraskar isnt so difficult. Little effort will result in big gains (for ULB officials) Improve the quality of life of your constituents by influencing them to adopt good sanitation practices
Politicians
There are three important components to the communication strategy 1. Inter-personal communications: Using opinion leader 2. Engaging media and NGOs as partners in promoting sanitation consciousness 3. Adapting and developing multimedia IEC materials for sanitation campaigns Interpersonal means are known to be very effective in behavior change communications. These are tedious processes to carry out but offer better returns. It is important to understand the needs of the local community and select opinion leaders who could influence the community to further sanitation consciousness. These opinion leaders could be local NGOs, cooperators, school teachers or any other respected elder. A newspaper ad or a public service message on TV without ground level work through opinion leaders will fail to be sustainable in the long run.
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM For better targeting a need based IEC actions to be implemented categorized into following phases.
Table 75: showing Phase wise distribution of works
Phase 1 (1-2 months) Awareness Raising Phase Aimed at generating high awareness and a sense of alarm or concern about the OD, problem situation and UGD promotion. Consists of easy to grasp messages (e.g. disease incidences from contaminated water are rising). Technical guidance to proper UGD laying. Short advertisements in various media or communication channels. Organise interactive programmes for effective implementation of UGD. Organise walks by children, meeting/workshop with stakeholders eg. shopkeepers, RWA, NGOs, communities etc. Institutionalize regular discussion between various departments for increased co-ordination to further goals of CSP. Seeking feedback from Councillors to help effective implementation. Media options: o Local Cable TV ads (30 secs)
Phase 2 (3 months) Educational Phase: To deepen the knowledge and appreciation of the target audience. Information and educational approaches to stress properly designed septic tanks and periodic septic tank inspections and desludging every 2- 3 years.
Phase 3 ( Continuous) Continuing Education Action Promotion Phase Promotional phase with short campaigns at least once a year. Action to dominate. To trigger the actual adoption of the practices being marketed.
Organise interactive programmes for effective implementation of UGD. Organise walks by children, meeting/workshop with stakeholders eg. shopkeepers, RWA, NGOs, communities etc. Institutionalize regular discussion between various departments for increased co-ordination to further goals of CSP. Seeking feedback from Councillors to help effective implementation. Media options: o Local Cable TV ads (30 secs) o Local newspaper ads
Organise interactive programmes for effective implementation of UGD. Organise walks by children, meeting/workshop with stakeholders eg. shopkeepers, RWA, NGOs, communities etc. Institutionalize regular discussion between various departments for increased co-ordination to further goals of CSP. Seeking feedback from Councillors to help effective implementation. Media options: o Continuing Continuing radio, TV, print ads
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM o o o o o o o Local newspaper ads Billboards Tarpaulin posters mounted on mobile vans Leaflets for those attending meetings News releases in print, radio and TV Discussions on radio o o o o o o Billboards Tarpaulin posters mounted on mobile vans Leaflets for those attending meetings News releases in print, radio and TV Discussions on radio o o o o o o Continuing house to house visits short film showing in theatres Continuing billboards Continuing but less frequent assemblies, SLF meetings Continuing news releases on all platforms Continuing feature articles
o o
Media: TV, Radio, Door to door, billboards, leaflets.
Mass announcements
Budget: 3 3.5 lakhs / year
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6.4.2. FINANCING MECHANISMS

The allocations to RMC and yearly allocations are arrived based on state allocations and yearly state allocations arrived by state government duly following 2001 population census through per capita. The five plan perspective plan proposals and year wise plans are prepared as per the year wise allocations arrived for RMC are prepared. The abstract of Annual Development plans year wise are enclosed in annexure-II. Total Proposals for the 5 years are 134 no. of proposals with an estimated cost of Rs.36.36 Crores. The Annual Development Plan for 2010-11 is prepared with 13 no. of proposals with an estimated cost of Rs. 2.76 Crores. RMC is meeting its share of the expenditure of Rs. 876.05 lakhs from its surplus reserves. In fact the revenue and the expenditure in the Water Supply Sector is ring fenced and the Ramagundam Municipality has surplus revenue in the sector which can take care of cash flow of the ULB. For the effective implementation of the city sanitation plan, it is anticipated that funds will be sourced from following channels: The Central Grants (via ministry of Urban Development and Ministry of HUPA, GOI. Individual and institutional contributions. States own budget. Connection cost of UGD to be collected and deposited for O&M of STPs and should be managed by CSTF. Promote public-private partnership for key activities identified in the city sanitation plan. PPP in public and community toilets, CSR funds and mobilize private people in maintaining school toilets. Funding projects wherever possible from existing schemes such as JNNURM and UIDSSMT. Funding from Bilateral and multilateral agencies can also be explored. Providing assistance for the preparation of Detailed Project Report (DPR) as per city sanitation plan as soon as requests for funding are received;
BOX 19: PROPOSED SCHEME FOR MECHANICAL AID FOR CLEANING OF SEWERS AND SEPTIC TANKS (SMACSS) a. The National Advisory Council (NAC) has observed that the shameful practice of manual scavenging persists in India, despite being outlawed. The NAC has identified the need for a special focus to liberate our society from the norms on social exclusion and discrimination along with an action plan with full ownership of participation of the persons involved in manual scavenging. The Government of India has enacted the Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993. It serves as a primary instrument in the liberation of a broken people enslaved to a life of indignity enforced through ideologies of descent based work and caste. The Act defines a manual scavenger as a person engaged in or employed in manual carriage of human excreta. b. However, the existing definition of manual scavenging as per the Act, 1993 does not cover manual cleaning of septic tanks and sewers cleaning. It is essential that such cleaning operations be included in the definition of manual scavenging since there they involve similar issues of dignity as well as health related risks. Therefore, the definition of manual scavenging may be
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM modified as a person engaged or employed, whether by an individual or an urban local body or any other public or private agency, for manual cleaning, carrying or disposing untreated human excreta, including a latrine, a tank, in a drain or a sewer line. There are established technologies that convert human excreta in to manure in a scientific manner. Such decomposed material and its carriage may not be covered in the definition of scavenging. c. Accordingly, the MoUD intends to formulate a scheme for facilitating the state government and ULBs in ensuring cleaning of sewers and septic tanks/any latrines mechanically. The scheme will facilitate funding for the procurement of suction machines for cleaning of septic tanks and suction-cum-jetting machines for cleaning of sewers in all cities/towns in the Country. The scheme is envisaged on All Town basis. All 4252 cities and towns as per 1002 census will qualify for assistance under the proposed scheme. Co-operative Housing Foundation Sanitation Loan Programme in Honduras Noting the need and demand for sanitary mprovements, the Co-operative Housing Foundation (CHF), an international NGO, helped to establish a lending programme for various types of latrines and toilets, showers and laundry and wash areas. A sanitation loan fund was created to make small, short-term loans that are affordable to informal settlement residents around Tegucigalpa. Loans range in size from US$ 100-400 and are made through local nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) (i.e. nontraditional finance organisations). The loans are based on several important principles, which include matching the loan amount with the expected result and securing the loan through community-based mechanisms (for example by co-signing) rather than the traditional mortgage approach. The key elements of the Honduras model are: It is responsive to individual and community demand. It includes a sustainable revolving loan programme. It emphasises local NGO capacity enhancement. It seeks to stimulate the local economy. A range of technologies are offered. Health education is a condition (integral part) of the loan. Source: Hermanson, 1994 d. FINANCING PATTERN i. Funds would be provided to the SLNA through State Governments / UTs in the form of 100% grant for capital investment for the procurement of the equipment and machinery. No funds would be provided for operation and maintenance of sewerage and onsite sanitation systems including maintenance of these machines which shall be borne by the ULBs/State Govts. ii. The operation and maintenance of sewerage and onsite sanitation system (septic tanks, dry latrines etc) including running and maintenance of machinery shall be the responsibility of the ULB/Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) Agencies/Boards. If necessary, these activities may be outsourced by the ULBs/ WSS Agencies/Boards to private service providers/ entrepreneurs over a specified period as per the agreement to be executed between ULBs & private entrepreneurs. The O&M cost including desilting, cleaning of sewers & manholes, de-sludging of septic tanks and maintenance of vehicles would be borne by the ULBs.
CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM iii. The requirement of funds for the purchase of suction machines and suction-cumjetting machines for cleaning of sewers and septic tanks for all 5161 towns have been assessed as Rs. 4949 Crores. iv. Funding will be available for the procurement of new machines only. 4.21 CRITERIA FOR PRIORITIZATION OF TOWNS 4.22 Priority would be given to towns with the following characteristics. 1. State capitals irrespective of the population 2. Pilgrim centre/heritage towns 3. Culturally important towns 4. ULBs in which the practice of manual scavenging is pre-dominant 5. ULBs where there are no machines for sewer and septic tank cleaning operations. 4.23 MONITORING MECHANISM 4.23 Independent Evaluation and Monitoring Agencies should be appointed by the State Govt. at State level/city level in line with the monitoring mechanism envisaged under JNNURM. The Independent Evaluation and Monitoring Agencies will monitor the status Of the procurement of the machines, cleaning operations of the sewer and septic tanks and the status of the action taken on the eradication of manual scavenging by the ULBs and report to the to the Municipal Administration/State Govts which will forward the same to SLNAs. The SLNA will forward the status of the implementation of the scheme to the Ministry of Urban Development. 4.24 The concerned ULB/Head of Water Supply and Sanitation Agencies, who are responsible for O&M of sewerage and onsite sanitation facilities shall furnish an action plan each year to the Ministry of Urban Development through Directorate of Municipal Administration and SLNA regarding action taken/action to be taken for elimination of manual scavenging and the number of employees engaged in manual cleaning and mechanical cleaning of sewers and septic tanks in the next two years from the date of purchase of machines.
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6.4.3. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT AND RESPONSIBILITY

