Formulas For Calculating A Grounding Resistance of Simple Forms With Ground Enhancement Material

InternationalJournalofAutomationandPowerEngineering(IJAPE)Volume2Issue2,February2013www.ijape.
org
25
FormulasforCalculatingaGrounding
ResistanceofSimpleFormswithGround
EnhancementMaterial
ChuongHoVanNhat
1
,TungNguyenThanh
2
,LanNgoKim
3
1
FacultyofElectricalandElectronicsEngineering,HoChiMinhCityUniversityofTechnology,VietNam
2
FacultyofElectricalandElectronicsEngineering,DongThapVocationalCollege,VietNam
3
FacultyofElectricalandRefrigeratoryEngineering,DongNaiVocationalCollege,VietNam
1
dr_hvnchuong@yahoo.com
Abstract
Solution of ground enhancement material application for
decreasing resistance of grounding system is a current
problem that draws much attention from scientists
[(Lightning Protection International PTY), (Van Dinh Anh
and his Group, 2004)], especially, a grounding system is
installed in small area or high resistivity of Soil. In order to
determine the grounding resistances of simple forms
(horizontal rod or vertical rod. we can use the given
software(ERICOCompanyLTD)orthecalculatingformulas
(Chuong Ho Van Nhat, 2010). This paper presents some
other formulas for calculating a grounding resistance of
simpleformswithgroundenhancementmaterial.Calculated
results from the formulas of this paper were verified by the
resultsof(ChuongHoVanNhat,2010)andtheresultsfrom
the grounding calculating software of ERICO Company in
Australia.
Keywords
Resistivity of Soil; Grounding System; Horizontal and Vertical
Rod;GroundEnhancementMaterial(GEM)
Cal c ul at i ng met hod
GroundingResistanceofSingleVerticalRod
1) GEMLayerofCylinderForm
Single vertical rod with diameter d , length l and
resistivity3isburiedinthegroundwithdepth t .
ItisenvironedbytheGEMlayerwithresistivity2
and the soil environment with resistivity 1 (see
FIG.1).
Choosing coordinates system as in FIG.2 and
considering the potential at point (x,z), according
to(NathanIda,2000),wehave
}
+
=
2 2
4
) , (
x z l
dz I
x z
t

(1)
Where I is the current flows through the rod, is
the resistivity of environment at point (x, z) and l
isthelengthofrod.

FIG1SINGLEVERTICALRODINUNIFORMEDENVIRONMENT
For simplifying in calculation, the method of
mirrorimagesisusedandthesoilisconsideredas
a uniformed environment with resistivity 1 and
we do not mention influence of temperature upon
the environment containing grounding system. So,
thepotentialalongtherodiscalculatedasfollows:
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
| +
+ |
.
|
\
|
=
+ = =
} } }

+
x
l t
Arsh
x
l t
Arsh
x
l
Arsh
l
I
x z d x z d x z d x
l
l
t
t
l t
l
2 / 2 2 / 2
2
2
4
) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) (
2 /
2 /
2 / 1 2
2 / 1 2
2 / 2
2 /
t

(2)
Replacing ( ) ( ) | | 1 ln
2
+ + = x x x Arsh and similarly
forothervariablesof(2),wereceive:
( )
( )
( )
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+ + + +
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
=
l t x l t
l t x l t
x
l x l
l
I
x
4 4 4
4 4 4
ln
2
4
ln 2
4
2 2
2 2 2 2
t
(3)
GroundingResistanceofVerticalRodwiththeGEM
Thisresistanceconsistsofthreecomponents(seeFIG.
2):

www.ijape.orgInternationalJournalofAutomationandPowerEngineering(IJAPE)Volume2Issue2,February2013
26
FIG.2GROUNDINGRODWITHGEM
1) TheComponentintheMetalEnvironment
Thepotentialfunction
) 2 / ( ) 0 (
1
d = A

with=3.From(3),wehave:
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
l t
l t
l
I
4
4
ln
4
) 0 (
3
t
(4)
and
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ |
.
|
\
|
=
l t
l t
d
l
l
I
d
4
4
ln
2
1 2
ln
2
) 2 / (
3
t
(5)
From(4)and(5),wereceive
|
.
|
\
|
= A
d
l
l
I 2
ln
2
3
1
t
(6)
So,theresistancevalueofthiscomponent
|
.
|
\
|
=
A
=
d
l
l I
R
2
ln
2
3 1
1
t

