Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2

Quadratic Equations

1. (b), (c) and (d) are quadratic equations.

2. (a)
(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

4. (a) (x + 5) = 0
x = 5

3x 4 = x2
x2 3x + 4 = 0

Hence, x = 5 is a root.
(b) 2x 1 = 0
1
x=
2

x(4 x) = 5
4x x2 = 5
2
x 4x + 5 = 0
(x 1)(5 + x)
5x + x2 5 x
x2 + 4x 5 2x
x2 + 2x 5

1
Hence, x = is a root.
2

= 2x
= 2x
=0
=0

(c) When (1 3x) = 0

1
x=
3
When (x + 3) = 0
x = 3

4x
x 2 =
x+1
(x 2)(x + 1) = 4x
x2 + x 2x 2 = 4x
x2 5x 2 = 0
5(x + 3)(2x 1)
5(2x2 x + 6x 3)
10x2 5x + 30x 15
10x2 + 25x 15
2
10x + 25x 15 x + x2 12
11x2 + 24x 27

Hence, x = 3 is not a root.

5. (a) x2 9 = 0
Try using the factors of 9, that is, 1, 9, 1, 9,
3, 3.

= (x + 3)(4 x)
= 4x x2 + 12 3x
= 4x x2 + 12 3x
= x x2 + 12
=0
=0

When x = 3 or x = 3,
x2 9 = 0
Therefore, x = 3 and x = 3 are the roots.
Alternative
Using improvement method,

3. (a) Substitute x = 1 into the expression,

x2 2x + 1 = 12 2(1) + 1
=0

x2 9

(b) Substitute x = 2 into the expression,

5x2 3x = 5(2)2 3(2)
= 20 + 6
= 26 (6)
Thus, x = 2 is not a root.

(c) Substitute x = 2 into 3x 2 and 4x + 4

respectively,
3x2 = 3(2)2
= 12

Thus, x = 1 is a root.

Therefore, x = 3 and x = 3 are the roots.

4x + 4 = 4(2) + 4
= 12
Since LHS = RHS, therefore x = 2 is a root.

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2

(b) x2 3x 4 = 0
Try using the factor of 4,
that is, 1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 4.

(f)

When x = 1, x2 3x 4 = 1 3 4
= 6 0
When x = 1, x2 3x 4 = 1 + 3 4
=0

(g)

When x = 4, x2 3x 4 = 42 3(4) 4
=0
Therefore, x = 1 and x = 4 are the roots.
(c) 3x2 3x 6 = 0
x2 x 2 = 0
Try using the factors of 2, that is, 1, 1, 2, 2.
When x = 1, x2 x 2 = 1 1 2
= 2 0
7. (a)

When x = 1, x2 x 2 = 1 + 1 2
=0

(x 1)(x + 2) = 2x
x2 + 2x x 2 = 2x
x2 x 2 = 0
(x 2)(x + 1) = 0
x 2 = 0 or
x+1=0
x=2
or
x = 1
x+3
= x + 3
2x 1
x + 3 = (x + 3)(2x 1)
= 2x2 x + 6x 3
2x2 + 5x 3 x 3 = 0
2x2 + 4x 6 = 0
x2 + 2x 3 = 0
(x + 3)(x 1) = 0
x+3=0
or
x 1= 0
x = 3 or
x=1
x2 + 4x
x + 4x + 22
(x + 2)2
x+2
2

When x = 2, x2 x 2 = 4 2 2
=0

x =

5 2

Therefore, x = 1 and x = 2 are the roots.

6. (a)

=

5 2 or

5 2
= 0.2361 or 4.236

3x2 = x
3x2 x = 0
x(3x 1) = 0
x = 0 or 3x 1 = 0
1
x=
3

(b) 2x2 + 4x 3 = 0
3
x2 + 2x = 0
2
3
2
x + 2x =
2
3
2
2
x + 2x + 1 = + 12
2
5
2
(x + 1) =
2
5
x+1=
2

(b) x2 4 = 0
x2 = 4
4
x =

= 2
(c)

(d)

(e)

x2 + 3x + 2
(x + 1)(x + 2)
x+1=0
or x + 2
x = 1 or
x

=0
=0
=0
= 2

3x2 8
3x2 2x 8
(3x + 4)(x 2)
3x + 4 = 0
or x 2
4
x
x = or
3







5
x= 1
2



5
5

1 or 1
2
2
= 0.5811 or 2.581

4x2 2x 6 = 0
2x2 x 3 = 0
(2x 3)(x + 1) = 0
2x 3 = 0 or
x + 1= 0
x = 1
3
x = or
2

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=1
= 1 + 22
=5
5
=


(c)

