Khulanjan Alpinia galangal, Wild.

(zingiberaceace) The genus Alpinia contains species belonging to the family zingiberaceae, species of them are found in India, some of them are of medicinal uses, the important one is Alpinia galanga (Greater galangal) (bhattacharyajee,2005). Vernacular names: Arabic Urdu Persian English Hindi khulanjan-e-Kabir, Khulanjan-e-Qasbi Khulanjan Khurduara Greater galanga Bara Khalijan

(Chopra, 1958; Anonymous, 1948; Kritikar andBasu, 1996; Nadkarni, 1998; Khory, 1985; Anonymous, 2003) Ethanobotanical Description : According to Ethanobotanical A.galanga are larger , thick, often knotty and forked,with a spicy taste and pungent acrid odour. The skin of the rhizome is deep orange-brown in colour which is prominently contrasting with pale puff colour of the internal structure. Rhizomes are marked with wavy annulation,which posses a lighter colour than than the remainder the surface .fructure is very tough , fibrous and uneven (Anonymous,1948;Anonymous,1987; khory,1985) Habitat khulanjan is found in Eastern Himalayas and south west India . It is native of Java ,Sumatra and south India .it is cultivated all over south India (Khory and Katrak , 1985; Chopra , 1954; Hooker, 1983) Unani Description It is tuberous root , reddish in colour , having pleasant odour and taste, whitish internally , Khulanjan has been wrongly named as Paan ki jad as many author mentioned. However its action are neariy same (Ghani, 2005; Momin, 1272H).

The tuberous and thicker variety Qasbi and the harder and thinner variety Uqarbi are used medicinally . Badi Khulanjan (greater galanga) was earlier being imported from Java for medicinal purpose (Ghani , 2005; Azam , 1313H; Momin 1272H) Temperament The temperament of Khulanjan is hot 2o and dry 2o (Attar,1305H; Anonymous, 1987;Ghani, 2005) Afal Action Muqqavi ye Bah /Aphrodisiac . Hazim/ stomachic. Kasir-e- riyah/ Carminative Naf-e-nafakh /Antiflatulent Mukhrij-e-balghum /Expectorant Muqqavi qalb /Cardiotonic Muhallil / anti-inflammatory Mulazziz / (Razi, 1968; Baitar , 1869 ; Attar , 1888; Ghani , 2005; Hakeem , 1311H) Tonic , diuretic , expectorant , stomachic , aphrodisiac , carminative , stimulant , nervine tonic , bronchodilator , febrifuge and anti-inflammatory (Karitikar and Basu , 1987; Nadkarni , 1998; Anonymous , 1948 ; Battacharji, 2005; Vaidyratnum, 2003 ) Uses Sexual debility , colitis , halitosis , hoarseness of voice , productive cough , arthritis , sciatica , epilepsy , renal colic (Ghani , 2005 ; Attar , 1888; Hakeem , 1311H) Rheumatoid arthritis . analgesic , dyspepsia , intestinal and biliary colic , headache, lumbago , respiratory troubles , heart liver and kidney diseases (Anonymous, 1948 ; Ndkarni , 1998 ; Chopra , 1958)

Phytochemical Studies Major chemical constituent which are found in rhizome E.oil,--pinine, limonine, terpinen-4-ol , -terpinol , linalool, methylangenol , eugenol, 1,8cineol and cedrol (Rastogi, 1999; Anonymous , 2003).The other constituents are quercetine , kaemferol , isorhamnetic kampferide , quercetin 3-methyl ether , galangine, 1-acetoxychavicol , 1-acetoxyengenol acetate and two diterpines galamal A and B (Anonymous , 2003;Anonymous , 1948 ; Chopra, 1958;Nadkarni , 1998). Pharmacological Studies Essential oil from rhizomes exhibited antimicrobial activity against gram positive bacteria . It also shows antifungal activity against gram positive bacteria .It shows antifungal activity against seven fungi due to 1acetoxichavicol acetate , 1-acetoxilugenollercetate and 1-hyroxychavicol acetate of A.galanga rhizome. Galangals A and B and glanolactone showed cytotoxic and antifungal activity . 1-acetoxychavicol acetate and 1-acetoxyeugenol acetate exhibited antitumour activity against sarcoma (Rastogi, 1993). Mcclanchey , Will. (1996) demonstrated the anaesthetic , anti depressant , antibacterial anti-spasmodic effects of A. galangal shoot in experimental studies. Acompound in A.galanga-Diarylheptanoids, exhibited prostaglandin biosynthesis inhibiting activity (Rastogi, 1993). Mako (Solanum nigrum) Family-Solanaceae Mako has been in use since ancient times and more commonly used by Greeks . Most Arab and Persian writers described the four kinds of Mako but they appear to use only two varieties 1. Solanum nigrum 2. Physalis alkekenji. The drug of the present day red berries of S.dulcamera. Vernacular name English Hindi Persian Black nightshade, Night shade. Gurkhami, Kabay, Makoi. Rubahtareek.

Urdu Tamil Telgu Description

Mako. Manattakkali. Kanchipundu, Kakamachi, Kachi.

An erect, diffuse, much branched, shrubby herb; leaves 4-82.5-4cm ovate, sinuate or lobed, dark green in colour. Flowers small and white, in drooping, sub-umbellate extra axillary cymes. Berries occur either singly or in aggregates of 2-3 with persistant peduncles, surface wrinkled (smooth when fresh), varing from 0.4-0.9cm brownish black to light yellow in colour. Seeds small, many, yellow, slightly reniform, smooth, 0.5-10mm. peduncles slender, 1.5-20cm long and 0.5 -0.6mm thick. Taste slightly pungent , becoming bitter, odourless soft and brittle