(7)
2)TheComponentintheGEMEnvironment
) ( ) 2 / (
2
C d = A

with=2.
whenx= d /2,x=Candnotethat
( )
2
2
4
2
l t
d
+ << |
.
|
\
|
,wehave:
( ) ( )
( )
(
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+ + + +
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ |
.
|
\
|
= A
l t C l t
l t C l t
C
l C l
l t
l t
d
l
l
I
4 4 4
4 4 4
ln
2
1
2
4
ln
4
4
ln
2
1 2
ln
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2
t
(8)
and
I
R
2
2
A
=

( ) ( )
( )
(
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+ + + +
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ |
.
|
\
|
=
l t C l t
l t C l t
C
l C l
l t
l t
d
l
l
R
4 4 4
4 4 4
ln
2
1
2
4
ln
4
4
ln
2
1 2
ln
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2
t
(9)
3)TheComponentintheSoilEnvironment
) ( ) (
3
= A C
with=
1.Becauseof()=0,
) (
3
C = A
.So:
( )
( )
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+ + + +
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
= = A
l t C l t
l t C l t
C
l C l
l
I
C
4 4 4
4 4 4
ln
2
4
ln 2
4
) (
2 2
2 2
2 2
1
3
t

(10)
( )
( )
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+ + + +
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
=
A
=
l t C l t
l t C l t
C
l C l
l I
R
4 4 4
4 4 4
ln
2
1
2
4
ln
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 3
3
t
(11)
Atlast,thetotalresistancevalue:
3 2 1
R R R R
C
+ + =
In reality, a thickness of the chemical layer C is
very smaller than the rod length l (C<< l ).
Therefore,from(7),(9)and(11),wehave:
( )
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
d
l
d
C
l t C
l t l
l
R
C
2
ln
2
ln
4
4
ln
2
1
3 2
1

t
(12)
GroundingResistanceofEquivalentVerticalRod
For calculating grounding resistance of simple forms
withorwithouttheGEM,wewishtouseonlyaform
of a common formula. So, the formula for calculating
such equivalent grounding resistance value will be
foundinthispaper.
We can consider that the single vertical rod is only
buried in one single soil layer consisting of GEM and
natural soil with their equivalent resistivity eq. This
resistance value consists of only two components (see
FIG.3).
Calculatingsimilarlyastheabovepoints,wehave:
|
.
|
\
|
=
d
l
l
R
2
ln
2
'
3
1
t
(13)
2) The Component in the Equivalent Soil
Environment
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ |
.
|
\
|
=
) 4 (
) 4 (
ln
2
ln 2
4
'
l t
l t
d
l
l
R
eq
eq
t
(14)
InternationalJournalofAutomationandPowerEngineering(IJAPE)Volume2Issue2,February2013www.ijape.org
27
FIG.3VERTICALGROUNDINGRODANDITSIMAGE
Totalresistance:RC=R1+R3
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
= )
2
ln( .
4
.
) 4 (
) 4 (
ln )
2
(
2
1
3
2
2
d
l
d
l
l t
l t
l
R
eq
C

