www.ijape.

orgInternationalJournalofAutomationandPowerEngineering(IJAPE)Volume2Issue4,May2013
192
GridConnectionControlandSimulationof
PMSGWindPowerSystemBasedonThree
LevelNPCConverter
BUHe
1
,RENYongfeng
*1
,NIUHaiwei
2
,XUEYu
3
,HUHongbin
4
,LIUHaitao
4
CorrespondingAuthor:RENYongfeng,Ph.D,Professor,engagedinwindpowergeneration
technologyandpowerqualityresearch.
ProjectsupportedbytheProgramforNewCenturyExcellentTalentsinUniversity(NCET111018);the
KeyProjectofChineseMinistryofEducation(210037);thePh.D.FoundationProgramofInnerMongolia
NaturalScience(2011BS0903)andtheTalentsFoundProjectoftheInnerMongolia.
(
1
ElectricPowerCollege,InnerMongoliaUniversityofTechnology,Hohhot010051,China.
2
HenanElectricPower
CorporationMaintenanceCompany,ZhengZhou450000,China.
3
BeijingTianRunNewEnergyInvestmentCo.,
Ltd,BeiJing,China.
4
InnerMongoliaElectricPowerResearchInstitute,Hohhot010020,China)
buhe8888@126.com;
*
renyongfeng@vip.sina.com;1986nhw@163.com;xueyudlw@126.com;hhb9393@126.com;
fastbrain@163.com

Abstract
The technology of the highvoltage and highpower three
level converters are applied to the system of directdrive
wind power, and the converter structure is the dual three
level with backtoback structure. The generationside
converter guarantees the point tracking of the maximum
power and the smooth operating of the generator through
the doubleloop control scheme of the maximum ratio of
torque to current. The gridside converter adopts the vector
control of grid voltage orientation, realizing the decoupling
control of the active and reactive power. Meanwhile, the
constantDCpowercanbeensuredandtheworkingstateof
theconvertercanbemaintainedinaunitypowerfactorstate.
The simulation results show that the use of the dual three
level converter not only realizes the dynamic control of the
system but also ensures the high quality of the electricity
deliveredtothegrid.
Keywords
Wind Power Generation;DirectDriven Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Generator; ThreeLevel Converter; DoubleLoop
Control
I nt r oduc t i on
Wind is one of the most abundant renewable sources
ofenergyinnature.Windenergycanbeharnessedby
a wind energy conversion system (WECS) composed
of a wind turbine, an electric generator, a power
electronic converter and the corresponding control
system. Based on the types of components used,
different WECS structures can be realized to convert
the wind energy at varying wind speeds to electric
power at the grid frequency. The most advanced
generator type is perhaps the permanentmagnet
synchronous generator (PMSG). This machine offers,
compared at the same power level and machine size,
the best efficiency among all types of machines with
high robustness and easy maintenance due to slip
ringlessandexciterlessfeatures.Theinherentbenefit
of permanent magnet which supplies rotor flux in
synchronous machines without excitation loss
supports the wind power generation development.
This thus results in the increasing use of PMSG[1].
With nominal power of wind turbines has been
continuallygrowing,Directdrivewindturbinesneeds
higherpowerconverterstotransformvariablevoltage
amplitude and variable frequency power to constant
voltage amplitude and constant frequency power.
However, The existing switch device capacity value
cant satisfy the demand of large power converter. So
studinghighpowerconvertertopologyofdirectdrive
wind power system and its control strategy has
importanttheoreticalandengineeringvalue[2,3].
In order to meet the demand of wind power for high
voltage, high power and high quality converter,
multilevelconverters,especiallythreelevelconverters,
are good alternative to the conventional converters in
systems. Multilevel converters permit us to increase
the outputvoltage magnitude, reducing the output
voltage and current harmonic content, make output
waveform closer to the sine wave the switching
frequency, and the voltage supported by each power
InternationalJournalofAutomationandPowerEngineering(IJAPE)Volume2Issue4,May2013www.ijape.org
193
FIG.1THETYPOLOGYOFTHEBACKTOBACK,THEDOUBLETHREELEVELANDTHENPCCONVERTER
semiconductor[4]. A multilevel converter enables the
ac voltage to be increased without an output
transformer. In addition, the cancellation of low
frequency harmonics from the ac voltages at the
different levels means that the size of the ac
inductancecanbereduced,aconsequentdecrementof
the expenses of the overall system. The presented
advantages of multilevel converters make it
interesting to use these kinds of power topologies as
an alternative to conventional twolevel converters in
many renewable energy applications and industry.
Multilevel converters control output frequency and
voltage including the phase angle providing a fast
response and autonomouscontrol. This paper adopts
double three level backtoback converter structure,
that is to say, generator side and grid side converter
adopt Neutralpointclamped (NPC) three level
topology. The maximum power tracking and
generatorstableoperationcanberealizedbyusingthe
space voltage vector pulse width modulation and
combining with double closed loop control[5]. In this
system, the design of a complete analytical model of
the converters is very useful to easily develop a
controlstrategycorrespondingtoaspecicapplication
of the multilevel converter. The simulation results
verify the correctness of theoretical algorithm and
controlstrategy.
Model of Di r ec t Dr i ve Wi nd Pow er
Directdrive wind power system ,due to the motor
rotor connect with impeller directly, remove gear box
whichfaultrateisveryhigh,hastheadvantageoflow
noise, small volume and high stability, it will have
greatdevelopmentspaceinthefuture.
WindPowerSystemComparison
Figure 1 is the Double Threelevel NPC Converter
diagram. Wind turbine and permanent magnet
synchronous generator are connected directly,
electrical energy of generator stator passes through
thefullscaleconverterfedintothegrid.
ModelofWindTurbine
The principle of wind turbine is that wind power is
converted into mechanical energy and conveyed out
by wind wheel. According to the principle of
aerodynamics, the wind machine output power meet
[6]:
) , (
2
1
3
u
p w m
C V S P = (1)
w w
V R/ e = (2)
Where S is blade swept area, is air density,
W
V is
wind speed, u is blade pitch angle, is tip speed
ratio,
w
e is wind wheel speed, R is wind machine
rotor radius,
P
C is Power coefficient relate tou and
.
Due to wind machine caught power from the wind
meet:
w w
T P e = (3)
So the wind machine output torque can be expressed
as:
u t )/ , (
2
1
2 3
p w w
C V R T = (4)
Theequationofmotionforthewindturbineis:
q r m w
r
J B T T
dt
d
c c
e
e
/ ) ( = (5)
Where
r
e is rotor speed.
e
T is electromagnetic
torque.
m
B is equivalent moment of inertia.
eq
J is
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194
rotationalviscouscoefficient.
ModelofGenerator
PMSG voltage and flux linkage and torque and the
motionequationisasfollowsindq0coordinate.