The ULBs are responsible for managing the cycle of sanitation and public health within their cities, in coordination with various departments. Already there are number of provisions to practice and implement in achieving sanitation goals and some additional recommendations are as follows: Using existing provisions in municipal and other acts to promote compliance; Amending municipal acts, framing of bye-laws and regulations (E.g. Building and construction bye-laws) to promote sanitation by public and private agencies, prohibit discharge of untreated sewage into open areas (Pollution control acts); Re-orienting policies to ensure that urban poor households obtain access to improved sanitation facilities; Ear-marking land for community and public sanitation facilities; Promoting partnerships with public, private and non-governmental agencies for improved service delivery, maintenance and management of sanitation facilities; The existing multilevel institutional arrangement should be reoriented with clear assignment of specific roles and responsibilities to the institutions. The setup of institutions need to be addressed at the state, district, and the ULB level. The details of the institutional setup at ULB level has been described as follows:
6.4.4. ROLE OF DIFFERENT INSTITUTIONS

URBAN LOCAL BODY LEVEL INSTITUTIONAL SET UP: 1. A multi-stakeholder City Sanitation Task Force (CTF) comprising representatives from multidisciplinary fields for overall guidance and oversee sanitation related activities has been constituted in Ramagundam and it is important to conduct meetings once in a month to implement and monitor planned activities. 2. In view of high level of Open defecation, Ward Level Sanitation Action Committees (WASCs) should be formed involving SHGs and Community organizer. They will also ensure continuous vigilance and surveillance and effective monitoring, it is suggested to form a ward level Committee in each ward and Municipal level committee (CSTF) to review and monitor the action taken to prevent and control the incidence of the disease. The ward level committee will be headed by the ward member, and the members of the committee are the habitation officers (convenor), concerned Asst. Engineer /Work Inspector, Sanitary Inspector /Health Assistant, NHC president, ANM. This committee shall meet once in a week and as frequently as possible during the epidemic period. 3. Within the ULB, there is a need to identify Sanitation Implementation Unit in-house from the existing staff for all practical implementation purposes. The unit shall be responsible for preparation and implementation of the city sanitation plan. Commissioner/ CMO H shall be the head of the unit and may appoint suitable officer as the in-charge officer. Commissioner/CMOH may also nominate other suitable officers as members of the unit.
CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM This unit should be supported by additional staff like Sanitary Inspector depending on the population of ULBs. This unit can monitor the progress every month, develop and update database on sanitation in ULB. The unit will pinpoint problem areas to address, prioritise projects for implementation, and monitor quality checks. They will identify actions and related spatial and non spatial interventions. For day to day implementations existing institutional mechanism at ULB level like Ward Committees, Ward Development Committees, Task Force needs to be strengthened with orientation trainings and capacity building training. 4. The Municipal level committee shall be headed by the Chairperson with the members being the Municipal Commissioner (Convenor), CMHO, ME, CDS President, Local NGO, DM&HO or his deputee. This committee shall meet once in every fifteen days and as frequently and as possible during the epidemic period The functions of the unit will be : To conduct a baseline survey on city sanitation and update regularly (once in two years) To prioritize projects for implementation, monitor quality checks identified under CSP and identify actions and related spatial and non spatial interventions. To develop city wide communication strategy and conduct city wide total sanitation campaign. To ensure intra departmental coordination of ULB for sanitation promotion To develop network with several government departments and other agencies for promoting healthy & environmentally sound sanitation. To manage all the process like procurement, contracting etc. for sanitation projects and be responsible for implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the programme. Develop local sanitation and hygiene regulations in consultation with stakeholders; establish standards and norms; inform citizens of their rights and duties under existing sanitation legislation/regulations; and set up mechanisms for monitoring and enforcing their implementation. Clarify Roles and improve agency coordination Streamlining policies so as to develop and adopt local septage ordinance, Institute regular desludging mechanism, PPP promotion and regulation, ULB introduce User charges, Update and amend regulation in building bye laws. Mobilize Govt support Capital but local groups to manage O &M. Build political support through exposure visits workshops. Engaging Civil society to end OD. For day to day implementations existing institutional mechanism at ULB level like Ward Committees, Ward Development Committees, Task Force needs to be strengthened with orientation trainings and capacity building training. Poverty wing of ULB should be responsible to design, implement, and monitor the sanitation promotion programmes, converging the source of funds and preparing the budget. ULB should also plan and budget for the operation and maintenance of sanitation systems. It is also responsible for assisting households to provide their own sanitation and to build their own toilet facilities. Specific responsibilities include
CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM To design integrated planning and communication strategy for City sanitation promotion. To provide access to sanitation to all urban population To make communities aware of the importance of sanitation in terms of health. To launch together with the communities, health and hygiene promotion programmes. To monitor the health of communities. Establish and improve septage management requirements and guidelines Providing technical support, guidance and training . To assist households to operate and maintain sanitation facilities To assist Ward Education Committee for the improvement of school infrastructure, including sanitation and for implementing School health promotion programmes to create safe and healthy school. To coordinate all the internal departments like PWD, Sanitation, Health and Education, and also involving the Community Based Organizations, Welfare Associations, youth clubs, market committees etc. for Total Sanitation Approach and Campaign in the ULB, and make the city open defecation free. To develop and design ward wise, & slum wise incentive schemes for reaching the ultimate goal of Nirmal Sahar. STATE URBAN SANITATION CELL (SUSC) APMDP needs to be strengthened for the purpose of functioning as a Sanitation Nodal Agency with a dedicated Sanitation Cell. The Cell will have a complete office set up with the following constitution, terms of reference. (To elaborate on Roles and responsibilities, on investment flows, Policy and standards setting, Asset Creation, Financing of Capital Investments, Planning and implementation, Operation and maintenance, Environmental Regulation, Monitoring and Evaluation, Land Use / Building regulations, Ongoing programs, Implementation, Execution, Legal Regulatory Responsibility, Capacity Building and IEC). Constitution of State Urban Sanitation Cell (SUSC): Creation of a strategic urban sanitation cell at APMDP, Govt. of AP, to be headed by a Director equivalent officer with a fixed tenure of five of mission period for better coordination and integrated development. SUSC is expected to provide overall direction and strategic support to ULBs and coordinate with sate level organizations in achieving the strategy objectives in a timebound manner. SUSC will support cities in preparing CSPs by giving overall direction, frame work etc with in the first year of mission period. It will have three strategic wings (Ref: fig no 12) with specific and designated expertise to offer and support in achieving the mission objectives. Each wing will have two expert staff in required field with the support from Sanitation Fund. SUSC will be central coordinating body and need to coordinate with State, Districts and ULBs. IEC wing should work closely with State Health Department, Education Department and design awareness programmes for convergence. Engineering wing and MIS wings should coordinate regularly with Town and Country Planning Department to ensure all convergence and effective planning.
CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Proposed Institutional Set up for Sanitation:
Figure 11: Proposed Institutional set-up for Sanitation
The responsibilities of the State Urban Sanitation Cell (SUSC) are: Monitor integrated planning for sanitation promotion. Guide the ULBs in conceptualizing, planning and implementing the sanitation programmes while preparing CSPs. Will initiate sector reforms so as to invite more investment from lateral and bilateral funding agencies in the sector. Channelize the financial and technical support to the ULBs and coordinate with other state departments and agencies engaged in sanitation promotion. Design & arrange capacity building programmes for ULB staffs and concerned other line Departments. Develop initiatives to promote and facilitate the process of community development. Work out standard designs and specifications including construction practices and O&M aspects and bring out a Sanitation Guidance Manual to facilitate the target groups in identifying and recommending appropriate technology options for on-site sanitation considering (1) affordability and acceptability by the end users, (2) soil, groundwater and climatic conditions of a location, (3) associated environmental, ecological and health aspects, and (4) availability of water and long term sustainability of the system. Monitor the sanitation arrangement and public health & hygiene To take up sector studies and strategy papers, to facilitate partnerships
6.4.5. PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS AND NGOs
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6.5. MONITORING AND EVALUATION

