Object Oriented Programming

TE
&
( )
.
2004

1.
5
6
6
7
8
2. C++
, ,

( , , )

3.

Private public

-
(constructors)

-
4.
9
10
10
11
12
13
16
26
31
31
32
32
33
35
36
38
40
42
47
47
48
52
54
5.
57
57
59
6.

61
61
63
3
7.

-

8.
67
67
70
71
72
74
74
75
77

void

: new delete

this
77
80
81
82
83
85
87
88
9.
91
10.

91
92
93
93
97
..... 99
1.

.
, , .

(PASCAL, C, .).
.

(objects).
,
, .
, C++ - (member functions),

.
.
(encapsulated) .

.
. .. ,
, .
. .. , ,
.
, .. ,
. , ,
,
, ..
, , .
, ,
.
.
(methods).

.
,
.
.. int () C++
:
int x;
int count;
.
()
() .
,
int . ,

.
.
.
.

(). ,
, , . , ,
, .

. ,
, , .
.
, ,
. ,
,
.

, ,
(). C++
(base class).
,
(derived classes).
, ,
. (reusability)
. ,
,
.
,
.
,
. ,

.
(polymorphism)
, ,
, .
()
, . ,
.
.
, ,
, .
C++ C
C++ C.
C. C, C++.
C C++,
. , C++
, ,
/ .
2. C++

:
#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
cout << Hello world;
}
, main(). void
.
C++ ,
, ,
main(). main() ,
.
-
(preprocessor directive),
.

cout .
(standard output stream).
.
,
.
<< (insertion) (put
to). ,
.
:
//
/*
*/

.

, :
void main()
{
int qty, price, value;
cout << :;
cin >> qty;
cout << :;
cin >> price;
value = qty * price;
cout << : << value;
}
cin >> qty
.
qty. cin , C++
.
. >>
.
<<
.
,
:
void main()
{
float radius, perim, area;
const float PI = 3.14159;
cout << :;
cin >> radius;
perim = 2 * PI *radius;
area = PI * radius * radius;
cout <<setw(12)<<:<<setw(5)<<setprecision(2)<< perim << endl;
cout << setw(12)<<: <<setw(5) <<setprecision(2) << area << endl;
}
10
setw
.
setprecision
.
endl
<< .
char
-128
127
int
-32768
32767
long
-2147483648
2147483647
-38
Byte
1
2
38
float
3.4*10
3.4*10
double
1.7*10-308
1.7*10308
15
long double
3.4*10-4932
1.1*104932
19
10

C++ , ,
.
,

.

long double
double
float
long
int
char

, C++ .
,
,
11
,
. ,
,
,
, .
(casting)
,
.
:
void main()
{
int x = 25000;
x = (x * 10) / 10;
//
cout << x = << x << endl;
x = 25000 ;
x = (long(x) * 10) / 10 ; // long
cout << x = << x << endl;
}
:
x = -1214
x = 25000
, , x*10
int.
, long
250000 .
+
/
*
\
%
++
12

-
=
+=
-=
*=
/=
%=
<
>
<=
>=
==
!=
&& (and)
||
(or)
!
(not)

/ .
.

.

( )
.

if (x > 0)
cout << x is positive;
13

if (x > 0)
else
cout << x is negative or zero;
E
if (x > 0)
else
if (x == 0)
cout << x is zero;
else
cout << x is negative;

1 ( if)
if (grade > 8)
cout << excellent;
else
if (grade > 6)
cout << very good;
else
if (grade == 6)
cout << good;
else
if (grade == 5)
cout << pass;
else
cout << fail;
2 ( switch)
switch (grade)
{
case 9, 10: cout << excellent;
break;
case 7, 8: cout << very good;
break;
case
6: cout << good;
break;
case
5: cout << pass;
break;
default : cout << fail;
break;
}

.
14
.

.
.
,
.
:

,
.

, .

.
, .

sum = 0;
cin >> x;
while (x != 0)
{
sum = sum + x;
cin >> x;
}
cout << sum;
15

do
{
cout << 1. << endl;
cout << 2. << endl;
cout << 3. << endl;
cout << 4. << endl;
cout << :;
cin >> x;
switch (x)
{
case 1: cout << ;
break;
case 2: cout << ;
break;
case 3: cout << ;
break;
}
}while (x != 4);

sum = 0;
for (i=0; i<10; i++)
{
cin >> x;
sum = sum + x;
}
cout << sum;
(while)
.
(do-while)
,
, .
(for)
.

. C++
.
16
, main,
.
:
,
.
(.
).
(.
).
:
< > < > < >
{
< >
< >
}
,
, .
return.
,
void .

, , return,
.
int athroisma(int x, int y); //
main()
{
int a,b,c;
cout << 1 :;
cin >> a;
cout << 2 :;
cin >> b;
c = athroisma(a,b); //
17
cout << << a << << b << << c;

}
//
int athroisma(int x, int y)
{
int z; //
z = x + y;
return z ;
}
,
,
. ,

c = athroisma(a,b);

return.
, , x
y. a b
a b.
a
12
17
12
17
, x y,
a b. .

(call by value).