(x 1)(x 2)
x2 3x + 2
x2 3x
3 2
x2 3x +
2
3 2
x
2

= 2x
=0
=0
=0
=2

=1
=1
=12

3
= 1 +
2
5
=
4

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2







42 4(2)(3)
4

=
2(2)

5
3
x=
4
2
5
3
x= +
4
2
5
5
3
3
= + or +
4
4
2
2
= 2.618 or 0.3820
(d)

2x 1

11
1 + x
2
(2x 1)(1 3x)
2x 6x2 1 + 3x
6x2 5x + 1 2 11x
6x2 16x 1
6x2 16x
16
x2 x
6
8
2
x x
3

8
4
x2 x +
3
3

x 43

4
x
3
x

8. (a)

40
4

=
4
4

40
40
4 +

= or
4
4
= 0.581 or 2.581



(c) (x 1)(x 2) = 1
x2 3x + 2 = 1
x2 3x + 1 = 0
So, a = 1, b = 3 and c = 1

2
=
1 3x
= 2 11x
= 2 11x
=0
=0
=1
1
=
6
1
=
6

b

b2 4ac
x =
2a
(3)2 4(1)(1)
(3)

=
2(1)
5
3

=
2
3 +

5
3

5
= or
2
2
= 2.618 or 0.382

1
4
=+
6
3

16
1
= +
9
6
35
=
18
35
=
18
4
35 +
=
3
18
4
35
= +
3
18
4
35
or +
3
18
= 2.728 or 0.06110

(d)









2x 1
2
=
11
1
3x
1 + x
2
(2x 1)(1 3x) = 2 11x
2x 6x2 1 + 3x = 2 11x
6x2 16x 1 = 0
So, a = 6, b = 16 and c = 1
b

b2 4ac
x =
2a
(16)2 4(6)(1)
(16)

=
2(6)
16

280
=
12
280
16

280
16 +

= or
12
12
= 2.728 or 0.061

x2 + 4x = 1
2
x + 4x 1 = 0
So, a = 1, b = 4 and c = 1
b2 4ac
b

x =
2a
4

42 4(1)(1)
=
2(1)
4

20
=
2
20
4

20
4 +

= or
2
2
= 0.236 or 4.236

9. (a) Sum of roots = 1 + 3

=4
Product of roots = 1 3
=3
Hence, the quadratic equation is x2 4x + 3 = 0.
(b) Sum of roots = 2 + 5
=3
Product of roots = (2)(5)
= 10

(b) 2x2 + 4x 3 = 0
So, a = 2, b = 4 and c = 3
b

b2 4ac
x =
2a

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2

2x2 4x + 10 = 0
x2 2x + 5 = 0

Hence, the quadratic equation is

x2 3x + (10) = 0
x2 3x 10 = 0

Therefore, sum of roots = 2

product of roots = 5

(c) Sum of roots = ( 6) + (1)

= 7

11. (a) 4x2 5x + 1 = 0

So, a = 4, b = 5 and c = 1

Product of roots = (6)(1)

=6

b2 4ac = (5)2 4(4)(1)

= 25 16
=90

Hence, the quadratic equation is

x2 (7)x + 6 = 0
x2 + 7x + 6 = 0
1
(d) Sum of roots = + 7
2
15
=
2

Hence, the two roots are distinct.

(b) 3x2 + 2x + 6 = 0
So, a = 3, b = 2 and c = 6
b2 4ac = 22 4(3)(6)
= 4 72
= 68 0

1
Product of roots = (7)
2
7
=
2
Hence, the quadratic equation is
15
7
x2 x + = 0
2
2
2x2 15x + 7 = 0

Hence, there is no real roots.

(c) x2 + 4x + 4 = 0
So, a = 1, b = 4 and c = 4
b2 4ac = 42 4(1)(4)
=0

(e) Sum of roots = 4 + 4

=8

Hence, the two roots are equal.

(d)

Product of roots = 4 4
= 16
Hence, the quadratic equation is x2 8x + 16 = 0.

b2 4ac = (5)2 4(1)(8)

= 25 32
= 7 0

10. (a) x2 3x 4 = 0
Therefore, sum of roots = 3
product of roots = 4

Hence, there is no real roots.