6.5.1. MONITORING AND REVIEW
Monitoring is imperative to verify whether objectives of sanitation plan have been achieved. Elements of this plan will be monitored and reported and will rely on the provision of a range of quantitative and qualitative information. Monitoring and evaluation of sanitation progamme is of higher relevance and importance as Urban development Ministry, Government of India ranks cities on sanitation and gives Nirmal Shahar Puraskar based on the cities performance. The City Sanitation Task Force should be made be responsible for monitoring and reviewing the implementation of the CSP. At ULB level, City Sanitation Task Force will monitor the programme in support of Standing Committees (Health, Sanitation, Public Works, and Water supply) based on Implementation Agency data, citizens groups feedback, and primary Field Visits. Periodic verification of following Impact and Monitoring indicators at ULB level are suggested. BOX 20:INDICATORS TO MEASURE 100% SANITATION MILESTONES ACHIEVEMENT To measure 100% Sanitation Milestone achievements, a number of tools apart from 19 indicators of City Sanitation Ranking can be considered: Impact Indicators Reduction in incidence of diseases, e.g. - percentage children less than 36 months age with diarrhea in last two weeks Quantity of water used per capita per day % of child caregivers, food prepares with appropriate hand-washing behavior. Use of safe methods for disposal of infant excreta Knowledge of danger of unsafe excreta disposal and hand washing practice Demand for new toilets within towns and from neighboring communities % of toilets upgraded with own funds by households after monsoon/filling up of pit Monitoring indicators % of households with access to sanitary latrines: public and personal separately % constructed water supply facilities maintained by the communities served % households using safe drinking water regularly (public and personal separately) Use of toilets by household members (esp. men, aged, disabled, children under 5) Range of available affordable options for toilets. Use of Recycled Waste Water in Agriculture/ Horticulture as % and absolute quantity.
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM In case of sewage effluent, following standards need to be met and a mechanism to monitor internally by CSTF by way of protocol adoption.
Table 76: Comparison of Standards (issued by CPCB) with effluent values
Standard for discharge into inland surface water. BOD (mg/l) COD (mg/l) 30 250
Standard reuse effluent irrigation 100 NA
for SIBF of (effluent) for
MSF effluent
DEWATS Effluent
6 20
197 688
17 50
The review period of the proposed action plan for CSP is five years from the formal adoption date. Progress monitoring and reporting will be conducted by the council monthly, by the taskforce quarterly and by the state Government bi-annually. As a result of the review, some revisions to the targets may be required in order to: a) Update or remove those targets that have proven to be unclear, unable to be adequately measured, unworkable, or out of date in their allocation of responsibility for action. b) Reflect changes in the wider wastewater management/sanitation service provision landscape. c) Better reflect progress against the targets and, where necessary, set new targets. d) Better reflect the current state of knowledge of wastewater management/sanitation facilities. For all purposes of monitoring a good information base and regular updation is required hence a data improvement plan in line with SLB indicators is suggested as indicated below; b. Data Quality Improvement Plan Indicators as defined in Service Level Benchmarking needs to be closely monitored and for which robust data needs to be maintained and updated periodically and the information base has to be improved as detailed below: For computing Coverage of Toilets - an important indicator to monitor regularly and needs to be calculated based on actual number of properties and count of properties with or without toilet facilities, measured through a field survey. In the CSP coverage has been considered but data was not periodically updated on the basis of data regarding provision of toilet facilities and new properties being developed (from building plan approval department). Field surveys and cross checks throughout the city carried out at least once in five years. In case of slums, it can be assumed that the toilet facilities may not be present in slum areas. Rest of the population can be assumed to be covered by toilet facilities. This implies that the population covered by toilets is at least equal to the non-slum population in the city. For the nonslum population, the coverage needs to be computed. Population covered by toilets in slum areas can be calculated as follows:
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Population covered by toilets in slum areas = (Number of public toilets in slum areas) x 5 x ( average household size in a slum) x (Total number of slum households). The norm is one public toilet for five households. Coverage of Sewage Network Services: Calculation based on actual number of properties and count of properties with direct connection, measured through a field survey. This data should be periodically updated on basis of new Sewage connections taken (from sewage section/department), and new properties being developed (from building plan approval department). Field surveys throughout the city carried out at least once in five years. For good reliability, number of the Sewage connections need to be correlated with the number of water connections and the population covered by it. Collection Efficiency of Sewage Network: Water consumption is based on "A" category measurement systems for measuring NRW. Estimates are available for water consumed from other sources. Measurement of wastewater collection at all inlets of Sewage treatment plants by flow meters. Process control automation provides accurate data, for both water production and distribution and for Sewage intake and treatment. About 80% of water produced is assumed to be volume of sewage that the city will generate. This number needs to be compared with the volume of sewage available for treatment at the input of all the sewage treatment plants. Water consumption is based on "A" category measurement systems for NRW. Reliable estimates are available for quantity of water consumed from non-municipal sources. Water treatment plant system capacity assessed through rigorous testing and commissioning procedures (after which there have been no modifications to the plant). In case any modifications to the treatment plant have been carried out, system capacity is reassessed through measuring peak throughput. The design capacity of the treatment plant should be taken as the operative treatment capacity. If data is not available, the utility needs to monitor the quality of sewage treated from all treatment plants for a period of one month for the purpose of the benchmarking exercise. Sampling regimen well documented and practiced completely. Own laboratory equipment (or) easy and regular access to accredited testing centres. Periodic independent audit of wastewater quality. All parameters are assessed. Based on data from flow meters at treatment plant inlets and outlets (i.e. points of supply of recycled water). Data should be measured daily, and aggregated for monthly totals. In the absence of flow meters, the number of hours that the pump is operating daily needs to be recorded. This data when multiplied with rated capacity of the pump can provide an estimate of the daily water production levels. The rated capacity of the pump needs to be corroborated by using the pump efficiency curve so as to avoid over-estimation of the volume of sewage treated. In case of multi-function agencies like municipal corporations, the budget heads related to wastewater are clearly separated. Cost allocation standards for common costs are in place. Accrual based double entry accounting system is practiced.
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Accounting standards comparable to commercial accounting standards with clear guidelines for recognition of income and expenditure. Accounting and budgeting manuals are in place and are adhered to. Financial statements have full disclosure and are audited regularly and in a timely manner. For utilities which follow a single entry cash-based accounting system, it is important that all expenditure items are truly reflected in the expenditure statement for water supply services. Expenditure items like power costs are fully accounted for in the year for which the cost recovery ratio is being computed. Multiple mechanisms by which consumers can register their complaints such as by telephone, in person or by writing or by email. Complaints segregated into different categories. Complaints are collated through computer network or other systems, and tracked on a daily basis. The status of redressal of complaints is maintained. Consumer's endorse complaint being addressed on the municipal proforma. Often it has been observed that utilities maintain this data at the ward / zonal level. Since this data is not compiled at the central level, data is not provided. As a first step towards providing this data, the utility must compile this data from different zones /wards in the city. In the event this being not possible, the utility over a period of one month should maintain this data and provide it for the benchmarking exercise. Utilities should readily be able to provide this data at an aggregate level. For ward level collection levels, the data may be needed to be compiled. Collection records maintained for each billing cycle. Collections are clearly identified against the specific bill which has been issued. Overall accrual principles of accounting are followed, and therefore deposits and advances are not included in income and expenditure respectively. Accounting code structure also enables monitoring of billing and collections for each ward within the ULB. Technical & Financial Specification for Treatment Options For all the earlier discussed treatment options the details like the capital cost for installation, O&M costs, energy required for its operation, space required for its installation, treatment efficiency are presented below. This information will enable the architects/ builders/ developers and other professionals to guide the building owners/ users in adopting the appropriate treatment option for their building. However, the decision on selecting the suitable treatment option has to be based on the total water requirement for different non-potable uses and thereby, based on the quantity of water for different reuse applications for different types on buildings, appropriate sys-tem must be installed.
6.5.2. LAUNCHING REWARD SCHEME:

Periodic rating of wards in respect of Sanitation, and recognition of best performers by instituting an Award. Open Defecation Free Totally free from open defecation; Sanitary collection of 100 percent human excreta and wastes
CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Proper removal and treatment of all wastewater Wastewater and Drainage safely managed a) All grey water collected and disposed off safely; b) All storm water is properly managed Solid Waste collected and disposed off fully and safely a) 100 percent of solid waste is collected regularly; b) Solid wastes are disposed off safely (including treatment and re-use)
6.5.3. INCENTIVES AND DISINCENTIVES BY MC/NPS

The incentives within the City Sanitation Plans could provide infrastructure funding to those communities that successfully meet reward scheme or by way of incentives that may include: The provision of collective in kind rewards to motivators that successfully support wards and neighborhoods meeting reward scheme. Publicly recognizing those wards and neighborhoods that achieve excreta free, litter free or foul water free status. Placing a signboard to this effect at the entrance to the neighborhood / ward. The disincentives the ULBs may consider within the CSP include: Exercising all provisions within the Municipal Act/ Water Act to levy fines, bills for costs incurred and instigate court proceedings for encroachments, releases of industrial waste or effluent, illegal slaughter houses, markets, burial grounds, and the provision of essential water/sewerage/drainage connections. The provision of fine for all individuals that dispose excreta, litter or foul water in an unhygienic manner in public spaces (Polluter pay principle). Sanctions against harmful actions and/or failure to act - for instance, a ban, supported by fines on the use of untreated sewage to irrigate crops/water bodies.
Project Components and Costs; Based on strategies and interventions identified, an indicative list of the sanitation components and their broad investment costs are presented below;
Table 77: Broad Investment costs
Potentia l Areas Househo ld Level Non slum areas
Proble m Open Defecati on
Immediat e attention 44175 persons (0.2199 lacs HH)
Proposa l Construc tion of Toilets
Sanitati on options Septic tank with soak pits
Requir ed units 8835
Per unit cost
Amoun t Capital: Rs. 618450 00 Rs. 750975 00