, athroisma
, , (
).
void athroisma(int x, int y);
//
18
main()
{
int a,b,c;
cout << 1 :;
cin >> a;
cout << 2 :;
cin >> b;
athroisma(a,b); //
return 0;
}
//
void athroisma(int x, int y)
{
int z; //
z = x + y;
cout << << x << << y << << z;
}

,
(modules) .
..
19
, .
,
,
. ,
.
.
, .

.
.
#define N 10
struct employee
{
int am;
char name[20];
int hours;
int payrate;
int misthos;
};
typedef struct employee Ergaz;
void eisagogiDedomenon(Ergaz p[N]);
int ypologismosMisthou(int hrs, int prt);
void emfanisiApotelesmaton(Ergaz p[]);
main()
{
Ergaz emp[N];
eisagogiDedomenon(emp);
emfanisiApotelesmaton(emp);
getch();
return 0;
}
void eisagogiDedomenon(Ergaz p[N])
{
int i;
for (i=0; i<N; i++)
{
cout << "Ergazomenos << i+1 << endl;
20
cout << ============" << endl;

cout << "A.M.:";
cin >> p[i].am;
cout << "Name:";
cin >> p[i].name;
cout << "Ores:;
cin >> p[i].hours;
cout << "Oromisthio:";
cin >> p[i].payrate;
//
p[i].misthos = ypologismosMisthou(p[i].hours, p[i].payrate);
cout << endl;
}
}
int ypologismosMisthou(int hrs, int prt)
{
int sal;
sal = hrs * prt;
return sal;
};
void emfanisiApotelesmaton(Ergaz p[N])
{
int i;
for (i=0; i<N; i++)
{
cout << endl << A.M. : << p[i].am << endl;
cout << " Name : << p[i].name << endl;
cout << " Ores: << p[i].hours << endl;
cout << " Oromisthio: << p[i].payrate << endl;
cout << " Misthos: << p[i].misthos << endl;
}
}

, ,
.
.
.

.

. ,
21
. ,

, .
,
.

)
:
n! = 1*2*3*..(n-1)*n
:
int factorial(int n)
{
int i,f;
f = 1;
for (i=2; i<=n; i++)
f = f*i;
return f;
}
:
n! = 1
n = 0,
= n*(n-1)! n > 0
:
int factorial(int n)
{
int f;
if (n = = 0)
f = 1;
else
f = n*factorial(n-1);
return f;
}

, .. n = 4:
22
:
f=1
i=2
f = 1*2 = 2
i=3
f = 2*3 = 6
i=4
f = 6*4 = 24
:
factorial(4) = 4*factorial(3)
factorial(0) = 1
, 1
factorial(1) = 1.
factorial(2) = 2*1 = 2
factorial(3) = 3*2 = 6
factorial(4) = 4*6 = 24
)
:
xn = x*x*x*..*x, n
:
int power(int x, int n)
{
int i,p;
p = 1;
for (i=1; i<=n; i++)
p = p*x;
return p;
}
:
xn = 1
= x* xn-1
n = 0,
n > 0
23
:
int power(int x, int n)
{
int p;
if (n = = 0)
p = 1;
else
p = x*power(x,n-1);
return p;
}

C ,
.
, ,
, swap.

swap(a,b);
swap
void swap(int x, int y)
{
int temp ;
temp = x ;
x=y;
y = temp ;
}
57
75
temp
5
a b,
x y, (call by
value).
a b,
:
swap(&a, &b);
& , &a &b
,
a b .
24
void swap(int *pa, int *pb)

{
int temp ;
temp = *pa ;
*pa = *pb ;
*pb = temp ;
}
pa
57
75
pb
temp
5

, . C++

. .
- . ,
,
,
.

. ,

.
main()
{
int a, b;
swap(a,b);
}
void swap(int& x, int& y)
{
int temp ;
temp = x ;
x=y;
y = temp ;
}
a
x
b
y
57
75
temp
5
// x y a b.
25
&
.
, :
#include <conio.h>
main()
{
int a, &x=a, *d; // x a
// d
a = 15;
d = &a;
// a d
cout << "a = " << a << endl;
cout << "x = " << x << endl;
cout << "address a = " << d << endl;
getch();
}
:
a = 15
x = 15
address a = 0063FE00

(overloading)
.
:
void starline()
45 .
void charline(char ch)

45 .
.
void repchar(char ch, int n)

.
.
,
.
, .
.
:
26
void repchar()
void repchar(char ch)
main()
{
repchar();
repchar(+);
repchar($,25);
}
void repchar()
{
int i;
for (i=0; i<45; i++)
cout << *;
cout << endl;
}
void repchar(char ch)
{
int i;
for (i=0; i<45; i++)
cout << ch;
cout << endl;
}
{
int i;
for (i=0; i<n; i++)
cout << ch;
cout << endl;
}
:
********************************************
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
.
, .

.
27
,
.
..
void display(char ch)
{
cout << : << endl;
for(i=0; i<10; i++)
cout << ch;
cout << endl;
}
void display(int n)
{
cout << : << endl;
for(i=1; i<=n; i++)
cout << i << endl;
}
,
.
.