+ =
+ =
f r
sq
q sd d r sq s sq
sd
d sq q r sd s sd
dt
di
L i L i R U
dt
di
L i L i R U
e e
e


(6)

=
+ =
sq q sq
f sd d sd
i L
i L

(7)
( ) | |
f sd d q sq p e
i L L i N T + =
2
3
(8)
dt
d
N
J
T T
r
p
e m
e
- = (9)
Where
sd
U and
sq
U is stator d and qaxis voltage.
s
R
is stator resistance.
d
L and
q
L is genertor d and q
axis inductance.
m
T is mechanical torque. J is
momentofinertia.
P
N isthenumberofpolepairs.
Cont r ol St r at egy of Syst em
ControlStrategyofGeneratorSideConverter
The control objectives of generatorside converter is
guaranting the point tracking of the maximum power
andthesmoothoperatingofthegenerator[8,9].Weuse
maximumratiooftorquetocurrentcontrolstrategyto
accomplish this goal. The relationship between
electromagnetictorque
en
T ,
dn
i and
qn
i isasfollows[7].

+ =
=
=
) 8 1 1 (
4
1
1 ) 2 1 (
2
1
) 1 (
2
2
3
sn dn
dn qn
dn dn n
i i
i i
i i T

c
(10)
The simulation using convex stage generator
parameters,
d q
L L > .When PMSG using the
maximum ratio of torque to current control
trategy, 0 <
d
i ,in other words, the essence of this
control scheme is to use direct axis current
demagnetization effect. So we can control the
generator dq axis current realtime by the relation of
formula (10).Figigure 2 is generator side converter
controlblockdiagram.
Figure 2 is generator side converter control block
diagram.
e f
e
/
out
R V e =
e d
L e
e q
L e
*
e
e
u
u
FIG.2THECONTROLBLOCKDIAGRAMOFTHEGENERATOR
SIDECONVERTER
In a sampling cycle, suppose the torque change is
caused only by the change of current vector. Stator
reference voltage
-
d
u and
-
q
u can be solved by the
formula (6), then use SVPWM technology modulate
switchsignaltorealizethecontrolofgenerator.
AnalysisThreeLevelAlgorithm
According to the reference voltage vector synthesis
principle, three level SVPWM algorithm include
voltage vector regional judgment, vector action time
calculationandtimedistribution.
1)JudgmentofSpaceVectorRegional
Fig. 3 is three level space vector regional diagram.
Through the judgment of reference voltage vector
angle,thebigtriangleareacanbedetermined,then
according to the following method to judge the
reference voltage vector in which small triangle
area[5],[10].
1
V
2
V
3
V
4
V
5
V
6
V
7
V
8
V
9
V
10
V
11
V
12
V
13
V
14
V 15
V
16
V
17
V
18
V
o
|