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Capital:Rs.7000 -Rs.8500/Operating:Rs.2 00/-to Rs.450/per emptying, depending on
CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM emptying frequency Operati ng cost: Rs. 176700 0 Rs. 397575 0
Pour flush Toilets with double leach pit
8835
Capital:Rs.2000/to Rs.3500/-which can increase where soils are not well suited to drainage. Operating:Rs.150/ -to Rs.300/-per annum where subsoil drainage is available Capital:may range from Rs. 600/-to Rs.3000/depending on the
Capital: Rs. 17670000 Rs. 30922500 Operating: Rs. 1325250 Rs. 2650500
Single Ventilated Improved Pit Latrine
8835
Capital:Rs. 530100 Rs. 26505000 Operating:Rs.
Financial Requirements
Table 78: Financial requirements
Name of the Solid Waste Town/ULB/ Management ward Long Term Medium term Short Term
Sanitation
Water supply
Drainage
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Table 79: Description of the Component
Undertaking a Comprehensive House Hold survey for Water Supply, Sewerage & Solid Waste Management Installation of Automatic meter reading system Development of a water quality monitoring protocol Installation of weigh bridges Network Modeling Water Quality testing and Monitoring protocol Installation of bulk flow meters Proposal for feasibility study for Introducing 24 X 7 in Pilot Zone Installation of Bulk Flow-meters Preparation of Drainage Master Plan Monitoring mechanism to be developed to document the hours of supply at zonal level Use of pressure gauges to monitor pressure levels at WTP, critical distribution points and consumer points when required Developing a data base to track the Recycle & Reuse component Developing a data base to track the NRW component, division wise to improve the value of this indicator. Periodic independent audit of waste water quality Protocol to be developed for recycled waste water quality monitoring. A comprehensive mapping of all categories of drains Participatory reporting for flooding incidence. Convergence with: - on-going housing schemes BSUP/ IHSDP/ VAMBAY/ IAY/ INDIRAMMA/ Rajiv Graha Kalpa, etc. - on-going ULB projects and programmes relating to environmental and social infrastructure - health department - education department, SSA - social-welfare department - urban poverty cell
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ANNEXURE
ANNEXURE1: TECHNOLOGY OPTION IN URBAN SANITATION

All sanitation technologies are either Wet or Dry. Wet technologies require water as the name indicates flush out the feces and they drain in to a leach pit, septic tank or sewer- common practice. Dry technology: Does not require water as the name indicates. This is our age old pit latrine, ventilated improved pits etc. This is our usually adopted in hilly area where the water table is pretty deep. To feel clean water is a must, so wet latrines are preferred by common man. On site and Off site systems On site: Retaining waste in a pit or tank. Off site: Removing waste to a distant place for treatment and disposal or disposal alone. Even in On site system periodical removal of sludge/septage is necessary The conventional offsite disposal system involves collection of the sewage through pipes and conveying to a sewage treatment plant, treatment and disposal. This is an expensive option, requires extensive land etc. So the communities were forced to think of alternative low cost onsite disposal methods of which the most widely used options are Septic tank and Twin pit pour flush latrines. SEPTIC TANK A septic tank is a combined sedimentation and digestion tank where sewage is held for one or two days. During the period, the suspended solids settle down to the bottom. This is accompanied by anaerobic digestion of settled solids (sludge) and liquid resulting in reduction in the volume of sludge, reduction in bio degradable organic matter and release of gases like Carbon dioxide, methane etc. The effluent although clarified to a large extent still contains appreciable amount of dissolved and suspended organic solids and pathogens. So the effluent is to be disposed in a very careful way. Because of this unsatisfactory condition of the effluent and also difficulty in providing proper effluent disposal system, septic tanks are limited to individual houses, institutions whose contributory population does not exceed so as to reduce the volume of effluent and thereby reduce the difficulty in treatment. The septic tanks are normally rectangular in shape and can either be a single tank or double tank. In case of double tank, the solid concentration is considerably lower and the first compartment is usually twice the size of the second. The liquid depth is 1-2 m and the length to breadth 2 to 1. Recommend sizes of septic tanks up to 2 users and for 300 users are given below.
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Table 80:Recommended sizes of septic tanks
No: users 5 10 15 20 50 100 150 200 300
Length in m 1.5 2 2 2.3 5.00 7.50 10.00 12.00 15.00
Breadth in m 0.75 0.90 0.90 1.10 2.00 2.65 3.00 3.30 4.00
Liquid depth in m cleaning interval of 2-3years 1.00-1.05 1.00-1.40 1.30-2.00 1.30-1.80 1.00-1.24 1.00-1.24 1.00-1.24 1.00-1.24 1.00-1.24
Notes: a) The capacities are recommended on the assumption that discharges from water closet alone are connected to septic tank. b) A provision of 300 mm should be provided as freeboard.1.00 m + 0.30 m, 1.05 m + 0.30 m etc c) For population over 100 mm the tank may be divided into independent parallel chambers for easy maintenance and cleaning. The Functions 1. Septic tank receives black water and excreta from the toilets. 2. Heavier solids settle to the bottom of the septic tank where they are decomposed by anaerobic bacteria 3. The digested sludge is store at bottom 4. The lighter solids such as hair, soap and grease float to the surface forming scum. 5. The gases like carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen sulphide are produced during anaerobic decomposition and released to the atmosphere through vent. 6. To start with septic tank is filled with water for a depth of about 100 mm and seated with Cow dung or sludge from other septic tank 7. Septic tanks are to be cleaned once in 2 to 3 years to remove the accumulated digested sludge. Disposal of effluent from the septic tank: Land disposal methods such as soak pits and dispersion trenches: The land disposal methods largely upon porosity and percolation characteristics of the soil as the land disposal methods are designed percolation or seepage into the soil. This also depends on the depth of water table. Soak pits or dispersion trenches shall be constructed in soils where the percolation rate is between 12 to 25 minutes per cm [Time taken for percolation of 1 cm depth of water between 12 to 25 minutes] and the depth of water table is 2.00 m or more from ground level. [The depth we get water when the ground is dug] . If the water table is high, the dispersion trenches shall be partially or fully above ground level or in a mound. Dispersion trenches should be 20.00m away from any source of drinking water and also it should be at least 7.00m away from any house. For soils which have percolation rate more than 25cm other methods shall be adopted for disposal of effluents.
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Soak pits: The soak pits may be of any regular shape and filled with rubble or brick bats. Soak pits need be prepared only when the water table is sufficiently below or when a porous layer underlies an in previous layer at top. Minimum dimension of the soak pit shall be 1.00m and the depth below the invert level or inlet pipe surrounding land to avoid flooding. SOAK PIT OR SEEPAGE PIT All seepage pits shall have a diameter of 1.00m. All seepage pits shall be designed as any of the following two types 1. Hollow and lined with acceptable material. 2. Filled with coarse stone or similar material that range from fines, sand, clay or organic material. Pits filled with coarse stone are prepared over hollow lined pits Lining of brick, stone, block or similar materials shall have a minimum thickness of 100 mm and shall be laid with overlapping, tight-butted joints Below the inlet level, mortar shall be used in the horizontal joints only. Above the inlet, all joints shall be filled fully with mortar. For hollow- lined pits, the inlet pipe should extend horizontally at least 300 mm into the pit with a tee to divert flow downward and prevent washing and eroding the side wall A minimum annular space of 150 mm between the lining and excavation wall shall be filled with crushed rock or gravel varying in diameter from 20 mm to 65 mm and free from fines, sand, clay, or organic material. The maximum fines in the gravel shall be 2 percent by weight passing through a Standard 10mesh (2.0 millimeter) sieve. Clean coarse gravel or rock at least 150 mm deep shall be placed in the bottom of each pit. A structurally sound and otherwise suitable top shall be provided that will prevent entrance of surface water, dirt or other foreign material, and be capable of supporting the overburden of earth and any reasonable load to which it is subjected Access to each hollow lined pit shall be provided by means of a manhole, not less than 450 mm in minimum horizontal dimension, or by means of an easily removable cover. The top of the pit shall be covered with a minimum of 150 mm of backfill. In pits filled with coarse stone, the perforated distribution pipe shall run across each pit. A layer of crushed rock or gravel shall be used for leveling the distribution pipe. DISPERSION TRENCHES Narrow and shallow trenches about 0.5m to 1.00m deep and 0.3m to 1.00m wide excavated to a slight slope. Open jointed stone ware or concrete pipes 80 to 100 mm diameter are laid in the trenches over a bed of 15 to 25 cm of washed gravel or crushed stone. The top of pipes shall be covered by coarse gravel and crushed stone to a minimum depth of 15 cm. The balance portion may be filled with earth and finished in the form of a mound above the ground to avoid flooding of trenches during rain. Width of trench:300 to 600 mm wide Depth :500to 600 mm Dispersion pipe: 100 mm diameter open jointed S.W. pipes/ 75mm to 90mm OD perforated PVC pipes Maximum length of each trench: 30 m Spacing of the trench : 1.8 m Slope of the pipe :1 in 400
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Media: 20 to 65 mm size broken stones for a thickness of 150 mm below the pipe. Separation distance of trees and rooted plants; Trees and other large rooted plants shall not be allowed to grow near to dispersion trenches It is desirable to cover the area over onsite soil absorption systems with lawn grass or other shallow rooted plants Soil absorption systems should not be located under vegetable gardens. The separation distance of trenches must be at least equal to 3 times the deepest effective depth of trench with a minimum separation of 370 mm between trenches
POUR FLUSH WATER SEAL LATRINES Pour flush latrines as the nature indicates, the excreta is hand flushed by pouring about 1.6 to 2 lit of water. The pour flush latrines are with a single leach pit and squatting pan over it. When the pit in use gets filled up another pit is dug and the squatting platform and the slab is placed on it. The first pit is covered with earth and allowed to decay. After one or two years, the digested excreta is used as a manure. The disadvantage of this system is that desludging has to be done almost immediately after the pit has been filled up which involved handling of fresh and undigested excreta. So this is appropriate only if it is desludged mechanically. To tide over this situation a twin pit design was introduced. When one pit is full, the excreta is diverted into the second pit. The filled up pit can be conveniently implied after 1 to 1 years when most of the pathogens die off. The sludge can be used as manure. LEACH PIT Leach pits serve a dual function of a) Storage and digestion of excreted solids and b) Infilteration of waste liquids. Leach pits are designed based on the following parameters. 1) Solid accumulation rate. 2) Long term infilteration rate. 3) Hydraulic loading. 4) Minimum period required for effective pathogen destruction 5) Optimal pit emptying frequency. The pits are lined with honey come brick work, open jointed or with perforated burnt clay or concrete rings. The pits are circular and used alternatively and designed for 3 years filling period. When one pit is filled it is stopped, the excreta being diverted to second pit. The contents become lich organic humus, innocuous and free from pathogens as well as smell. When convenient, it is emptied and contents used as organic manure. The size of leach pits depends on a number of factors mentioned above. The effective volume under dry conditions should be at least 0.135 m percapita of the house hold for a period of 3 years. In the case of wet pit where water table is high the volume shall be 0.210 m per capita of the house hold for a period of 3 years. Leach pit configuration can be varied to suit site conditions while the least cost design in a twin circular pits.
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM Design of pits under different conditions a) In water logged area: The pit top should be raised by 300 mm above likely level of water above ground level at the time of water logging. Earth should then be filled will compacted all round the pits up to 1.00 m distance from the pit up to its top. The raising of the pit will necessitate raising of the latrine floor also. b) In high sub soil water level: Where the sub soil water level rises to less than 300 mm above the likely sub soil water level and earth should be filled all round the pits and latrine floor raised. c) In rock strata: In rocky strata with soil layer in between, the leach pits should be designed as for ordinary leach pit construction with low subsoil water level. d) Where space is a constraint: Where circular pits of standard sizes cannot be constructed due to space constraints, deeper pit with smell diameter (not less than 750 mm) or combined oval square or rectangular pits divided into two equal compartments by a partition wall may be provided. In case combined pits the partition wall should not have holes. The partition wall should go 250 mm deeper than the pit lining and plastered on both sides with cement mortar. AQUA PRIVY This is a simplified form of septic tank. This consists of a masonry tank filled with water, a squatting pan or a platform placed above the tank and ventilation pipe. A long chute or pipe from the squatting is submerged in the tank water. The excreta falls through this chute or pipe into the tank and undergoes anaerobic digestion as in a septic tank. The accumulated sludge (digested) from the tank is to be removed periodically. To compensate for evaporation and leakage losses and to maintain the water seal. I.e. submergence of chute in the water, water is added every time after its use.
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ANNEXURE 2: GOOD PRACTICES