,
.

.

.

.
:
void repchar(char ch=*, int n=45)
main()
{
repchar();
repchar(+);
repchar($,25);
}
28

{
int i;
for (i=0; i<n; i++)
cout << ch;
cout << endl;
}
:
********************************************
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
, ,
, ,
. , ,
, (
+ ch 45
n). ,
.

.
29
30
3.

. ,
C++.
class Person
{
private:
char name[30];
int age;
public:
void readData()
{
cout << Enter name:;
cin >> name;
cout << Enter age:;
cin >> age;
}
void printData()
{
cout << The name of the person is << name << endl;
cout << The age of the person is << age << endl;
}
};
//
void main()
{
Person p1, p2;
//
p1.readData();
p1.printData();
p2.readData();
p2.printData();
// -
//
}
Person .

. -

- .
, ,
.
31
data 1
data 2
.
.
.
function1()
function2()
.
.
.
Private public
: private public.
,
, (data hiding).
,
.
private ().
. ,
(public) , .
,
.

main()
Person p1, p2;
Person. ,
, , ,
, ,
.
.
32
-
- readData():
p1.readData();
p2.readData();
- ,
.
.-
,
-
.
readData()
p1.readData();
- readData() p1. ,
, ,

name age .

p2.readData();
- p2.
..
Person
p1
p2
name
Name
Age
age
, printData()
:
p1.printData();
p2.printData();
33

,
.
,
-. :
#include <string.h>
class Person
{
private:
char name[30];
int age;
public:
void setData(char name1[], int age1)
{
strcpy(name, name1);
age = age1;
}
void printData()
{
cout << The name of the person is << name << endl;
cout << The age of the person is << age << endl;
}
};
//
void main()
{
Person p;
p.setData(PAPADOPOULOS, 25);
p.printData();
}
p. ,
p.setData(PAPADOPOULOS, 25);
- setData(),
PAPADOPOULOS 25 name1 age1
. , ,
.
P
Name
PAPADOPOULOS
Age
25
34
(constructors)

. , ,
, ,
-.

-
(constructor). -
, .
, Account
balance, . ,
, -
- , ,
.
, ,
0. , ,
Account(), .
class Account
{
private:
float balance;
public:
Account()
{
balance = 0;
}
void withdraw(float money)
{
if (money <= balance)
balance = balance money;
else
cout << ! << endl;
}
void deposit(float money)
{
balance += money;
}
35
float getBalance()
{
return balance;
}
};
main()
{
Account ac;
ac.deposit(100.0);
cout << : << ac.getBalance() << endl;
ac.withdraw(70.0) ;
cout << : << ac.getBalance() << endl;
}

. , .
(destructors)
. , ,
(destructor),
.
, ~.
class Account
{
private:
float balance;
public:
Account()
{
balance = 0;
}
~Account()
//
{}
.
.
.
};

.
36
(constructor overloading)

,
.
class Account
{
private:
float balance;
public:
Account()
//
{
balance = 0;
}
Account(float balance1) //
{
balance = balance1;
}
{
else
cout << ! << endl;
}
{
balance += money;
}
float getBalance()
{
return balance;
}
};
main()
{
Account ac1, ac2(50.0), ac3(100.0);
cout << ac1: << ac1.getBalance() << endl;
}
,
.
Account ac1, ac2(50.0), ac3(100.0);
37
.
.
balance1,
50.0 100.0
.
,
.

(overloading).
,

.

, - addBalance(),
.
class Account
{
private:
float balance;
public:
Account()
//
{
balance = 0;
}
{
balance = balance1;
}
{
else
cout << ! << endl;
}
{
balance += money;
}
float getBalance()
{
38
return balance;
}
void addBalance(Account x, Account y)
{
balance = x.balance + y.balance;
}
};
main()
{
Account ac1(100.0), ac2(70.0), ac3;
ac3.addBalance(ac1, ac2);
cout << : << ac3.getBalance() << endl;
}
main()
ac3.addBalance(ac1, ac2);
ac1 ac2 x y
.

x.balance y.balance. , , ,
.

-, ac3.
39
ac3
balance
- ac3

ac3.addBalance(ac1, ac2)
ac2.balance
ac1.balance
ac1
balance
ac2
balance

.
.
class Account
{
private:
float balance;
public:
Account()
//
{
balance = 0;
}
{
balance = balance1;
}
{
else
cout << ! << endl;
}
40

{
balance += money;
}
float getBalance()
{
return balance;
}
Account sumBalance(Account ac)
{
Account temp;
temp.balance = balance + ac.balance;
return temp;
}
};
main()
{
Account ac1(100.0), ac2(70.0), ac3;
ac3 = ac1.sumBalance(ac2);
}
,

, .
, sumBalance()
, . ac2 ac.

ac1.
temp, . , return,

ac3.

c3 = ac1.sumBalance(ac2);
41
temp
Balance
temp ac3
return temp;
temp.balance
ac3 = ac1.sumBalance(ac2)
ac2.balance
balance
ac1
balance
ac2
balance
-
. , ,

.
, ,
- ,
. , ,
:
..
class Account
{
private:
float balance;
public:
Account();
Account(float balance1);
void withdraw(float money);
void deposit(float money);
float getBalance();
Account sumBalance(Account ac);
};
42
Account::Account()
{
balance = 0;
}
Account::Account(float balance1) //
{
balance = balance1;
}
void Account::withdraw(float money)
{
else
cout << ! << endl;
}
void Account::deposit(float money)
{
balance += money;
}
float Account::getBalance()
{
return balance;
}
Account Account::sumBalance(Account ac)
{
Account temp;
return temp;
}
main()
{
Account ac1(100.0), ac2(70.0), ac3;
}

::,
(scope resolution
operator),
.