(e)

(b) x2 + 8x + 1 = 0
Therefore, sum of roots = 8
product of roots = 1

Hence, there are two different roots.

(f)

(x 1)(x + 3) = 8
x2 + 2x 3 8 = 0
x2 + 2x 11 = 0
Therefore, sum of roots = 2
product of roots = 11

(e)

4x
2x 1 =
3x + 5
(2x 1)(3x + 5) = 4x
6x2 + 10x 3x 5 4x = 0
6x2 + 3x 5 = 0
So, a = 6, b = 3 and c = 5
b2 4ac = 32 4(6)(5)
= 9 + 120
= 129 0

x
x2 =

2x + 1
5
5(x 2) = x(2x + 1)
5x 10 = 2x2 + x

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(x 3)(2x + 1) = 6x
2x2 5x 3 6x = 0
2x2 11x 3 = 0
So, a = 2, b = 11 and c = 3
b2 4ac = (11)2 4(2)(3)
= 121 + 24
= 145 0

(c) 2x2 6x 7 = 0
7
x2 3x = 0
2
Therefore, sum of roots = 3
7
product of roots =
2
(d)

5x 8 = x2
x2 5x + 8 = 0
So, a = 1, b = 5 and c = 8

Hence, there are two different roots.

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2

12. 2x2 kx + 2 = 0
So, a = 2, b = k and c = 2

18.

Since the roots are equal,

then b2 4ac = 0
(k)2 4(2)(2) = 0
k2 = 16
k = 4

Since the roots are equal,

then
b2 4ac = 0
2
[(k + 6)] 4(1)(9) = 0
(k + 6)2 36 = 0
(k + 6)2 = 36
k + 6 = 6
k = 6 6
= 6 6 or 6 6
= 0 or 12

13. x2 3x k = 0
So, a = 1, b = 3 and c = k
Since the roots are different,
then b2 4ac 0
(3)2 4(1)(k) 0
9 + 4k 0
4k 9
9
k
4

19.

14. kx2 + 4x 1 = 0
So, a = k, b = 4 and c = 1

20. Given y = 4x 1 ................................ 

and y = kx2 + 3x 2 ....................... 

15. kx2 + hx 4 = 0
So, a = k, b = h and c = 4

Substitute  into ,
4x 1 = kx2 + 3x 2
2
kx + 3x 4x 2 + 1 = 0
kx2 x 1 = 0
So, a = k, b = 1 and c = 1

Since the roots are equal,

then b2 4ac = 0
h2 4k( 4) = 0
h2 + 16k = 0

Since the straight line intersects the curve at two

different points,
then b2 4ac 0
(1)2 4(k)(1) 0
1 + 4k 0
4k 1
1
k
4

2x2 + px = k
2x2 + px k = 0
So, a = 2, b = p and c = k
Since the roots are not real,
then b2 4ac 0
p2 4(2)(k) 0
p2 + 8k 0

17.

(x 4)(2x + 3) = k
2x2 + 3x 8x 12 k = 0
2x2 5x 12 k = 0
So, a = 2, b = 5 and c = 12 k
Since the roots are real,
then
b2 4ac 0
2
(5) 4(2)(12 k) 0
25 + 96 + 8k 0
121 + 8k 0
8k 121
121
k
8

Since the roots are not real,

then b2 4ac 0
42 4k(1) 0
42 + 4k 0
4k 16
k 4

16.

x2 kx + 9 = 6x
x2 kx 6x + 9 = 0
x2 (k + 6)x + 9 = 0
So, a = 1, b = (k + 6) and c = 9

px2 qx = 4
px qx 4 = 0
So, a = p, b = q and c = 4

21. Given y = hx k ................................. 

and y = 4x2 5x + 6 ....................... 

Substitute  into ,
hx k = 4x2 5x + 6
2
4x 5x hx + 6 + k = 0
4x2 (5 + h)x + 6 + k = 0
So, a = 4, b = (5 + h) and c = 6 + k

Since the roots are different,

then b2 4ac 0
(q)2 4(p)( 4) 0
q2 + 16p 0

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2

Since the straight line does not intersect the curve,

then
b2 4ac 0
[(5 + h)]2 4(4)(6 + k) 0
(5 + h)2 96 16k 0
25 + 10h + h2 96 16k 0
h2 10h 16k 96 25
h2 10h 16k 71

1.