1. Tiruchirapally (Trichy to most people), the famous temple town of the South, is the fourthlargest city in Tamil Nadu, and is located on the banks of the Cauvery with a population of just over a million of which 14 per cent live in slums. Trichy has 122 approved slums and as many as 64 unapproved slums which are located on railway land, Government of India land, and land belonging to the Waqf Board and other private owners. Until the end of the 1990s the slums of Trichy, with their sanitation and toilet facilities in an appalling state, were no different from the rest of the country. But things began to change about 10 years ago, and Trichy has not looked back since. The city was ranked 6th in India in the sanitation ranking of Indian cities by the ministry of urban development in 2009-10. It all started with a major initiative launched by the NGO Gramalaya in 2000, mobilising women in the slums in self-help groups (SHGs) and launching an awareness campaign on sanitation through training. They were able to get the support of Water-Aid, a UK-based NGO, to fund the building/renovation of 25 community toilets and child-friendly toilets in the slums, which would be managed by the women of the community on a pay-and-use basis. Sanitation health education teams were set up by the SHGs to propagate the message of sanitation, monitor the behaviour of residents, and supervise the maintenance of the toilets. A community toilet complex typically has 10-12 seats for women and 10-12 for men. Childfriendly toilets are separately provided in an adjacent area, for children up to the age of eight. Each toilet has a tap which supplies 136 water. Some have graduated to sanitary complexes with room for bathing and washing. Each facility receives its water supply from the Trichy City Corporation (TCC), and a bore well is also provided by the corporation. Each has a provision of underground storage of water and an overhead tank to which water is pumped. TCC has ensured that water is made available also in summer months through tankers. The corporation waives the electricity charge for the pumping of water for the first few years of operating the toilets. Afterwards, the tariff for community toilets is levied at the lower domestic rate and not commercial rate. The cost of a typical community toilet was around Rs 3 lakh in the initial years that Water-Aid built such complexes. Today, the cost is around Rs 12 lakh. The success of the women in managing and maintaining the community toilets encouraged the TCC to build more of them, so that all the 211 approved slums now have community toilets. Out of a total of 347 such toilets (some slums have more than one), 284 are connected to the sewerage system and 63 function through a septic tank. About 100 toilets are being managed on a pay and use basis by SHGs with Gramalaya, and another 40 by other NGOs. For the rest, the TCC and/or ward councillors take the responsibility for managing the toilets. The Kamala Nehru Nagar slum where the toilet was inside the slum area. In West Devathanam, another complex where the toilet is located between the slum and a public road and caters to the needs of the slum as well as the floating population surrounding the slum. At the community toilets run by SHGs, sanitary health education team members take turns to sit at a table placed outside the toilet complex with tokens to sell as people come to use the toilet. They engage cleaners who clean the complex two to three times a day. I found that the toilets were cleaner than what we may typically find in cinema halls in Delhi.
CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM It is clear from the systems they have put in place to manage and maintain these toilets that these women understand the economics of it all. The collection from user charges is used to pay their electricity bills, the cleaner, the guard who keeps the watch, and expenses of minor repairs. The typical user charge varies from 50 paise to Re 1 per use, while children, the elderly and the physically challenged have free access. The accounts are meticulously-kept and are audited by the TCC. All teams make a small subscription to come together under Womens Action for Village Empowerment (WAVE) which is a registered society. Monthly meetings of WAVE allow them to discuss their problems and learn from each other in finding solutions. A member of the TCC is also invited to these meetings. They are now extending their sphere to cover solid waste management and better delivery of other public services. After initial resistance to their cause, men wanted to have a part of the action when the women seemed to be succeeding in making their slums clean. The women obliged by creating AWASH (Association for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene) so that men could also contribute to improving the water and sanitation scenario of their joint habitat. Men also find a role through WATSAN (water and sanitation) committees in monitoring the progress of the overall sanitation status of the slums in the city. The municipal commissioner, T. T. Balsamy, was very appreciative of the role played by the NGOs and the communities in bringing about the much overdue transformation. As Geetha Jegan, executive director of Gramalaya put it: Together, the city corporation, the NGOs and the communities from the slums of Trichy have transformed the sanitation scenario in Trichy. Trichy has shown the way. Other cities in India must follow to completely get rid of open defecation and work for better sanitary conditions. BOX 21:THE CONDOMINIAL SEWERAGE SYSTEM IN BRAZIL The "condominial" system is the brainchild of Jose Carlos de Melo, a socially committed engineer from Recife. The name condominial was given for two reasons. First, a block of houses was treated like a horizontal apartment building (or condominial in Portuguese) (see figure). Second, "Condominial" was a popular Brazilian soap opera and associated with the best in urban life. As is evident in the figure, the result is a radically different layout, with a shorter grid of smaller and shallower "feeder" sewers running through the backyards and with the effects of shallower connections to the mains rippling through the system. These innovations cut construction costs to between 20 and 30 per cent of those of a conventional system. The more fundamental and radical innovation, however, is the active involvement of the population in choosing their level of service, and in operating and maintaining the "feeder" infrastructure. The key elements are that families can choose to continue with their current sanitation system, to connect to a conventional waterborne system or to connect to a condominial system. If a family chooses to connect to a condominial system, it has to pay a connection charge, which can be financed by the water company, and a monthly tariff. If on the other hand, the family wants a conventional connection, it has to pay an initial cost and a monthly tariff (both of which are about three times higher) reflecting the different capital and operating costs. Families are free to continue with their current system, which usually means a holding tank discharging into an open street drain.
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In most cases, however, those families who, initially, chose not to connect eventually end up connecting. Either they succumb to heavy pressure from their neighbours or they find the buildup of wastewater in and around their houses intolerable once the (connected) neighbours fill in the rest of the open drain. Individual households are responsible for maintaining the feeder sewers, with the formal agency maintaining only the trunk mains. This increases the communities' sense of responsibility for the system. Also, the misuse of any portion of the feeder system, for example by putting solid waste down the toilet, soon shows up in a blockage in the neighbour's portion of the sewer. The rapid, direct and informed feedback to the misuser virtually eliminates the need to educate the users of the system in the "acceptable and unacceptable" and results in fewer blockages than in conventional systems. Finally, because of the greatly reduced responsibility of the wastewater utility, its operating costs are sharply reduced. The condominial system is now providing service to hundreds of thousands of urban people in northeast Brazil and is being replicated on a large scale throughout the country. The danger, however, is that the clever engineering is seen as "the system". Where the community and organisational aspects have been missing, the technology has worked poorly (as in Joinville, Santa Catarina) or not at all (as in the Baixada Fluminense in Rio de Janeiro). Source: Briscoe, 1993; de Melo, 1985.
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ANNEXURE 3: REVIEWED POLICIES, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK AND PROGRAMMES