(private),

43
. (static),
,
.
.
,
count Account,
.
.
class Account
{
private:
static int count = 0;
float balance;
public:
Account()
//
{
count++;
balance = 0;
}
{
count++;
balance = balance1;
}
int getCount()
{
return count;
}
{
else
cout << ! << endl;
}
{
balance += money;
}
float getBalance()
{
return balance;
}
Account sumBalance(Account ac)
{
44
Account temp;
return temp;
}
};
main()
{
Account ac1(100.0), ac2(70.0), ac3;
cout << : << ac1.getCount() << endl;
}
Account
count. main()
count . getCount()
, count, 3
. count ,
1
.
45
46
4.

.

,
.

.

( , .).

.

(indexes) .
,
, - . C++
, ,
, . ,
(one-dimensional)
(two-dimensional) .
p

#define N 10
main()
{
int p[N];
.
.
.
.
}
47
.
for (i=0; i<N; i++)
cin >> p[i];
.
for (i=0; i<N; i++)
cout << p[i];
.
sum = 0;
for (i=0; i<N; i++)
sum = sum + p[i]);

.
#include <stdio.h>
#define N 10
main()
{
int p[N];
int i, art = 0, per = 0 ;
for (i=0; i<N; i++)
cin >> p[i];
for (i=0; i<N; i++)
if (p[i] % 2 == 0)
art = art + 1;
else
per = per + 1;
cout << = << art << endl;
cout << = << per << endl;
}
48

,
.
,
,
.
, .
p 0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

#define M 8
#define N 10
main()
{
int p[M][N];
.
.
.
.
}
.
for (i=0; i<M; i++)
for (j=0; j<N; j++)
cin >> p[i][j];
49
.
for (i=0; i<M; i++)
for (j=0; j<N; j++)
cout << p[i][j];
.
sum = 0;
for (i=0; i<; i++)
for (j=0; j<N; j++)
sum = sum + p[i][j]);
.
for (i=0; i<; i++)
{
row[i] = 0;
for (j=0; j<N; j++)
row[i] = row[i] + p[i][j];
}
.
for (j=0; j<N; j++)
{
col[j] = 0;
for (i=0; i<; i++)
col[j] = col[j] + p[i][j];
}
row
16
21
32
21
41
55
210
28
38
13
51
14
23
11
203
17
67
22
40
30
12
54
258
20
40
10
13
33
42
67
11
246
21
34
48
29
26
15
32
22
17
249
23
57
34
12
65
13
87
307
23
11
15
18
22
31
17
158
19
17
12
71
28
37
44
15
254
col
119 220 159 181 191 198 210 199 198 210
1885 sum
50

:
5
5
12
12
5x12
.
,
, , ,
.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#define M 5
#define N 12
main()
{
char cities[M][80] = {"KAVALA", "DRAMA", "THESSALONIKI",
"SERRES", "LARISSA"};
char months[N][80] = {"JANUARY", "FEBRUARY", "MARCH", "APRIL",
"MAY", "JUNE", "JULY", "AUGUST",
"SEPTEMBER", "OCTOBER", "NOVEMBER",
"DECEMBER"};
float temp[M][N] ={{15.6,13.8,16.9,18.2,19.3,26.7,29.5,33.4,22.5,18.4,17.5,14.2},
{13.5,12.9,15.8,17.3,18.2,24.9,28.9,30.1,21.7,17.1,15.8,13.8},
{15.9,14.2,17.3,19.4,21.5,17.9,30.6,34.2,24.1,19.6,18.2,14.7},
{16.3,15.9,17.8,19.8,22.2,18.3,30.8,35.1,25.5,20.5,18.8,15.3},
{18.3,17.1,19.6,22.4,25.3,30.2,32.4,36.3,31.5,22.7,21.5,19.4}
};
float mintemp, maxtemp;
int i,j, row, col;
for (i=0; i<M; i++)
{
cout << cities[i];
for (j=0; j<N; j++)
cout << temp[i][j];
cout << endl;
}
mintemp = temp[0][0];
row = 0;
col = 0;
for (i=0; i<M; i++)
for (j=0; j<N; j++)
51
if (temp[i][j] < mintemp)