2
Product of roots = (5)
3
10
=
3
Hence, the quadratic equation is
13
10
x2 x + = 0
3
3
10
13
2
x + x = 0
3
3

1
(2 x)(x + 1) = x(x 5)
4
1
5
2x + 2 x2 x = x2 x
4
4
1
5
2
2
x x + 2 = x x
4
4
1
5
x2 + x2 x x 2 = 0
4
4
5
9
2
x
x2 =0
4
4

4.

x2 kx + 4 = 8x
x2 kx 8x + 4 = 0
x2 (k + 8)x + 4 = 0
So, a = 1, b = (k + 8) and c = 4
Since the roots are equal,
then
b2 4ac = 0
[(k + 8)]2 4(1)(4) = 0
(k + 8)2 16 = 0
(k + 8)2 = 16
k + 8 = 4
k = 4 8
= 4 8 or 4 8
= 4 or 12

b

b2 4ac
x =
2a
(9)2 4(5)(8)
(9)

=
2(5)
241
9

=
10
241
9

241
9 +

= or
10
10
= 2.452 or 0.6524

5.

3x(x 2) = 4x k
3x2 6x = 4x k
3x2 6x 4x + k = 0
3x2 10x + k = 0
So, a = 3, b = 10 and c = k
Since the roots are distinct,
b2 4ac 0
2
then (10) 4(3)k 0
100 12k 0
12k 100
100
k
12
25
k
3

px = q 1
2x2 +

px + 1 q = 0
2x2 +

p and c = 1 q
So, a = 2, b =

Since the equation has two equal roots,
then
b2 4ac = 0
p)2 4(2)(1 q) = 0
(

p 8(1 q) = 0
p 8 + 8q = 0
8q = 8 p
8p
q =
8

1. Substitute x = 5 into 3x2 px + 6 = 0,

3(5)2 p(5) + 6 = 0
75 5p + 6 = 0
5p = 81
81
p =
5

2
3. Sum of roots = 5 +
3
15 + 2
=
3
13
=
3

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Multiply both sides by 3,

3x2 + 13x 10 = 0

Multiply both sides by 4,

5x2 9x 8 = 0
So, a = 5, b = 9 and c = 8

2.

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2

2.

2x2 + px + q = 0
p
q
x2 + x + = 0
2
2

5.

p
Sum of roots =
2
p
2 + (3) =
2
p
1 =
2
p=2

b2 4ac
b

x =
2a
(3)

(3)2 4(1)(8)
=
2(1)
3

41
=
2
3 +

41
3

41
= or
2
2
= 4.702 or 1.702

q
Product of roots =
2
q
2(3) =
2
q = 12
3.

px2 + 2x
px + 2x + px + 1 q
px2 + (2 + p)x + 1 q
2+p
1q
x2 + x +
p
p
2

= px + q 1
=0
=0

6
6. y = y2 1
5
Multiply both sides by 5,
6y = 5y2 5
2
5y 6y 5 = 0
So, a = 5, b = 6 and c = 5

=0

2+p
Sum of roots =
p
1
2

+ ( 4) =
p 1
2
2
5

p = 2
4
p=
5

b

b2 4ac
x =
2a
( 6)2 4(5)(5)
( 6)

=
2(5)
6

36 + 100
=
10
6

136
=
10
136
6

136
6 +

= or
10
10
= 1.766 or 0.5662

1q
Product of roots =
p
1
q
1

( 4) =
2
4

5
2 = (1 q)
4
5
5
= q
4
4
13
5
q =
4
4
13
q =
5
4.

x
x 4 =
x+2
(x 4)(x + 2) = x
x2 + 2x 4x 8 = x
x2 3x 8 = 0
So, a = 1, b = 3 and c = 8

7. x2 6x + 1 = (x2 6x + 32) 32 + 1
= (x 3)2 8

Completing
the square

Compare (x 3)2 8 with (x + m)2 + n,

therefore m = 3 and n = 8.
8.

(x 1)(x + 2) = 3(x 1)
x2 + 2x x 2 = 3x 3
x2 + x 2 3x + 3 = 0
x2 2x + 1 = 0
(x 1)2 = 0
x=1

x2 4x + 2 = 0
x2 4x + 22 22 + 2 = 0
(x 2)2 2 = 0
Hence, a = 1, b = 2 and c = 2.

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2

9.

3x2 6x 1
1
x2 2x
3
1
2
2
2
x 2x + 1 1
3
1
(x 1)2 1
3
4
(x 1)2
3

=0

13.