Table 81:Reviewed policies, legal and administrative framework and programmes
Policies
Legal and Administrative Framework
Programmes
Social Section Vision 2020 of Government of Andhra Pradesh Vision 2021 of Government of India Draft National Slum Policy Andhra Pradesh Municipalities Act, 1965 Andhra Pradesh Town Planning Act, 1920 The Andhra Pradesh Urban Areas (Development) Act, 1975 The Andhra Pradesh Infrastructure developmentEnabling Act, 2001 The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act The Twelfth Schedule of the Constitution (Article 243W) Andhra Pradesh Urban Services for Poor (APUSP) Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums (EIUS) Nehru Rozgar Yojana (NRY) Prime Ministers Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Programme (PMIUPEP) Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) Integrated Development for Small and Medium Towns (IDSMT) Integrated Low Cost Sanitation (ILCS) Urban Basis Services for the Poor (UBSP)
Environmental Section Policy statement for abatement of pollution MoEF 1992 National Conservation Strategy And Policy Statement On Environment and Development, 1992 The Environment Protection Act, State Environmental 1986 Action Programme Water (Prevention and Control of State of Environment Pollution) Cess Act, 1977, (SoE), Andhra Pradesh. including Rules Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 as amended in 1978 and 1988 Water, Land and Tree Act 2002 The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 The Bio Medical Waste management The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 and 2003 amendment (inclusion of list of municipal solid
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM wastes to hazardous wastes).
Table 82:Functions of ULB under 12th Finance Commission
S. no. 1 2 3 4 5
Function a) Urban planning b) Town planning a) Regulation of Land-use b) Regulation of building activity. a) Planning economic development b) Planning social development. a) Roads b) Bridges. Water supplyIndustrial, Commercial Domestic a) Public health, b) Sanitation, c) Conservancy d) Solid waste management Fire services a) Urban forestry, b) Protection of environment c) Promotion of ecological aspects Safeguarding the interests of a) Weaker sections, b) Physically handicapped c) Mentally retarded. Slum improvement and upgradation. Urban poverty alleviation. Provision of urban amenities a) Parks, b) Gardens, c) Playgrounds and others Promotion of a) Education, b) Aesthetics and others a) Burial grounds, b) Cremations grounds c) Electric crematoria a) Cattle ponds b) Prevention of cruelty to animals
Wholly
Partly
Never
7 8
10 11 12
13.
14
15
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM a) Vital statistics, b) Registration of births and deaths. 16 17
18
a) Public amenities b) Street lighting, c) Parking lots, d) Bus shelters, e) Public conveniences and others Regulation of a) Slaughterhouses b) Tanneries
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ANNEXURE 4: HOUSEHOLD DETAILS OF PSU TOWNSHIPS

Table 83:Household details of PSU townships War d No. From 1 1-1-62 1-2-1 1-3-1 3-1-15/A 3-2-12/1 3-3-1 t o t o t o t o t o t o t o t o t o t o t o t o t o t o t o t o House Numbers To 1-1-278 1-2-100/3 1-3-50 3-1-257/1 3-2-164/1 3-3-220 Total 2 1-4-1 1-5-7 1-6-3/1 1-7-25 1-8-1 1-4-180 1-5-142 1-6-405 1-7-125 1-8-351 Total 3 2-1-1 2-2-1 2-3-1 3-4-1 3-5-1 2-1-113/40 2-2-132 2-3-437 3-4-212/1 3-5-316/40 Total 4 4-1-1 t 4-1-482/1 o t 4-2-316/4 o t 4-3-200/2 o t 4-4-108/1 Crusher Nagar, Kakatiya Nagar, Subhash Nagar Bheemunipatnam, Annapurna Colony Medipelli Gramam Medipelli Gramam Houseing Board Colony Village Ramagundam Village Ramagundam E.S.I Hospital colony Temple Road, Ayodya Nagar 14 116 243 "C' Colony Angadi Bazar "A" Colony, Old Bazar Sub Station Area Mubarak Nagar 180 113 0 87 150 450 236 384 1307 0 390 Railway Station Area ST. Colony Vidyut Nagar Malyalapalle Zero Point & Ambedkar Nagar Railway Quarters Locality SCCL/NTPC/ FCI/APGenco Qtrs House s 328 112 129 329 132 220 220 180 136 171 125 401 833 0 1030 328 112 129 329 132 220 1250 180 136 171 125 401 1013 200 150 450 250 500 1550 390 Privat e Total
4-2-1 4-3-1 4-4-1
662 152 73
662 152 73
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o 4-7-1 t 4-7-290 o Total 5 4-5-1 4-6-1 5-1-1 5-2-1 5-3-1 5-6-1 t 4-5-245/A o t 4-6-439 o t o t o t o t o 5-1-216/11 5-2-188 5-3-140/11 5-6-176 Total 6 5-4-1 5-5-1 6-1-1 6-4-1 6-5-1 t 5-4-300/2 o t 5-5-667 o t 6-1-83/154 o t 6-4-297/15 o t 6-5-667 o Total 7 6-2-1 6-3-1 7-1-1 7-5-222 t 6-2-533/16 o t 6-3-323 o t 7-1-369 o t 7-5-376 o Total 8 7-2-1 7-3-1 7-2-533/1/1 7-4-1 7-5-1 t o t o t o t o t o 7-2-472/1 7-3-265 7-2-533/641 7-4-333/9 7-5-221 Total 9 20-1-98/1 t 20-1-305/21/A o Bus Stand Colony Janagoma Janagoma Ganga Nagar CSP Colony G.M. Colony 254 40 150 444 260 786 430 145 1361 1307 757 Power House Colony, Uday Nagar Power House Colony, Uday Nagar G. M. Colony Tharakaram Nagar 626 Narrashalapalle "B" Type Gate, Head Quarters, C.I.S.F Qtrs. Srinagar Colony, Prashanth Nagar I.B. Colony I.B. Colony, Power House Colony, Saptagiri Colony 143 203 268 705 667 403 Annpurna colony Bheemunipatnam, Annapurna Colony Krishna Nagar Jangala palle, New poratpalli Malkapuram Krishna Nagar 0 0 Auto Nagar, Bheemuni Patnam 0 0 289 1566 379 553 282 206 151 451 2022 262 289 1566 379 553 282 206 151 451 2022 262 667 403 411 908
1013 256 230 140
973 61 93 230 174 558
665 20
2651 337 323 370 174
20 495 262
1204 495 262 1040 470 295 2562 1567
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20-2-13 20-5-16/1 t 20-2-850 o t 20-5-322/1 o Total t 8-1-536/1 o t 20-4-397 o t 20-3-326 o Total t 8-2-614/1 o t 8-3-593/1 o t 20-3-600 o Total t 8-4-778 o t 8-5-557 o Total 13 8-6-1 9-3-1 t 8-6-495 o t 9-3-959 o Total 14 19-2-1 19-3-1 19-4-16/2 19-5-1 t 19-2-356 o t 19-3-158/5 o t 19-4-390 o t 19-5-182/20 o Total t 18-3-125/5/A o t 18-4-315/5 o t 19-1-115/B o t 19-7-322/3 o t 19-8-302 o Total Ashok Nagar, Makandeya Colony Markandeya Colony, Gandhi Nagar Gandhi Nagar Old Market Area 45 190 99 334 Addaguntapalli, Ganesh Nagar Addaguntapalli, Maruthi Nagar Markandeya Colony, Ashok Nagar Laxmi Nagar, Swatatra Chowk Ashok Nagar, Laxmi Nagar 0 15 Krishna Nagar, Bhagathsing Nagar Vittal Nagar 0 Gandhi Nagar Gandhi Nagar 30 160 450 Hanuman Nagar Hanuman Nagar, Gandhi Nagar Vidya Nagar - I 287 Lenin Nagar, Vinobha Nagar Seetha Nagar Surya Nagar 29 118 169 820 160 2287 493 298 335 1126 693 664 28 57 Ram Nagar Sanjay Nagar, Jyothi Nagar 29 29 250 1607 738 525 1263 573 1108 1681 315 111 253 205 884 330 280 387 289 300 323 15 1579 0 207 123 0 0 0 0 850 320 2737 611 467 335 1413 722 664 278 1664 738 554 1292 573 1108 1681 522 279 443 304 1548 280 387 289 315 323 1594
10
8-1-1 20-4-1 20-3-1
11
8-2-1 8-3-1 20-3-328
12
8-4-1 8-5-1
15
18-3-1 18-4-1 19-1-1 19-7-1 19-8-1
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16 18-1-1 18-2-1 18-5-1 18-6-1 19-6-1 16-9-157 t o t o t o t o t o t o t o t o t o t o t o t o t o t o t o t o t o 18-1-127/3 18-2-140/1/2 18-5-325 18-6-216 19-6-473 16-9-286/1 Total 17 16-1-1 16-2-1 16-10-1 16-9-1 16-9-287 16-1-310 16-2-394 16-10-406 16-9-24 16-9-305 Total 18 16-3-1 16-4-1 16-5-1 16-6-1 16-8-1 16-9-25 16-3-400 16-4-177 16-5-196/2 16-6-223/2 16-8-251/1/B 16-9-156 Total 19 15-2-146 15-3-1 t 15-2-676 o t 15-3-946 o Total t o t o t o t o t 15-2-143/3 16-7-291/1 17-2-258 17-3-539 Total 21 15-1-1 15-1-554/25 Thilak Nagar Jawahar Nagar, L.B. Nagar Ramesh Nagar, L.B.Nagar Ramesh Nagar Kakatiya Nagar, Ramesh Nagar N.T.R Nagar Ramesh Nagar, Dwaraka Nagar L.B.Nagar L.B.Nagar Thirumala Nagar Vijay Nagar Kakatiya Nagar Thirumala Nagar 0 150 279 429 124 1346 505 714 1219 79 325 28 247 399 284 422 1110 332 62 62 0 Shivaji Nagar Shivaji Nagar, Medarbasti Kalyan Nagar, Mearbasti Kalyan Nagar Kalyan Nagar 151 703 411 187 180 250 318 27 207 337 67 Addaguntapalli Addaguntapalli Laxmi Nagar, Kalyan Nagar Maruthi Nagar, Kalyan Nagar Laxmi Nagar, Kalyan Nagar Kalyan Nagar 0 79 72 0 260 443 489 31 23 543 36 222 230 361 220 531 268 1832 222 230 361 220 531 268 1832 339 515 489 31 23 1397 447 187 247 250 345 207 1683 655 993 1648 203 325 374 669 1571 332 185 | P a g e
20
15-2-1 16-7-1 17-2-1 17-3-1