{
mintemp = temp[i][j];
row = i;
col = j;
}
cout << endl << Minimum temperature = << mintemp << endl;
cout << "City = << cities[row] << endl;
cout << "Month = " << months[col] << endl;
maxtemp = temp[0][0];
row = 0;
col = 0;
for (i=0; i<M; i++)
for (j=0; j<N; j++)
if (temp[i][j] > maxtemp)
{
maxtemp = temp[i][j];
row = i;
col = j;
}
cout << endl << "Maximum temperature = " << maxtemp << endl;
cout << "City = " << cities[row] << endl;
cout << "Month = << months[col] << endl;
getch();
return 0;
}

.
, Student

8 8 .
const int N = 8;
class Student
{
private:
int am;
float vath[N];
public:
Student()
{
int i;
am = 0;
for (i=0; i<N; i++)
vath[i] = 0;
52
}
void readData()
{
int i;
cout << ..:;
cin >> am;
cout << :;
for (i=0; i<N; i++)
cin >> vath[i];
}
float getAvg()
{
int i;
float sum = 0, avg;
for (i=0; i<N; i++)
sum += vath[i];
avg = sum/N;
return avg;
}
float getMin()
{
int i;
float min;
min = vath[0];
for (i=1; i<N; i++)
if (vath[i] < min)
min = vath[i];
return min;
}
float getMax()
{
int i;
float max;
max = vath[0];
for (i=1; i<N; i++)
if (vath[i] > min)
max = vath[i];
return max;
}
};
main()
{
Student s1;
s1.readData();
cout << = << s1.getAvg() << endl;
cout << = << s1.getMax() << endl;
cout << = << s1.getMin() << endl;
}
53

,
, .
const int N = 10;
class Employee
{
private:
int am;
char name[20];
float misthos;
public:
void readData()
{
cout << ..:;
cin >> am;
cout << :;
cin >> name;
cout << :;
cin >> misthos;
}
void printData()
{
cout << ..: << am << endl;
cout << : << name << endl;
cout << : << misthos << endl;
}
};
main()
{
Employee emp[N];
int i, armit;
bool found = false;
cout << << N << : << endl;
for (i=0; i<N; i++)
{
cout << endl << << i+1 << : << endl;
emp[i].readData();
}
cout << .. :;
cin >> armit;
i = 0;
found = false;
while (i<N && found == false)
54
{
if (emp[i].am == armit)
found = true;
else
i++;
}
if (found == true)
emp[i].printData();
else
cout << . << endl;
}
emp
Employee. , for,
10 ,
readData(). ,
. ,
.
55
56
5. (operator overloading)

.
, .. +, -, *, >, <, ==,
.
,
a=b+c
, int
float.
, a, b c . ,
(data type
conversion),
int float. ,
.

Account
, -:
+ ,
:
ac3 = ac1 + ac2;
, :
class Account
{
private:
float balance;
public:
Account()
{
balance = 0;
}
Account(float balance1)
{
balance = balance1;
}
{
57

else
cout << ! << endl;
}
{
balance += money;
}
float getBalance()
{
return balance;
}
Account operator + (Account ac)
{
Account temp;
return temp;
}
};
main()
{
Account ac1(100.0), ac2(70.0), ac3;
ac3 = ac1 + ac2;
}
+ ,
operator. ,
,
operator . ,
.
main()
ac3 = ac1 + ac2;
+ ( ac1 ac2
), ac1 ac2
ac3.
, ,
(.. ac2). ,
(.. ac1)
.
58
,
,
.

. ,
> ( ) , Account,
:
class Account
{
private:
float balance;
public:
Account()
{
balance = 0;
}
{
balance = balance1;
}
{
else
cout << ! << endl;
}
{
balance += money;
}
float getBalance()
{
return balance;
}
bool operator > (Account ac)
{
if (balance > ac.balance)
return true;
else
return false;
}
};
59
main()
{
Account ac1(100.0), ac2(70.0);
if (ac1 > ac2)
cout << ac1 . << endl;
else
cout << ac2 . << endl;
}
60
6.

x = y;
x y .. ,
.
,
a1 = a2 + a3
a1, a2, a3 ,
.
,
, ,
.
, ,
, (casting).
.

.
const float MTF = 3.28033;
class EngDist
{
private:
int feet;
float inches;
public:
EngDist()
{
feet = 0;
inches = 0;
}
EngDist(float meters) //
{
// ,
float ft;
ft = MTF * meters;
feet = int(ft);
inches = 12 * (ft - feet);
}
EngDist(int feet1, float inches1)
{
feet = feet1;
61
inches = inches1;
}
void readDist()
{
cout << Give feet:;
cin >> feet;
cout << Give inches:;
cin >> inches;
}
void printDist()
{
cout << feet << feet, << inches << inches. << endl;
}
operator float()
{
float meters;
meters = (feet + inches/12) / MTF;
return meters;
}
};
main()
{
EngDist d1, d2(5, 10.0);
float metr;
d1 = 1.95;
cout << d1 = ;
d1.printDist() ;
//
// EngDist
metr = d2 ;
//
// EngDist
cout << d2 = << metr << . << endl;
}
, .. float-
.. EngDist-
float.
..
EngDist(float meters) //
{
// ,
float ft;
ft = MTF * meters;
feet = int(ft);
inches = 12 * (ft - feet);
}

d1 = 1.95;
62
, , ,
:
operator float()
{
float meters;
meters = (feet + inches/12) / MTF;
return meters;
}

metr = d2 ;
,
, ,
=.
, ,

,
, .
,
(. =),
,
(. =).
,
( )
( ).
1)
class EngDist
{
private:
int feet;
float inches;
public:
EngDist()
{
feet = 0;
inches = 0;
}
63