=0
=0

k
Sum of roots =
2
k
4 + (5) =
2
k
1 =
2
k = 2

=0
=0

4
Hence, a = 1, b = 1 and c = .
3
10.

2x2 + 4x + 1
1
x2 + 2x +
2
1
2
2
2
x + 2x + 1 1 +
2
1
(x + 1)2
2

h
Product of roots =
4
h
4(5) =
4
h = 80

=0
=0
=0
=0

14.

2x2 + 4x + 1 = 8
1
(x + 1)2 = 8
2
1
(x + 1)2 = 8 +
2
17
=
2





17
(x + 1) =
2

17 or 1

2
= 1.915 or 3.915

x = 1 +

Sum of the roots 2 and 2 = 2 + 2

= 2( + )
= 2(2)
= 4
Product of the roots 2 and 2 = (2)(2)
= 4
7
=4
2
= 14


17

15. Let and 3 are the roots of quadratic equation

2x2 2 = 8x 4k
2x2 8x + 4k 2 = 0
x2 4x + 2k 1 = 0

Sum of roots
+ 3
4

Therefore, the quadratic equation is

14
5
x2 x + = 0
3
3
5
14
2
x + x = 0
3
3
3x2 + 14x 5 = 0

=4
=4
=4
=1

Product of roots
(3)
3 2
3(1)2
2k
k

12. 2x2 + 6x 9 = 0
9
x2 + 3x = 0
2
(a) Sum of roots = 3
9
(b) Product of roots =
2

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Hence, the quadratic equation is

x2 ( 4)x + (14) = 0
x2 + 4x 14 = 0

1
Product of roots = (5)
3
5
=
3

2x2 + 4x 7 = 0
7
x2 + 2x = 0
2
7
+ = 2 and =
2

1
11. Sum of roots = + (5)
3
1
=5
3
14
=
3

h
2x2 kx + = 0
2
k
h
2
x x + = 0
2
4

= 2k 1
= 2k 1
= 2k 1
= 2k 1
=4
=2

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2

16.

3x2 5x 2 = 0
(3x + 1)(x 2) = 0
1
x = or 2
3

19.

1
Since 0 and 0, then = 2 and =
3
3
Sum of roots = ( 1) + +
4
3
1
= (2 1) + +
4
3
3
1
=1+
4
3
17
=
12

Since the roots

then b2 4ac
(3p)2 4q2(4)
9p2 16q2
9p2
p2

q2
p 2

q
p

q
p:q

3
Product of roots = ( 1) +
4
3
1
= (2 1) +
4
3

4
+
9
= (1)
12
5
=
12

are equal,
=0
=0
=0
= 16q2
16
=
9
4 2
=
3
4
=
3
=4:3

20. 4x2 5x + t + 2 = 0
So, a = 4, b = 5 and c = t + 2
Since the roots are distinct,
then
b2 4ac 0
(5)2 4(4)(t + 2) 0
25 16t 32 0
16t 7
7
t
16

5
17
Hence, the quadratic equation is x2 x + = 0
12
12
12x2 17x + 5 = 0
17. x2 + (1 p)x + 4 = 0
So, a = 1, b = 1 p and c = 4

21.

Since the roots are equal,

then
b2 4ac = 0
(1 p)2 4(1)(4) = 0
(1 p)2 = 16
1 p = 4
p = 4 1
p = 4 1 or 4 1
p = 3 or 5
18.

3px 5 = (qx)2 1
3px 5 = q2x2 1
q2x2 3px 1 + 5 = 0
q2x2 3px + 4 = 0
So, a = q2, b = 3p and c = 4

(p 1)x2 8x = 4
(p 1)x2 8x 4 = 0
So, a = p 1, b = 8 and c = 4
Since the roots are not real,
then
b2 4ac 0
2
(8) 4(p 1)( 4) 0
64 + 16p 16 0
16p + 48 0
16p 48
48
p
16
p 3

x2 2x = 9(2x 5) 5p
= 18x 45 5p
x2 2x 18x + 45 + 5p = 0
x2 20x + 45 + 5p = 0
So, a = 1, b = 20 and c = 45 + 5p

22. Given y = 3x k ................................ 

and y = 4 x2 ................................. 
Substitute  into ,
3x k = 4 x2
x2 + 3x k 4 = 0
So, a = 1, b = 3 and c = k 4

Since the roots are equal,

then
b2 4ac = 0
(20)2 4(1)(45 + 5p) = 0
400 180 20p = 0
220 20p = 0
20p = 220
220
p =
20
= 11

Since the straight line intersects the curve at two

different points,
then
b2 4ac 0
2
3 4(1)(k 4) 0
9 + 4k + 16 0
4k + 25 0
4k 25
25
k
4
9

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2

23. Given y = 2x 1 ................................ 

and y = x2 + p................................. 

Since the roots are not real,

then
b2 4ac 0
(2p + 3)2 4(p)(p) 0
4p2 + 12p + 9 4p2 0
12p + 9 0
12p 9
3
p
4

Substitute  into ,
2x 1 = x2 + p
x2 2x + 1 + p = 0
So, a = 1, b = 2 and c = 1 + p
Since the straight line is a tangent to the curve,
then
b2 4ac = 0
(2)2 4(1)(1 + p) = 0
4 4 4p = 0
4p = 0
p=0

26. (a)

24. x2 px + q = 0
So, a = 1, b = p and c = q
Since the roots are equal,
then b2 4ac = 0
(p)2 4(1)(q) = 0
p2 4q = 0 .............................. 
Given q + p2 = 1 .............................. 

Since p2 0 and q2 0 for all values of p and q,

then
p2 + q2 0 for all values of x.
That is, b2 4ac 0 for all values of x.
Hence, the quadratic equation has roots for all
values of p and q.

(b) Given and are the roots of 3x2 8x + 2 = 0.

3x2 8x + 2 = 0
8
2
x2 x + = 0
3
3
Sum of roots = +
8
=
3
Product of roots =
2
=
3
2
2
For the roots
,
and

2
2
Sum of roots =
+

2 + 2
=

2( + )
=

8
2
3

=
2

3
8
3
=2
3
2
=8



25. (a) 4x 6 + 3x2 = 0

3x2 + 4x 6 = 0
So, a = 3, b = 4 and c = 6
b

b2 4ac
x =
2a
42 4(3)( 6)
4

=
2(3)
88
4

=
6
4 +

88
4

88
= or
6
6
= 0.8968 or 2.230

px2 + 2px + p = 3x
px + 2px + 3x + p = 0
px2 + (2p + 3)x + p = 0
So, a = p, b = (2p + 3) and c = p
2

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1
b2 4ac = (p q)2 4(1) pq
2
= p2 2pq + q2 + 2pq
= p2 + q2

 , 5q = 1
1
q=
5
1
Substitute q = into ,
5
1
p2 4 = 0
5
4
2
p =0
5
4
p2 =
5
4
p=
5
= 0.8944 or 0.8944

(b)

1
x2 + px pq = qx
2
1
2
x + px qx pq = 0
2
1
2
x + (p q)x pq = 0
2
1
So, a = 1, b = p q and c = pq
2

10

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2

Hence, the quadratic equation is

17
x2 6x + = 0
2
2x2 12x + 17 = 0

2 2
Product of roots =

4
=

4
=
2

3
3
=4
2
=6
2
Hence, the quadratic equation with roots
and
2

is x2 8x + 6 = 0.

27. (a) Given y + px 1

y
and
x2 3x
x2 3x

28. Given x2 6x + p = 0 has roots and .

Sum of roots = +
=6
Product of roots =
=p
Also given 2x2 + qx + 28 = 0 has roots 2 and 2.
q
x2 + x + 14 = 0
2
q
Sum of roots =
2
q
2 + 2 =
2
q
2( + ) =
2
q
2(6) =
2
q = 24

=0
= 1 px ................. 
= y(y 3)
= y2 3y ................ 

Substitute  into ,
x2 3x = (1 px)2 3(1 px)
x2 3x = 1 2px + p2x2 3 + 3px
p2x2 x2 + 3x 2px + 3px + 1 3 = 0
(p2 1)x2 + (3 + p)x 2 = 0
So, a = p2 1, b = 3 + p and c = 2

Product of roots
(2)(2)
4
4p

= 14
= 14
= 14
= 14
14
p =
4
7
=
2

Since the straight line touches the curve at only

one point,
then
b2 4ac = 0
(3 + p)2 4(p2 1)(2) = 0
9 + p2 + 6p + 8p2 8 = 0
9p2 + 6p + 1 = 0
(3p + 1)2 = 0
3p + 1 = 0
1
p=
3

(b) Given k and 2k and the roots of the quadratic

equation x2 + hx + p = 0.
Sum of roots = k + 2k
= h
3k = h
h
k = ................... 
3
Product of roots = k(2k)
=p
2k2 = p .................... 

(b) 2x2 4x + 1 = 0
1
x2 2x + = 0
2
Sum of roots = +
=2
Product of roots =
1
=
2
Sum of new roots = ( + 2) + ( + 2)
=++4
=2+4
=6

Substitute  into ,
h 2
2 =p
3
2
h
2 = p
9
2
p = h2
9

Product of new roots = ( + 2)( + 2)

= + 2( + ) + 4
1
= + 2(2) + 4
2
1
= 8
2
17
=
2

29. (a) and are roots of 2x2 = ax b.

2x2 ax + b = 0
b
a
2
x x + = 0
2
2

11

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2

Sum of roots = +
a
= ....................... 
2
Product of roots =
b
= .................. 
2

(b)

Multiply both sides by p,

pq + 1 = p 2
pq + p = 3 .................................. 
4q + 10
Product of roots =
p
4q + 10
1
(q) =
p
p
q = 4q 10
5q = 10
q = 2

Substitute  into ,
b
2() =
2
b
2
= ................................... 
4

Substitute  into ,
b
a 2

=
4
6
b
a2
=
4
36
a2 = 9b

Substitute q = 2 into ,
p(2) + p = 3
p = 3
p=3

31. (a) (h2 + 1)x2 + 2phx + p2 = 0

So, a = (h2 + 1), b = 2ph and c = p2

2tx x = tx2 + t 4
tx2 2tx + x + t 4 = 0
tx2 + (1 2t)x + t 4 = 0
So, a = t, b = 1 2t and c = t 4

b2 4ac = (2ph)2 4(h2 + 1)(p2)

= 4p2h2 4p2h2 4p2
= 4p2
Since 4p2 0 for all real non-zero p and
p2 0, then b2 4ac 0.

Since the roots are not real,

then
b2 4ac 0
2
(1 2t) 4(t)(t 4) 0
1 4t + 4t2 4t2 + 16t 0
1 + 12t 0
12t 1
1
t
12

Therefore, the quadratic equation has no roots.

(b)

x2 + (p + 1)2 = 3px 2x
x2 + 2x 3px + (p + 1)2 = 0
x2 + (2 3p)x + (p + 1)2 = 0
So, a = 1, b = 2 3p and c = (p + 1)2
Since the equation has only one root,
then
b2 4ac = 0
2
(2 3p) 4(1)(p + 1)2 = 0
4 12p + 9p2 4(p2 + 2p + 1) = 0
4 12p + 9p2 4p2 8p 4 = 0
5p2 20p = 0
5p(p 4) = 0
p = 0 or 4

2px2 + 1 + 2p + 4px = x
2px2 + 4px x + 1 + 2p = 0
2px2 + (4p 1)x + 1 + 2p = 0
So, a = 2p, b = 4p 1 and c = 1 + 2p
Since the roots are distinct,
then
b2 4ac 0
(4p 1)2 4(2p)(1 + 2p) 0
16p2 8p + 1 8p 16p2 0
16p + 1 0
16p 1
16p 1
1
p
16

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Substitute  into ,
a
2 + =
2
a
3 =
2
a
= ................................. 
6

30. (a)

p+2
Sum of roots =
p
p
+
2
1
q + =
p
p

Given 2 = 0
= 2...................... 

(b)

px2 + (p + 2)x = 4q + 10
px2 + (p + 2)x 4q 10 = 0
p+2
4q + 10
x2 + x = 0
p
p

x2 + (2 3p)x + (p + 1)2 = 0
When p = 4,
x2 10x + 25 = 0
(x 5)2 = 0
x=5

12

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2

32. (a)

2x2 + 4x + 5 = 21
2(x + 1)2 + 3 = 21
2(x + 1)2 = 18
(x + 1)2 = 9
x + 1 = 3
x = 3 1
= 3 1 or 3 1
= 2 or 4

x2 + 2kx = k 4
x2 + 2kx + 4 k = 0
So, a = 1, b = 2k and c = 4 k
Since x-axis is the tangent to the curve,
then x has only one value.
Therefore, b2 4ac
(2k)2 4(1)(4 k)
4k2 16 + 4k
4k2 + 4k 16
k2 + k 4

=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
1

(1)2 4(1)( 4)
k =
2(1)
1 + 16
1

=
2
17
1

=
2
17
17
1

1 +

= or
2
2

2. 7 6x 3x2 = 3(x2 + 2x) + 7

= 3(x2 + 2x + 12 12) + 7
= 3[(x + 1)2 1] + 7
= 3(x + 1)2 + 3 + 7
= 3(x + 1)2 + 10
6 6x 3x2
7 6x 3x2
3(x + 1)2 + 10
3(x + 1)2
(x + 1)2
x+1
x

(b) 2x2 4x + 1 = 0
1
x2 2x + = 0
2
Sum of roots = 2
+=2
1
Product of roots =
2
1
=
2
Sum of the new roots = 2 + 2
= 2 + 2 + 2 2
= ( + )2 2
1
= (2)2 2
2
=41
=3

=0
=1
=1
= 9
=3
3
=

31
=

3 1 or

31
=

= 0.7321 or 2.732

3. y = x2 + px x p
When the x-axis is the tangent to the curve, then
b2 4ac = 0 for x2 + px x p = 0.
That is, x2 + (p 1)x p = 0
b2 4ac
(p 1)2 4(1)(p)
p2 2p + 1 + 4p
p2 + 2p + 1
(p + 1)2
p+1
p

Product of the new roots = 22

= ()2
1 2
=
2
1
=
4
Hence, the quadratic equation is
1
x2 3x + = 0
4
4x2 12x + 1 = 0

=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
= 1

4. x2 + ax + b =
Sum of roots
q + 3q
4q
q

0
= a
= a
= a
a
= ........................... 
4
Product of roots = b
q(3q) = b
3q2 = b ............................ 

Substitute  into ,
2

a 2
3 = b
4
3a2
= b
16
3a2 = 16b

1. 2x + 4x + 5 = 2(x + 2x) + 5
= 2(x2 + 2x + 12 12) + 5
= 2[(x + 1)2 1] + 5
= 2(x + 1)2 2 + 5
= 2(x + 1)2 + 3

13

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2

5.

x2 ax = 2a
x2 ax + 2a = 0

8. The quadratic equation is

x2 (2 + p)x + (2)(p) = 0
x2 (p 2)x 2p = 0

Sum of roots = a
p + q = a................................. 

Given product of roots = sum of roots

2p = 2 + p
3p = 2
2
p=
3

Product of roots = 2a
pq = 2a ......................... 
Substitute  into ,
pq = 2(p + q)
pq = 2p + 2q
6.

9.

3x2 + p + 3x + px = 0
3x2 + (3 + p)x + p = 0

b2 4ac = (2pq)2 4(p2 + 1)(q2)

= 4p2q2 4p2q2 4q2
= 4q2

b2 4ac = (3 + p)2 4(3)(p)

= (3 + p)2 12p
= 9 + 6p + p2 12p
= p2 6p + 9
= (p 3)2

Since q is real non-zero number, then q2 0 for all

values of q.
Therefore, b2 4ac 0 for all values of q.
Hence, there is no real roots for all values of p and
q.

Since (p 3)2 0 for all values of p,

then b2 4ac 0 for all values of p.

10. (a) Sum of roots = p 4

Product of roots = 4p

Therefore, equation 3x2 + p + 3x + px = 0 has roots

for all values of p.

f (x) = x2 (p 4)x + (4p)

= x2 (p 4)x 4p

7. Substitute x = 0, y = 0 into y = ax + bx + c,
c=0
y = ax2 + bx
Substitute x = 4, y = 8 into y = ax2 + bx,
8 = a(4)2 + b(4)
16a + 4b = 8
4a + b = 2 ....................................... 

(b) y = kf(x)
= k[x2 (p 4)x 4p]
Substitute x = 0 and y = 16 into the equation,
16 = k( 4p)
kp = 4

Given a + b + 4 = 0
a + b = 4 ........................ 

When p = 2,
k(2) = 4
k = 2

 , 3a = 6
a=2

11. y = x2 4x + c
Since minimum point is above the x-axis,
then b2 4ac 0
( 4)2 4(1)(c) 0
16 4c 0
4c 16
c 4

Substitute a = 2 into ,
2 + b = 4
b = 6
Therefore, a = 2, b = 6 and c = 0.
When y = 0, 2x2 6x = 0
2x(x 3) = 0
x = 0 or 3

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p2x2 + 2pqx + x2 + q2 = 0
(p2 + 1)x2 + 2pqx + q2 = 0

14