t
(15)
Hence, In order to determine the equivalent
resistivitywewillequalize(12)and(15),fromthis
0
) 4 (
) 4 (
ln
2
ln 2
4
2
ln
2 4
4
ln
2
2 1
=
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
l t
l t
d
l
l
d
C
l l t C
l t l
l
eq
t
or
0
4
4
ln
2
ln
2
ln
4
4
ln
2 1
=
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
l t
l t
d
l
d
C
l t C
l t l
eq
Theequivalentsoilresistivitywillbe
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
l t d
l t l
d
C
l t C
l t l
eq
4
4 2
ln
2
4
4
ln
2
1
(16)
Hence, we can count as single grounding vertical
rod(withparameters d , l ,3)thatisonlyburiedin
one single soil layer with equivalent resistivity eq.
Thisequivalentresistivityiscalculatedbyequation
(16)(seeFIG.4).
FIG.4VERTICALROD
INEQUIVALENTSOILENVIRONMENT
Inreality, 0
3
~ ,wehavefrom(15):
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ =
) 4 (
) 4 (
ln
2
1 2
ln
2 l t
l t
d
l
l
R
eq
C
t
(17)
with
eq
is calculated by (16) . If there is not the
GEM layer, then
1
=
eq
and (17) will become:
(see(Alya B.Joffe,2010), (ANSI/IEEEStd 802000),
(ChuongHoVanNhat,2009),(VietHoang,2010))
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ =
) 4 (
) 4 (
ln
2
1 2
ln
2
1
l t
l t
d
l
l
R
C
t
(18)
3) GEMLayerofRectangularPrismForm
We consider the single vertical rod with diameter
d
, length
l
and resistivity 3. It is surrounded by
the GEM layer with resistivity 2 and the soil
environment with resistivity 1. It is fixed in the
groundwiththedepthtandtheGEMlayerhasthe
dimensions
l b a
(seeFIG.5)

FIG.5SINGLEGROUNDINGVERTICALRODWITHTHEGEM
LAYER
In this case, we can convert the rectangular prism
formintoacylinderformwithitsdiameterC[7]
28
t
ab
C =
(19)
and we will receive the formulas as in the case of
theGEMlayerofcylinderform.
GroundingResistanceofSingleHorizontalRod
1) GEMLayerofCylinderForm
Single horizontal rod with diameter d , length l
and resistivity 3 is fixed in the ground with the
depth t . It is environed by the GEM environment
with resistivity 2 and the soil environment with
resistivity1(seeFIG.6)

FIG.6SINGLEGROUNDINGHORIZONTALRODWITHTHE
GEMLAYER
Applying (1) and after some transformations, we
found the magnetic field that is created by the
horizontalrodatthepoint(x,z)
(
(
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
= 1
2 2
ln
2
) (
2
1
x
l
x
l
l
I
x
t
(20)
and the magnetic field is created by the image of
thehorizontalrodatthepoint(x,z):
(
(
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
= 1
) 2 ( 2 ) 2 ( 2
ln
2
) (
2
2
x t
l
x x t
l
l
I
x
t
(21)
Grounding Resistance of Horizontal Rod with the
GEM
We use the calculating method as at the above
pointandreceivetheresultsasfollows:
1)TheComponentintheMetalEnvironment
|
.
|
\
|
=
A
=
l
d
l I
R
2
ln
2
3 1
1
t

(22)
2) TheComponentintheGEMEnvironment
|
.
|
\
|
=
A
=
dt
C t C
l I
R
) 2 (
ln
2
2 2
2
t

(23)
3)TheComponentintheSoilEnvironment
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
A
=
) 2 (
ln
2
2
1 3
3
C t C
l
l
I
I
R
t

(24)
So,totalresistance:RT=R1+R2+R3
( )
(
(
+ |
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
l
d
dt
C t C
C t C
l
l
R
T
2
ln
) 2 (
ln
) 2 (
ln
2
1
3 2
2
1

t (25)
GroundingResistanceofEquivalentHorizontalRod
We use the calculating method as at the above
pointandreceivetheresultsasfollows:
|
.
|
\
|
=
l
d
l
R
2
ln
2
'
3
1
t
(26)
2) The Component in the Equivalent Soil
Environment
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
dt
l
l
R
eq
2
3
ln
2
'
t
(27)
Totalresistance:RT=R1+R3
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
l
d
dt
l
l
R
eq T
2
ln ln
2
1
3
2

t
(28)
Hence, In order to determine the equivalent
resistivitywewillequalize(25)and(28),fromthis
0 ln
2 (
ln
) 2 (
ln
2
2
2
1
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
dt
l
dt
C t C
C t C
l
eq
Theequivalentsoilresistivitywillbe
|
|
.
|
\
|
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
dt
l
dt
C t C
C t C
l
eq
2
2
ln
) 2 (
) 2 (
ln
2
1
(29)
So, we can count as single grounding horizontal
rod(withparameters d , l ,3)thatisonlyburiedin
one single soil layer with equivalent resistivity eq.
Thisequivalentresistivityiscalculatedbyequation
(29)(seeFIG.7).
Inreality, 0
3
~ ,from(28)wehave:
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
dt
l
l
R
eq
T
2
ln
2t
(30)
29
FIG.7GROUNDINGHORIZONTALRODINEQUIVALENT
SOILENVIRONMENT
When there is not GEM, then
1
=
eq
and the
formula(30)willbecome:(see[1],[2],[3]and[10])
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
dt
l
l
R
T
2
1
ln
2t
(31)
3) GEMLayerofRectangularPrismForm
FIG.8SINGLEHORIZONTALRODWITHTHEGEM
Similar as above, we can convert a rod of the
rectangular prism form (see FIG.8) into a cylinder
with diameter C is calculated by formula (19) and
receive the formulas as in the case of the cylinder
formGEMlayer.
In summary, in order to calculate a grounding
resistance of simple vertical rod, we use the
formula
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ =
) 4 (
) 4 (
ln
2
1 2
ln
2 l t
l t
d
l
l
R
eq
C
t
withoutGEMthen
1
=
eq
withGEMthen
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
l t d
l t l
d
C
l t C
l t l
eq
4
4 2
ln
2
4
4
ln
2
1

and in order to calculate a grounding resistance of
simplehorizontalrod,weusetheformula
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
dt
l
l
R
eq
T
2
ln
2t
withoutGEMthen
1
=
eq
withGEMthen
|
|
.
|
\
|
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
dt
l
dt
C t C
C t C
l
eq
2
2
ln
) 2 (
) 2 (
ln
2
1