{
feet = feet1;
inches = inches1;
}
void printDist()
{
}
int getFeet()
{
return feet;
}
float getInches()
{
return inches;
}
};
class GrDist
{
private:
int m;
float cm;
public:
GrDist()
{
m = 0;
cm = 0;
}
GrDist(int m1, float cm1)
{
m = m1;
cm = cm1;
}
GrDist(EngDist e)
{
int ft;
float in, mf;
ft = e.getFeet();
in = e.getInches();
mf = (ft + in/12) / MTF;
m = int(mf);
cm = (mf m) * 100;
}
void printDist()
{
cout << m << meters, << cm << centimetres. << endl;
}
};
64
main()
{
GrDist gr;
EngDist eng(5, 10.0);
gr = eng;
cout << English distance = ;
eng.printDist();
cout << Greek Distance = ;
gr.printDist();
}
2)
class GrDist
{
private:
int m;
float cm;
public:
GrDist()
{
m = 0;
cm = 0;
}
GrDist(int m1, float cm1)
{
m = m1;
cm = cm1;
}
void printDist()
{
cout << m << meters, << cm << centimetres. << endl;
}
};
class EngDist
{
private:
int feet;
float inches;
public:
EngDist()
{
feet = 0;
inches = 0;
}
65

{
feet = feet1;
inches = inches1;
}
void printDist()
{
}
operator GrDist()
{
int met;
float ekat, mf;
mf = (feet+inches/12)/MTF;
met = int(mf);
ekat = (mf-met)*100;
return GrDist(met, ekat);
}
};
main()
{
GrDist gr;
EngDist eng(5, 10.0);
gr = eng;
cout << English distance = ;
eng.printDist();
cout << Greek Distance = ;
gr.printDist();
}
66
7.

.
.
(derived class),
(base class).

.
, .
.
,
.

67
class Account
{
protected:
float balance;
public:
Account()
{
balance = 0;
}
{
balance = balance1;
}
{
else
cout << ! << endl;
}
{
balance += money;
}
float getBalance()
{
return balance;
}
};
class AccInter : public Account
{
public:
void interest()
{
balance += balance*0.1;
}
};
main()
{
AccInter a1;
cout << a1 = << a1.getBalance();
a1.deposit(100);
a1.interest();
}
68
, Account AccInter.

. AccInter
Account.
main() AccInter:
AccInter a1;
0,
AccInter.
,
.
a1 AccInter
deposit() getBalance() Account. ,
, -
a1 -
.
balance Account protected.
-
.
, ..
main().

public
protected
private
.
. ,
, main()
Account a2;
-
, interest()
AccInter.
69

,
a1 , .
,
,
. ,
.
.
.
.
{
public:
AccInter() : Account()
{}
AccInter(float bal) : Account(bal)
{}
void interest()
{
}
};

:
main()
{
AccInter a1, a2(100);
.
.
.
}
main(),
.
AccInter a1;

AccInter()
Account() .
,
70
AccInter a2(100);

AccInter()
Account()
.
-
-
.
, deposit() withdraw()

. , ,
. , ,
.
>, , ,
:
.
.
.
{
public:
{}
{}
void interest()
{
}
{
if (money>0)
Account::deposit(money);
else
cout << .;
}
{
if (money>0)
71
else
cout << .;
}
};
main()
{
AccInter a1;
a1.deposit(100);
a1.deposit(-10);
a1.withdraw(50);
a1.withdraw(-5);
}

a1.deposit(100);
deposit(),
, .
,
deposit()
.
withdraw(). ,
,
(
). , , deposit()
withdraw()
, ::,

.
72
,
:
class A
//
{
private:
int privdataA;
protected:
int protdataA;
public:
int pubdataA;
};
class B : public A
//
{
public:
void funct( )
{
int a;
a = privdataA;
// :
a = protdataA;
//
a = pubdataA;
//
}
};
class C : private A //
{
public:
void funct( )
{
int a;
a = privdataA; // :
a = protdataA; //
a = pubdataA; //
}
};
main( )
{
int a;
B objB;
73
a = objB.privdataA;
a = objB.protdataA;
a = objB.pubdataA;
C objC;
a = objC.privdataA;
a = objC.protdataA;
a = objC.pubdataA;
// :
// :
//
// :
// :
// :
}
A ,
. , ,
, B C
.
, -
. ,

.

, (.. B).
(.. C)
.
,
(private).

.
..
class A
{};
class B : public A
{};
class C : public B
{};

.
..
class A
{};
class B
74
{};
class C : public A, public B
{};
, A B C,
.
.
.
..
class A
{
b;
};
class B
{};
#include <string.h>
class Account
{
protected:
float balance;
public:
Account()
{
balance = 0;
}
{
balance = balance1;
}
{
else
cout << ! << endl;
}
{
75
balance += money;
}
float getBalance()
{
return balance;
}
};
class Customer
{
private:
int number;
char name[20];
Account a;
public:
Customer()
{}
Customer(int number1, char name1[], float bal):Account(bal)
{
number = number1;
}
void getMoney()
{
float money;
cout << :;
cin >> money;
a.withdraw(money);
}
void putMoney()
{
float money;
cout << :;
cin >> money;
a.deposit(money);
}
void balanceReport()
{
cout << = << a.getBalance();
}
};
main()
{
Customer c;
c.balanceReport();
c.putMoney();
c.balanceReport();
c.getMoney();
c.balanceReport();
}
76
8.
.

C++.
,
,
, ..
.
:
.
,
. ,
. ,
.
77
.
.
2499
.
.
2500
2502
2501
2502
2503
.
.
.
.
.
.
(pointer operators)
(address operator) &
(indirection operaror) *
& ,
.
* &, . ,
,
, .
int i;
i = 7;
1000
1001
int *p;
p = &i;
1000
1002
1003
int j;
j = *p;
1004
C:
main()
{
int i;
int *p;
int j;
// p
78
i = 7;
p = &i; // p i
j = *p; // j ,
}
// p (. i)
i
p
1000
1000
j
7

int *p, *q;
int i = 7, j = 8 ;
a) p = &i; // i p,
// p i .
q = &j; // j q,
// q j .
7
q
7
q
b) p = q; // q p,
// q p .
i
7
i
7
79
c) *p = *q; // q,
// p.
i
7
i
8
j
8

struct imerominia
{
int mera;
int minas;
int etos;
};

struct imerominia simera, *imp;
simera struct imerominia.
imp struct
imerominia. ,
imp = &simera;

simera, imp.
imp
simera
mera
15
minas
etos
2003

(*imp).mera = 15;
80
15 mera simera.
.
*.
, ->, o
(structure pointer operator).
,
imp->mera = 15;
imp->minas = 2;
imp->etos = 2003;
// (*imp).mera = 15;
// (*imp).minas = 2;
// (*imp).etos = 2003;

,
struct deiktes
{
d1
d2
int *d1;
int *d2;
i
5
};
j
main()
{
struct deiktes x;
int i = 5, j;
-8
x.d1 = &i; // i x.d1

x.d2 = &j; // j x.d2
*x.d2 = -8; // 8
// x.d2
}
x.d2 = -8, .
*.
,
*(x.d2) = -8;
.

,
,
(linked lists).
struct node
{
81
int data;
struct node *next;
};

data next.
, .
,
struct node *next;
next node node.
-
,
.
..
struct node x, y, z;
int j;
x.data = 1 ;
y.data = 2 ;
z.data = 3;
x.next = &y; // x.next y
y.next = &z; // y.next z
j = x.next->data; // data
// x.next j.
// j = y.data
data
next
x
1
data
next
y
2
data
next
z
3
j
2
void
, ,
. ..
float int. ,
.
void *ptr;
82

// void
main()
{
int intvar;
float flovar;
int *ptrint;
// int
float *ptrflo;
// float
void *ptrvoid;
// void
ptrint = &intvar;
// ptrint = &flovar;
// , int* int*
// , float* int*
// ptrflo = &intvar;
ptrflo = &flovar;
// , int* float*
// , float* float*
ptrvoid = &intvar;
ptrvoid = &flovar;
// , int* void*
// , int* void*

,
, :

,

int athroisma(int x, int y) ;
main()
{
int a, b;
.
sum = athroisma(a, b); //
.
.
}
int athroisma(int x, int y)
{
return x+y ;
83
}

void praxeis(int &s, int &d, int x, int y);
main()
{
int a, b, sum, diff;
.
praxeis(sum, diff, a, b);
.
.
}
void praxeis(int &s, int &d, int x, int y)
{
s = x+y;
d = x-y;
}
int &s s sum.
s sum . ,
s sum. d
diff.

void praxeis(int *s, int *d, int x, int y);
main()
{
int a, b, sum, diff;
.
praxeis(&sum, &diff, a, b);
.
.
}
void praxeis(int *s, int *d, int x, int y)
{
*s = x+y;
*d = x-y;
}
int:
int *s;
int *d;
,
sum diff. ,
, :
*s = x+y *d = x-y;
84
-

, .
, .
: new delete
,
.
.
, ,
.
C++ , ,
, .
new delete.
#include <string.h>
struct person
{
int id;
char name[20];
}
main()
{
struct person *ptr;
ptr = new struct person[1];
cout << :;
cin >> ptr->id;
cout << :;
cin >> ptr->name;
delete ptr;
}
new malloc()
C. new
, malloc()
(casting) .
new delete. ,
, ,
85
delete .
, ,
new .
,
, ,
.

, ,
. ,
,
new. new

.
class Person
{
private:
int id;
char name[20];
public:
void readData()
{
cout << :;
cin >> id;
cout << :;
cin >> name;
}
void printData()
{
cout << : << id << endl;
}
};
main()
{
Person *p;
p = new Person;
p->readData();
p->printData();
}
86
, p
Person new
p .
-
->.