FIG.3REGIONALDISTRIBUTIONOFTHREELEVELSPACE
VECTOR
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195
For example sector
I
, six small triangle area
distribution shown in figure 4,
o
V
and
|
V
is
o

and
|
axis projection of
ref
V
,
u
is the angle of
amplitude
u
o
cos
ref
V V =
,
u
|
sin
ref
V V =
.
o
|
ref
V
V
o
V
|
u
0
V
1
V
2
V 7
V
13
V
14
V

FIG.4SMALLREGIONDIVISIONDIAGRAM
When

s 30 u
,
o
in the sector 1 or 3 or 5,if
dc a
V V V
2
3
3 - + s
|
,then
o
in the sector 1; if
dc a
V V V
2
3
- 3 s
|
, then
o
in the sector 5;
otherwiseinthesector3.Thesameas

> 30 u
.
2)CalculateTheTimeofVectorAction
After area judgment , we can get the reference
voltagevectorarea,thenthethreebasicvector
a
V
,
b
V
,
c
V
of synthetic reference voltage vector can be
found according to Nearest Triangle
Vectors(NTV)[16]. By voltsecond balance
equations,
a
T
,
b
T
,
c
T
canbesolved.

= + +
= + +
s c b a
ref s c c b b a a
T T T T
V T V T V T V T
(11)
The solutions of
a
T
,
b
T
and
c
T
completed the
threelevelSVPWMalgorithmofbasicspacevector
durationtimecalculation.
3)DistributionofTimeState
The switch state action sequence Need to abide by
thefollowingprinciples:
(a).Each phase bridge arm of inverter can output
1 0 1 states. These three transitions
between states are not allowed to appear the way
of1to1directly.Thatisonlyallowedfrom1
to0(or0to1),andthentransitfrom0to
1(or1to0),asisshownintable1.
TABLE1:THEWORKINGSTATEOFTHETHREELEVELINVERTER
1
S
2
S
3
S

4
S

State
1 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 1
(b). Try to reduce the switching frequency. The
arrangement of the PWM waveform follow the
principles: starting from positive small vector,
follow with 0 state transition and change one
phase switching action to select the next vector,
andtothenegativesmallvectorishalfofthePWM
cycle, and then back to the positive small vector
along the original route, thereby a symmetric
waveformcanbeformedinaPWMcycle.Similarly
tostartfromnegativesmallvector.
ControlStrategyofGridSideConverter
Gridside converter is controlled by double closed
loop.Thepurposesare:
(1)ThestabilityofDCvoltage;
(2)Inverterspowerfactoris1;
(3) The input grid current contain low
harmonics[12].
Double closed loop include voltage outer ring and
current inner ring. The role of voltage outer ring is to
make the active power track the change of the load,
because of whether the DC voltage of is constant or
not depends on whether active power is
balance,therefore the voltage outer ring decide
whether the DC bus voltage is stable[11]. Through
controlling the current inner ring, the reactive power
on the AC side can be regulated. Inverter working in
unitpowerfactorcanalsoberealized[13].Weusegrid
voltage oriented control strategy, make synthesize
grid voltage vector oriented in the d axis of
synchronization coordinate system. In the 0 dq axis ,
the active power and the reactive power of gridside
converterarerespectively:

= =
= + =
q s q d d q
d s q q d d
i e i e i e Q
i e i e i e P
5 . -1 ) ( 5 . 1
5 . 1 ) ( 5 . 1

(12
If 0 > P , then the gridside converter works under
rectifying state; if 0 < P , then the gridside converter
works under inverting state; if 0 = Q , then the grid
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196
sideconvertorspowerfactoris1.
Figure5showsthecontrolblockdiagramofgridside.
+
+
e q d
Li e e +
+

+
+
e d
Li e
SVPWM
PLL
3
2
+

*
dc
u
dc
u
d
u
q
u
*
q
i
*
d
i
d
i
q
i
e
j
e
u
e
j
e
u
L

FIG.5THESCHEMATICDIAGRAMOFGRIDSIDECONTROL
Si mul at i ng Val i dat e
SimulationofThreelevelInverter
In order to proving the correctness of the three level
algorithm, we set a threelevel inverter in the Matlab,
then checking the correctness of thealgorithm theory.
Chart2isthesimulationparameter[14,15].
TABLE2:THESIMULATIONPARAMETERSOFTHETHREELEVELINVERTER
Parameters Values
DCvoltage V U
dc
/
1100
Filterinductance mH L/
4
Filtercapacitor F C /
50
Loadimpedance O / R
30
Loadinductivereactance mH X
L
/
1
Switchfrequency
z s
kH f /
10
Figure 6 is the simulation results of threelevel
inverter.
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
0
2
4
6
t/s