Cal c ul at i ng appl i c at i on
CalculatingData
We use the following data: resistivity of soil 200 Om;
resistivity of GEM 20 OCm; resistivity of metal rod
0.000172 OCm; diameter of GEM layer of cylinder
form20Cm;sideofGEMlayerofsquareform20Cm;
thedepthofhorizontalorverticalrod50Cm.
ComparingResultsBetweenThisPaperandFormulas
of(ChuongHoVanNhat,2010)
1) SurveyingVerticalRod
TABLE1COMPARINGRESULTSBETWEENTHISPAPERAND
FORMULASOF(ChuongHoVanNhat,2010)
Length(m) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Paper 47.6 35.9 29.3 25.0 21.8 19.4 17.6 16.1
(ChuongHo
VanNhat,2010)
47.6 35.9 29.3 25.0 21.8 19.4 17.6 16.1
Length(m) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Paper 46.4 35.8 28.6 24.3 21.3 19.0 17.2 15.7
(Chuong
HoVan
Nhat,2010)
46.4 35.8 28.6 24.3 21.3 19.0 17.2 15.7
2) SurveyingHorizontalRod
Length(m) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Paper 35.8 22.3 16.6 13.3 11.2 9.7 8.6 7.7
(Chuong
HoVan
Nhat,2010)
35.8
22.3
16.6
13.3
11.2
9.7
8.6
7.7
30
TABLE4.COMPARINGRESULTSBETWEENTHISPAPERAND
Length(m) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Paper 35.1 21.9 16.3 13.2 11.1 9.6 8.5 7.7
(ChuongHo
VanNhat,
2010)
35.1 21.9 16.3 13.2 11.1 9.6 8.5 7.7
3) Remark
From the data in TABLES 1, 2, 3 and 4 we realize
thattheformulasofthispaperand(ChuongHoVan
Nhat,2010)givethesameresults.
Comparing Results between This Paper and GEM
SoftwareofERCOCompany
1) SurveyingVerticalRod
SOFTWAREOFERICOCOMPANY
Length(m) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Paper 47.6 35.9 29.3 25.0 21.8 19.4 17.6 16.1
Software 40.2 32.5 27.4 23.8 21.1 19.0 17.3 15.9
Length(m) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Paper 46.4 35.8 28.6 23.1 21.3 19.0 17.2 15.7
Software 39.0 31.5 26.6 23.1 20.6 18.5 16.9 15.5
2) SurveyingHorizontalRod
Length(m) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Paper
35.8 22.3 16.6 13.3 11.2 9.7 8.6 7.7
Software
32.1 20.4 15.4 12.4 10.5 9.1 8.1 7.3
TABLE8.COMPARINGRESULTSBETWEENTHISPAPERAND
Length(m) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Paper 35.1 21.9 16.3 13.2 11.1 9.6 8.5 7.7
Software 31.3 20.1 15.1 12.2 10.4 9.0 8.0 7.2
3) Remark
From the data in TABLES 5, 6, 7 and 8 we realize
thattheformulasofthispaperandthesoftwareof
ERICO Company give the calculating results with
theerrorsthatarenotgreat(about15%)withshort
lengthofrodandareapproximatewithlong.
Conc l usi ons
1). We received other formulas for calculating the
resistanceofsimplegroundingformswithinfluenceof
the GEM in comparison with (Chuong Ho Van Nhat,
2010).
2).Wereceivedformulasforcalculatingtheequivalent
resistivityoftheGEMandnaturalsoillayer.
3). We can use a common formula for calculating the
resistance of simple grounding forms with or without
theGEM.
REFERENCES
Alya B. Joffe, Kaisang Lock. Grounds for Grounding: A
CircuittoSystemHandbook.Wiley.2010.
ANSI/IEEE Std 802000. IEEE guide for safety in AC
substationgrounding.NewYork.
Chuong Ho Van Nhat. Problems in High Voltage
Engineering. Publisher HoChiMinh City National
University,VietNam,2009.
Chuong Ho Van Nhat. Calculating resistance of simple
grounding forms with or without the soil improved
chemicalsubstance.2010AsiaPacificPowerandEnergy
Engineering Conference (APPEEC), March 2831, 2010.
Chengdu,China.
ERICO Company LTD. The GEM software for calculating
groundingresistance.
Lightning Protection International PTY. LTD. Global
Lightning Technologies. Hobrut, Tasmania, Australia
7000.
M.E.Ilrusalimov;N.N.Orlov.HighVoltageEngineering.
PublisherRalianskaia.Kiev,Ucraine.
Nathan Ida. Engineering Electromagnetics. Hamilton
PrintingCo.,Rensselaser,NY.,2000.
VanDinhAnhandhisGroup.Researchingandsuggesting
some solutions for improving grounding system of the
31
transmission line and high voltage transformer
substationofHoChiMinhCityPowerCompany.2004.
Viet Hoang. High Voltage Engineering: Overvoltages in
Power System. Publisher HoChiMinh City National
University.VietNam,2010.
Aut hor s I nt r oduc t i on
Chuong Ho Van Nhat was born in
1954, Hue province, Vietnam. He
received bachelor of science degree in
electrical engineering from Ho Chi
Minh City University of Technology
in1977andPhilosophyDoctordegree
in High Voltage Engineering from
Kiev Polytechnique University,
Ukraine in 1997. Now, he has been as
senior lecturer of Power Systems Department of HCMCity
University of Technology. His main research interests
concentrateonthefieldsofGroundingSystem,Overvoltages
inPowerSystemsandMeasurementsonHighVoltage.
Tung Nguyen Thanh was born in 1980,
TraVinh province, Vietmam. He received
bachelor of science degree in electrical
and electronics engineering in 2007 and
master of science degree in 2012 from
University of Technical Education
HCMC, HCM City, Vietnam in 2007. He
has been as lecturer of Dong Thap
Vocational College. His main research interests concentrate
onthefieldsofGroundingSystemandRenewalEnergy.
Lan Ngo Kim was born in 1976, Vinh
Phuc province, Vietnam. He received
bachelorofsciencedegreeinelectricaland
electronicsengineeringfromHoChiMinh
CityUniversityofTechnologyHUTECH
in 2001 and and master of science degree
in electrical engineering from University
of Technical Education HCMC, HCM
City, Vietnam in 2009. He has been as lecturer of Dong Nai
Vocational College. His main research interests concentrate
on the fields of Grounding and Automation in Power
Systems.

Formulas For Calculating A Grounding Resistance of Simple Forms With Ground Enhancement Material

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InternationalJournalofAutomationandPowerEngineering(IJAPE)Volume2Issue2,February2013www.ijape.

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