,
,
:
class Person
{
private:
int id;
char name[20];
public:
void readData()
{
cout << :;
cin >> id;
cout << :;
cin >> name;
}
void printData()
{
cout << : << id << endl;
}
};
main()
{
Person *perspin[100];
int i = 0, j;
char choice;
do
{
perspin[i] = new Person;
perspin[i]->readData();
i++;
cout << More?;
cin >> choice;
}
while (choice == y);
for (j=0; j<i; j++)
perspin[j]->printData();
}
87
this
-

this. -
. , this

. ,
, ,
this. , , this .
, ,
this.
.
this:
#include <stdio.h>
class Employee
{
private:
float mikta;
int categ;
public:
Employee()
{
this->mikta = 0;
this->categ = 0;
}
Employee(float mikta0, int categ0)
{
this->mikta = mikta0;
this->categ = categ0;
}
void showAddress()
{
cout << "The address of the object is " << this << endl;
}
float calcTax()
{
float foros;
if (this->categ == 1)
foros = this->mikta * 0.15;
else
foros = this->mikta * 0.3;
return foros;
88
}
float calcSalary()
{
float misthos;
misthos = this->mikta - this->calcTax();
return misthos;
}
};
main()
{
Employee emp(1000,1);
emp.showAddress();
cout << "The salary is: " << emp.calcSalary() << endl;
}
89
90
9.
(virtual functions)
,
.

, .
class A
{
public:
virtual void display()
{
cout << " .";
}
};
class Par1 : public A
{
public:
void display()
{
cout << "1 .";
}
};
class Par2 : public A
{
public:
void display()
{
cout << "2 .";
}
};
main( )
{
Par1 p1;
Par2 p2;
A *ptr;
ptr = &p1;
ptr->display();
ptr = &p2;
ptr->display();
}
91
:
1
2
, A , Par1 Par2
, display()
.
,
virtual. ,
ptr->display();
, virtual,
display() . ,
virtual,
.

--
. ,
.
,
. , ,

.
, .
,
friend,
.
class B;
class A
{
private:
int x;
public:
92
A()
{
x=5;
}
friend int ff(A a1, B b1) ;
};
class B
{
private:
int y;
public:
B()
{
y=4;
}
friend int ff(A a1, B b1) ;
};
int ff(A a1, B b1)
{
return (a1.x+b1.y);
}
main()
{
A a;
B b;
cout << = << ff(a, b);
}
, ff()
.
friend. ,
, .
93
94
10.

,
. C++,
,
.

#include <fstream.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
class Person
{
protected:
int am;
char name[20];
public:
void setData(int am1, char name1[])
{
am = am1;
}
};
void main()
{
Person p;
FILE *outfile;
int armit;
char onoma[20];
outfile = fopen("person.dat", wb);
cout << "Give am, 0 to stop:";
cin >> armit;
while (armit != 0)
{
cout << "Give name:";
cin >> onoma;
p.setData(armit, onoma);
fwrite(&p, sizeof(p), 1, outfile);
cout << "Give am, 0 to stop:";
cin >> armit;
}
fclose(outfile);
}
95
, 0.
setData()
fwrite().

#include <fstream.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
class Person
{
private:
int am;
char name[20];
public:
void printData()
{
cout << "A.M.: " << am << endl;
cout << "Name: " << name << endl;
}
};
void main()
{
Person p;
FILE *infile;
infile = fopen("person.dat", rb);
cout << "The contents of the file are:" << endl;
fread(&p, sizeof(p), 1, infile);
while (!feof(infile))
{
p.printData();
cout << endl;
fread (&p, sizeof(p), 1, outfile)
}
getch();
fclose(infile);
}
,
fread(), ,
printData().
96

, #include
( .h)
. (header files)
(include files)
. , iostream.h
cout <<.

. ,
myheader.h
.
myheader.h
#include <stdio.h>
class AAA
{
private:
int x;
int y;
public:
AAA()
{}
AAA(int x0, int y0)
{
x = x0;
y = y0;
}
void print()
{
cout << "x=" << x << endl;
cout << "y=" << y << endl;
}
};
, ,

:
97
#include "myheader.h"
#include <conio.h>
class BBB : public AAA
{
private:
int r;
public:
BBB(): AAA()
{}
BBB(int x1, int y1, int r1) : AAA(x1,y1)
{
r = r1;
}
void print()
{
AAA::print();
cout << "r=" << r << endl;
}
};
void main()
{
BBB ant(2,3,4);
ant.print();
getch();
}

#include "myheader.h"

,
. <> ,

INCLUDE.
98

Turbo C++
Robert Lafore
Waite Group
Object oriented software in C++
Michael Smith
99

Object Oriented Programming

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TE

cout << << a << << b << << c;

cout << ============" << endl;

void swap(int pa, int pb)

void charline(char ch)

void repchar(char ch, int n)

void repchar(char ch, int n)

void deposit(float money)

if (temp[i][j] < mintemp)

balance = balance money;

EngDist(int feet1, float inches1)

EngDist(int feet1, float inches1)

class AccInter : public Account

(address operator) &

x.d1 = &i; // i x.d1

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