o 17-4-1 t 17-4-496/1 o t 17-5-261/1 o Total 22 14-5-1 15-4-1 14-5-942 15-4-471 Total 23 14-1-1 14-2-1 14-3-1 t 14-1-222 o t 14-2-667/1 o 14-3-531 Total 24 9-1-157 9-2-1 13-2-1 14-4-1 9-1-188 t 9-2-231 o t 13-2-535 o t 14-4-616 o Total t o t o t o t o t o t o t o t o 9-1-156/1 13-1-455 13-3-500 13-4-294 Total 26 9-4-1 9-5-1 9-6-1 9-7-1 9-4-116/2 9-5-398 9-6-588/1 9-7-711 Total 27 10-2-28 t 10-2-336 o Total t 10-1-352 o Veerlapalli 0 New Maredupaka 1186 Vittal Nagar Vittal Nagar Vittal Nagar Vittal Nagar 0 7 "B" Colony Vittal Nagar Vittal Nagar Jawahar Nagar, Vittal Nagar 7 "B" Colony Thilak Nagar (Down) Thilak Nagar (Down) Thilak Nagar (Down) 5 Incline, Parusharamnagar 5 Incline, Vittal Nagar Vittal Nagar Parusharm Nagar, Thilak Nagar Jawahar Nagar, Thilaknagar Chandrashekar Nagar, Santhosh Nagar, Thilak Nagar Down Chandrashekar Nagar, Bharat Nagar 0 12 278 290 130 80 172 382 74 158 13 228 473 87 192 457 206 942 512 512
17-5-1
286 1130 828 277 1105 282 656 362 1300 19 129 542 432 1122 130 342 113 124 709 142 466 608 790 2006 106 106
41 41
327 1171 840 555
1395 412 736 534
1682 93 287 555 660 1595 217 534 570 330
25
9-1-1 13-1-1 13-3-1 13-4-1
1651 142 466 608 790
0 234 234 352
2006 340 340 1538
28
10-1-61
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Total 29 11-4-1 t 11-4-537/70 o t 11-6-634/52 o Total t 11-1-221 o t 11-2-807 o t 11-3-624 o 8 Incline Colony, Baskar Rao Nagar, Taraka Ram Nagar 8 Incline Colony, 1186 660 0 237 352 1538 897
11-6-1
1411 2071
110 347 0 332
1521 2418 332 808
30
11-1-1 11-2-1
Allur Sripada Colony, Laxmi Nagar, Indira Nagar, Hanuman Nagar Gopal Nagar, Bharath Nagar, Vijay Nagar, Ganesh Nagar, Rajeev Nagar, Santhosh Nagar, Siddartha Nagar Elkalapelli Gate Laxmipuram 0 Rajeev Nagar Rajeev Nagar, Sanjay Gandhi Nagar Gouthami Nagar Chaitanya Puri Colony Gouthami Nagar, ExServiceman Colony, Pragathi Nagar 0 Yellandu Guest Area, Kavitha Area, Chandrababu Colony, KCR Colony Markandeay Colony, Lurdu Nagar Indira Nagar Shanthi Nagar Kazipalli Mathangi Colony 0 0 121 156 0 160 528
120
11-3-1
84
253
280
617
11-7-1
t 11-7-621 o Total t 12-4-183 o t 12-5-333 o Total t 17-1-84/A o t 17-6-117 o t 21-5-106 o t 21-5-1/104 o t 21-6-123/2 o Total
561 805
570 1351
93 825 241 400 641 214 243 120
1224 2981 241 400 641 214 243 120 121
31
12-4-1 12-5-1
32
17-1-1 17-6-1 21-5-1 21-5-1/1 21-6-1
160
316
277
737 515
1014 515
33
21-1-29/1
t 21-1-255/1/2 o
21-2-1 21-3-1 21-4-27 22-7-1 22-8-1
t 21-2-195/15/2 o t o t o t o t o 21-3-368/2 21-4-73/6 22-7-180/2 22-8-117/1/B Total
735 465 125 280 155 2275
735 465 125 280 155 2275
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34 22-3-1 22-4-1 22-5-1 22-6-1 22-3-274/A 22-3-235 22-4-1150 22-5-418 22-6-668 t 22-3-274/17 o Total Total P.T.S. N.T.P.C. P.T.S. N.T.P.C. P.T.S. N.T.P.C. P.T.S. N.T.P.C. F.C.I X road 2471 13482 0 25106 235 1150 418 668 21 21 16468 235 1150 418 668 21 2492 55056
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ANNEXURE 5: MOUD CHECKLIST