(a)JUDGMENTRESULTSOFBIGSECTOR
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
t/s
U
c
(
v
)
p g

(b)CPHASEVOLTAGE
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
t/s
U
/
V

(c)LINEVOLTAGEBEFOREFILTERING
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
t/s
U
/
V

(d)LINEVOLTAGEAFTERFILTERING
FIG.6THESIMULATIONRESULTSOFTHREELEVELINVERTER
Figure (a) is the realtime simulation result of sector.
Through this chart we can see, in a cycle of 0.02s, the
reference voltage vector passed 360 area, that means
passed every sector. Figure (b) is the step wave of
three level , before filtering, the line voltage is five
level step wave, after LC smoothing is normal sine
wave.
By use of SVPWM modulation mode, The system get
five level step voltage waveform. After filtering,
voltage waveform close to the sine wave greatly, the
harmonic content is very low, at the same time, the
adoption of three level greatly reduces the switch
frequency and switching loss and improve the
efficiency of the system operating. This solved the
requirements of low switch frequency of high voltage
largecapacityinverterduetotheproblemofswitching
loss and device performance. It also suitable for
requirementforhighvoltagelargecapacityinverterof
InternationalJournalofAutomationandPowerEngineering(IJAPE)Volume2Issue4,May2013www.ijape.org
197
directdrivewindpowersystem.
SimulationofPMSGSystem
Table 3 display the simulation parameters of three
levelPMSGsystem.
TABLE3:THESIMULATIONPARAMETERSOFTHESYSTEM
Parameters Values
Windturbineradius m r / 34
Ratedwindspeed ) / /( s m v
13
Ratedspeed ) / /( s rad e
2.3
RatedpowerP/MW 2
Airdensity ) / /(
3
m kg
1.25
Polespairsp 30
Statorresistance O /
s
R
0.006
DCbusvoltage V U
dc
/
1100
DCbuscapacitance F C /
3000
Rmsgridlinevoltage
V e
ABms
/

690
Gridfundamentalfrequency ) / /( s rad e
314
FIGURE7SHOWSTHESIMULATIONRESULTSOFWHOLE
SYSTEM.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0
10
20
t/s
V
/
m
/
s

(a)WINDSPEED

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
t/s

(b)PITCHANGLEANDWINDPOWERUTILIZATIONSYSTEM
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0
5
t/s

(c)OPTIMALTIPSPEEDRATIO
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0
2
4
x 10
6
t/s
P
/
W

(d)ACTIVEPOWER
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0
500
1000
1500
t/s
U
d
c
/
V

(e)DCBUSVOLTAGE
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
-5000
0
5000
t/s
I
/
A

(f)GRIDSIDETHREEPHASECURRENT
0.5 0.55 0.6
-2000
0
2000
t/s
U
(
I
)
/
V
(
A
)

(g)GRIDSIDEAPHASECURRENTANDVOLTAGE
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
-5
0
5
x 10
6
t/s
P
(
Q
)
/
W
(
V
a
r
)

(h)FEEDINPOWERGRID
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198
0 200 400 600 800 1000
0
1
2
3
Frequency (Hz)
Fundamental (50Hz) = 2203 , THD= 3.48%
M
a
g

(
%

o
f

F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
)

(i)FFTANALYSIS
FIG.7THESIMULATIONRESULTSOFTHESYSTEM
From(b)to(d)wecanknowwiththechangeofwind
speed , variable plasma distance control all goes well,
maximum power tracking effect is obvious. DClink
voltage smooth and steady, gridside current and
voltagephaseopposite,thismeansconverterworking
incontravariant.Fig(h)displayfeedingridreactiveis
zero,thismeansinverterspowerfactoris1.
Conc l usi on
Using Threelevel NPC Converter, the whole system
decreasing output harmonic effectively while
improving power capacity of whole equipment, and
reducing the voltage stress of switch and the
equivalentswitchingfrequency.
Simulations show that generatorside can realize the
maximum wind power tracking, and makes the
generator operate stably and efficiently by using
doubleclosedloopcontrolbasedonmaximumratioof
torque to current. The gridside converter adopts the
vectorcontrolofgridvoltageorientation,realizingthe
decoupling control of the active and reactive power.
whilefeedingridhighqualityelectricalenergy,italso
improvestheutilizationofthewholesystem.
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