Ministry of Urban Developments Self Appraisal Checklist: A quality checklist provided by MoU D is verified for the activities taken up and areas covered in CSP :
Table 84: CSP Content self-assessment
No. I
Item Baseline data collection & situational analysis in terms of identification of short-term or mid-term or long-term measures Has the city carried out a baseline data collection (secondary and primary) and situation analysis of different aspects of sanitation viz: i. Access to household level sanitation arrangements in general residential and slum areas ii. Community and public toilets location and status iii. Safe collection and conveyance of human excreta (on-site and sewerage) infrastructure and management (including status of de-sludging services) iv. Treatment and safe disposal of human excreta v. Solid waste collection, transport and safe disposal vi. Drainage and flooding vii. Drinking water quantity, quality and coverage viii. Institutional arrangements and finances for capital creation and O&M management of environmental services (water, sanitation, solid waste, drainage) ix. Current population and socio-economic categories and projections by different categories x. Arrangements and practices of commercial, public and other institutions in respect of sanitation and solid wastes xi. Maps and physical features of settlements (wards, slums, etc.) and key city infrastructure (water, sewerage, drainage, roads, treatment plants, water and sewage
Yes/No
Remarks/ status
1)
(Score overall Yes if at least nine indicators below score Yes, else No) Yes
Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM pumping stations, etc.) xii. Data on health-related indicators of sanitation and water supply xiii. Other important and locally relevant details (specify) 2) Has the draft CSP identified specific data gaps and developed a plan for detailed data collection? Institutional roles and issues Has the city identified an institutional home/s for sanitation planning, implementation, monitoring and regulation? Has the draft CSP proposed specific actions to resolve institutional gaps and overlaps for: a. Planning and financing b. Creation of physical infrastructure c. O&M management d. Training and capacity building e. Monitoring of outcomes f. Communications g. Regulation III 5) City-wide sanitation campaign Does the draft CSP contain a plan for the launch of a 100% Sanitation Campaign in the city? Technology options and city-wide design Has draft CSP detailed and evaluated different technology options (on or off-site as well for collection, transport and safe disposal i.e. full-cycle) for sanitation? Do the proposed sanitation interventions (rehabilitation, retrofitting or new investments) consider the whole city? (not just a part thereof) Urban poor and unreached Has the draft CSP identified the locations or settlements of the urban poor and other unreached population segments with have no or limited access to sanitation? Does the draft CSP identify actions for assisting unreached/poor households with
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No Yes Yes
II 3)
4)
(Score overall Yes if at least five indicators below score Yes, else No)
Yes
IV 6)
Yes
7)
Yes
V 8)
Yes (Specify locations)
9)
CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM individual, community or public sanitation facilities (in that order); and efficient disposal from these facilities? 10) Has the draft CSP identified or proposed sources of financing the CSP (schemes, grants, loans, etc.) for extending access to sanitation and related behavior change communication activities? VI Financing and O&M management 11) Does the draft CSP consider an appropriate time-frame and spatial and demographic dimensions to remain relevant (at least for the 12th Five Year Plan period, even if investment numbers are indicative or workin-process)? 12) Were the different sanitation options (hardware plus software) evaluated on the basis of financial viability? (i.e. Cost Benefit Analysis done) 13) Whether O&M implications of each of the investment options evaluated i.e. implications on tariff increases and willingness to pay for services; personnel number and capacities etc.? 14) Has the draft CSP considered options for partnering with private sector, NGOs etc. for implementation or O&M management of sanitation facilities? VII Expedient and other actions Yes 15) Has the draft CSP identified the steps for implementing improved enforcement of existing laws and provisions? (e.g. prohibiting hazardous discharge of untreated sewage, scrutiny about sanitation arrangements before issue of building permits) 16) Have gaps and overlaps in existing regulations identified for resolution? (e.g. provisions in development regulations or building bye-laws to promote sanitation including safe disposal) 17) Does the draft CSP have a plan for improving septage management? 18) Whether the draft CSP includes an implementation plan and timeline? Yes
Yes
Yes Yes
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM 19) Whether the draft CSP has a disaster preparedness component? 20) Whether the draft CSP identifies shortterm/ medium-term/ long-term measures to achieve identified outcomes? 21 Does this draft CSP leads to improvement of service levels with respect of SLB related to MSW/storm water drainage/solid waste management? No Yes
Yes
22) Outline of expected improvements on rating as per NUSP?
Yes
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GLOSSARY
1. Activated sludge: An aerobic treatment process in which oxygen and micro-organism concentrations in wastewater are artificially elevated to facilitate rapid digestion of biodegradable organic matter. 2. Aerated pond or lagoon: A natural or artificial wastewater treatment pond in which mechanical or diffused air aeration is used to supplement the natural reoxygenation processes. 3. Aerobic treatment: Treatment of wastewater with the help of micro-organisms that rely on oxygen. 4. Anaerobic digestion: Decomposition of organic material by anaerobic bacteria in the absence of air. 5. Anaerobic lagoon: A system for treatment of high-strength wastewater and sludge that involves retention under anaerobic conditions. 6. Biochemical oxygen demand: A measure of the organic pollutant strength of wastewater. 7. Biosolids: See Sewage sludge. 8. Blackwater: Wastewater discharge from toilets. 9. Bucket latrine: A traditional but unhygienic form of sanitation in which feces is deposited into a bucket which is collected regularly (usually at night) and taken away (usually by sweepers). 10. Composting latrine: A latrine designed to receive both feces and waste vegetable matter with the aim of reducing moisture content and achieving a carbon-to-nitrogen ratio that promotes rapid that promotes rapid decomposition. 11. Dry latrines: All forms of latrines that do not require water for flushing. 12. Desludging: Removal of sludge or settled solid matter from treatment tanks such as septic/Imhoff tank, interceptor tank or sedimentation tanks. 13. Disposal: Discharge, deposition or dumping of any liquid or solid waste onto land or water so that it may enter the environment. 14. Domestic sewage: All forms of wastewater derived from residential properties, as well as blackwater and greywater from commercial and institutions buildings. 15. Dry sanitation: Disposal of human excreta without the use of water for flushing or anal cleansing. 16. Ecological sanitation (ecosan): A form of dry sanitation that involves separation of feces and urine in order to facilitate recycling of nutrients in local agricultural systems. 17. Effluent: Any form of wastewater or liquid waste that flows from an operation or activity. 18. Excreta: Feces and urine. 19. Fecal sludge: The undigested sludge that is collected from pit latrines and leach pits. 20. Greywater (also known as sullage): Wastewater produced by washing and bathing activities. 21. Lagoon: See technology data sheet on Wastewater and Fecal Sludge Treatment: Waste Stabilization Ponds (page 203). 22. Leachfield: A trench filled with sand, soil, gravel and brickbats for disposal of septic tank overflow into the surrounding soil. 23. Leach pit (sometimes known as a cesspit): An underground tank that is used where there is no sewer and household wastewaters are drained into them to permit leaching of the liquid into the surrounding soil.
CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM 24. Night soil: Human excreta, with or without anal cleansing material, which are deposited into a bucket or other receptacle for manual removal. 25. On-plot sanitation: A sanitation system that is wholly contained within the plot occupied by a private dwelling and its immediate surroundings. Commonly, on-plot sanitation is equivalent to household latrine, but may also include facilities shared by several households living together on the same plot. 26. On-plot facilities: The components of a sanitation system located within a householders plot. 27. Off-site sanitation: A system of sanitation that involves collection and transportation of waste (wastewater either by sewerage or septage/fecal sludge by vacuum truck) to a location away from the immediate locality. 28. Pathogens: Micro-organisms such as bacteria, viruses and protozoa that cause disease. 29. Percolation rate: The rate at which liquids move through soil. 30. Pit latrine: A form of on-plot sanitation with a pit for accumulation and decomposition of excreta from which liquid infiltrates into the surrounding soil. 31. Pour flush toilet: A type of latrine where a water seal trap is used to prevent smells and to reduce insects. 32. Sanitation: Interventions (usually construction of facilities such as latrines) that improve the management of excreta and promote sanitary (healthy) conditions. 33. Septage: Mixture of wastewater and sludge removed from a septic tank during cleaning operations. 34. Septic tank: A form of on-plot sanitation for the anaerobic treatment of sewage/blackwater. 35. Sewage: A mixture of wastewater from all urban activates from residential, commercial properties. It may also contain a component of industrial wastewater. 36. Sewer: A conduit, usually a pipe, which is used to collect and convey wastewater away from its point of production to its point of disposal. 37. Sewage sludge (sometimes referred to as biosoilds): A semisolid residue generated during the treatment of domestic sewage including both solids removed by sedimentation and biological sludge produced by biological treatment. 38. Sewerage: A network of interconnected sewers in an area, district or town. 39. Soak pit/Soakaway: A pit, typically after a septic tank from where wastewater slowly seeps into the ground through perforated sides and bottom. 40. Sullage (also known as greywater): Wastewater from bathing, laundry, preparation of food, cooking, and other personal and domestic activates. 41. Superstructure: Screen or building enclosing a latrine to provide privacy and protection for users. 42. Suction truck: A vehicle used for mechanized sludge removal from septic tanks and lined latrine pits. 43. Ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP): A dry latrine system, with a dark interior and a screened vent pipe to reduce odor and fly problems. 44. Vent pipe: A pipe that facilitates the escape of gases and odors from a latrine or septic tank. 45. Wastewater: Liquid waste from households or commercial or industrial operations, along with any surface water/storm water.
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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM 46. Wastewater treatment: A combination of physical, chemical and biological processes to remove suspended solids, dissolved pollutants, and pathogens and render the water harmless to the environment. 47. Water closet: A pan, incorporating a water seal, in which excreta are deposited before being flushed away using water. 48. Water seal: Water held in a U-shaped pipe or hemispherical bowl connecting a pan to a pipe, channel or pit to prevent the escape of gases and insects from the sewer or pit.
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Draft CSP-Ramagundam CSP

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CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM

ASCI TEAM MEMBERS

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM

CONTENTS Table of Contents

1.6.1. 1.6.2. 1.7. 1.7.1. 1.7.2.

State Urban/Sanitation Policies............................................................................................. 34

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

.1.2 .1.1 .1.2

2.6.1. 2.6.2. 2.7. 2.8.

introduction........................................................................................................................................................... 84 3.2.1. 3.2.2. 3.2.3. 3.2.4. 3.2.5.

Urban Health Centers ........................................................................................................................................ 90

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 94 3.3.1. 3.3.2. 3.3.3. 3.3.4.

Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 99 3.5.1. 3.5.2. 3.5.3. 3.5.4. 3.5.

Identification of stress zones ............................................................................................... 102

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

SUBSECTOR STRATEGIES (OUT PUT RELATED) ......................................................... 118

ENABLING AND SUSTAINING STRATEGIES ...................................................................... 150

MONITORING AND EVALUATION ........................................................................................ 164

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

LIST OF INFORMATION BOXES

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM

1.2. OBJECTIVES OF TOWN-WIDE SANITATION PLAN

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

1.4. SCOPE OF THE CSP

1.4.1. COLLECTION OF SECONDARY DATA

1.4.2. PREPARATORY WORK (PROFILING OF ULB AND PREPARING CITY REPORT)

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM

1.4.3. STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS AND CITY SANITATION TASK FORCE (CSTF)

1.4.4. PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION AND SAMPLING

Figure 1: Essential Components of CSP

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM

1.4.5. REVIEW/STUDY OF THE CURRENT PRACTICES

1.4.6. CONDITION ASSESSMENT

1.4.7. WARD PROFILING AS PER CITY SANITATION RANKING PARAMETERS

1.4.8. COMMUNICATION GAP AND NEEDS ASSESSMENT

1.4.9. DEVELOPING A SITUATION ANALYSIS REPORT

1.4.10. FORMULATION OF VISION

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM

1.4.11. DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGY

1.4.12. PREPARATION OF DRAFT CSP

1.4.13. PREPARATION OF IMPLEMENTATION ROAD MAP

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN RAMAGUNDAM

1.5. CITY SANITATION PLANNING PROCESS IN RAMAGUNDAM

Step 3 Sensitization/Orientation Step 4 Constituting Teams

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD