Album de Desene Realizate Cu Functii Supermatematice Selariu - 2012 - Supliment

Techno-Art of Selariu SuperMathematics Functions
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Starting at:
editor: Florentin Smarandache; translators: Marian Nitu, Florentin Smarandache, preface by Mircea Eugen Selariu;
2007, A R Press;
127 pages
ISBN: 978-1-59973-037-0;

This is also the case with the complements of ex-centric mathematics, which, reunited with the ordinary mathematics, have
been temporarily named supermathematics. It has been named this way because it generates the multiplication, from one to
infinite, of all functions, curves, relations, etc., in other words of all actual mathematics entities. The supermathematics has
the same equation for circle as for perfect square or triangles. In supermathematics there is no difference between linear and
nonlinear. And, also, as it can be observed from this album, it gets, sometimes, artistic valences. And this is just a small
human step in mathematics and a big leap of mathematics for the mankind.

The preparation of this album was made possible only because of the discovery of the mathematics complements. The
mathematical expressions of the new supermathematics functions constitute the base of the colored curves families, as well
as the base of some technical and/or artistic solids.

We hope that some of them will pleasantly impress your eyes. The excitement of the retina, though, is a collateral effect. The
album doesnt limit itself at the waves that have the capability of impressing the eye, but intends to extend to the invisible
light: infra-red and ultraviolet through which to impress the thinking, the invisible eye of the brain, the idea. The infra-red
warmly invites you to meditate on the unlimited technical and mathematical possibilities of the new functions. The ultraviolet
evokes a multiplication chain reaction of the existing mathematical forms/objects. Because, citing again from Grigore C.
Moisil, The most powerful explosive is not the toluene, is not the atomic bomb, but the mans idea. Between circle and
square, as well as between sphere and cube, there exist an infinity of other supermathematics forms, which pretend the same
right to exist.

The rumor is that After Pythagoras discovered his famous theorem, he sacrificed one hundred oxen. From that time on, after
a new discovery takes place, the big horned animals have great palpitations. This story is credited to Ludwig Bjrne. In fact
behind each discovery there is a story. The history records that in December 1989, the so called Romanian polenta exploded.
In 1978 it was published the first article from the domain of the mathematics functions (Ex-centric circular functions) and
from that time on it is expected an explosion in mathematics. Is it possible that it will start with the arts?

ABSTRACT REDUCED TO 144 WORDS: This album of tehno-art represents the complements of ex-centric mathematics, which,
reunited with the ordinary mathematics, have been temporarily named supermathematics. It has been named this way
because it generates the multiplication, from one to infinite, of all functions, curves, relations, etc., in other words of all actual
mathematics entities. The supermathematics has the same equation for circle as for perfect square or triangles. In
supermathematics there is no difference between linear and nonlinear. And, also, as it can be observed from this album, it
gets, sometimes, artistic valences. And this is just a small human step in mathematics and a big leap of mathematics for the
mankind.

The preparation of this album was made possible only because of the discovery of the mathematics complements. The
mathematical expressions of the new supermathematics functions constitute the base of the colored curves families, as well
as the base of some technical and/or artistic solids.

Traducere automat din limba englez n limba romn

Aceasta este, de asemenea, un alt caz n care matematica ordinara (centric) este
completat, datorita apariiei unei noi dimensiuni a spaiului, excentricitatea matematic, cu
matematica excentric, care, reunite, au fost denumite temporar supermatematic.
Au fost numit n acest fel, (supermatematic) deoarece genereaz o multiplicare, de la
unul la infinit, a tuturor funciilor, curbelor, relaiilor, etc, cu alte cuvinte a tututror entitilor
matematice. Entiti supermatematice diferite au aceleai ecuaii, ca de exemplu, cercul i
ptratul perfect, sau triunghiul perfect.
n supermatematic nu exist nici o diferen ntre liniar i neliniar. i, de asemenea, aa
cum se poate observa din acest album, ea prezint, uneori, valene "artistice".
i acesta este doar un nceput, un prim pas, un pas mic pentru om i un salt mare n
matematic pentru omenire.

Realizarea acestui album a fost posibil numai datorit descoperirii matematicii
excentrice. Expresiile matematice, ale noilor funcii supermatematice, constituie baza familiilor
de curbe colorate prezentate n album, secondate de solide cunotine tehnice de programare i /
sau artistice.

Sperm c unele dintre ele v vor impresiona plcut ochii. Dei, excitarea retinei este un
efect colateral. Albumul nu se limiteaz la oscilaiile care au capacitatea de a impresiona ochiul.
El intenioneaz s se extind i la "lumina invizibil: n infrarou i n ultraviolet", prin care s
impresioneze gndire, "ochiul invizibil" a creierului, ideea.
Infrarosul clduros v invit s meditai asupra posibilitilor nelimitate tehnice i
matematice ale noilor funcii.
Ultravioletul evoc o reacie n lan de multiplicare a formelor matematice existente i a
obiectelor. Deoarece, citnd din nou de la Grigore C. Moisil, "Explozivul cel mai puternic nu este
trinitrotoluenul, nu este bomba atomic, ci ideile umane". ntre cerc i ptrat, precum i ntre
sfer i cub, exist o infinitate de alte forme supermatematice, care pretind acelai drept de a
exista.

Se zvonete c "Dup ce a descoperit celebra sa teorem, Pitagora a sacrificat o sut de
boi. Din acel moment, la fiecare nou descoperire, animalele coarnute mari au mari
palpitaii. Aceasta poveste este atribuit la Ludwig Bjrne.
n fapt, n spatele fiecare descoperire este o poveste. Evenimentele istorice arat c n
decembrie 1989 aa-numita " mamalig romneasc " a facut explozie. n 1978 a fost publicat
primul articol din domeniul funciilor supermatematice (Funcii circulare excentrice) i, din acel
moment, este de ateptat o explozie i n matematic.
Este posibil ca aceast explozie s ncep cu arta?

REZUMAT REDUS LA 144 cuvinte:

Acest album, de art-tehnic, completeaz matematica ordinar (centric) cu matematica
excentric, care, reunite, au fost temporar numite supermatematic. Acest numire este justificat
de multiplicare, de la unul la infinit, a tuturor funciilor, curbelor, relaiilor, etc, cu alte cuvinte, a
tuturor entitilor matematice cunoscute n matematica centric.
Graie supermatematicii cercul i ptrat perfect, sfera i cubul poerfect ca i cercul i
triunghiul perfect au aceleai ecuaii parametrice.
n supermatematic nu exist nici o diferen ntre liniar i neliniar. i, de asemenea, aa
cum se poate observa i din acest album, ea prezint, uneori, i valene "artistice". i acesta este
doar un pas mic fcut de om n matematic i un salt mare al matematicii fcut pentru omenire.
Realizarea acestui album a fost posibil numai datorit descoperirii excentricitii i,
astfel, a completrii matematicii (centrice).
Expresiile matematice ale noilor funcii supermatematice constituie baza realizrii
familiilor de curbele colorate, secondat de solide cunotinte tehnice de programare i / sau
artistice.
https://edupublisher.com/EPBookstore/index.php?main_page=products_new&disp_order=2&p
age=8

TEHNO ART of ELARIU SUPERMATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS

51

2.1 AERONAUTICS CAPSULE / CAPSULA AERONAUTIC

www.supermathematica.com www.eng.upt.ro/~mselariu www.supermatematica.ro

Mircea Eugen elariu

52

2.1,b AERONAUTICS CAPSULES / CAPSULE AERONAUTICE

,

, [ 0, 2]

MIRCEA EUGEN ELARIU

52

2.2 D O U B L E C L E P S I D R A / C L E P S I D R A D U B L

, S(s = 1; = 0), [0, 3]; u [0, 2]

TECHNO-ART of ELARIU SUPERMATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS

53

2.2,b D O U B L E C L E P S Y D R A / C L E P S I D R A D U B L

, S(s = 1; = 0), [0, 3]; u [0, 2]

-0.5
0
0.5
-0.5
0
0.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
-0.5
0
0.5
MIRCEA EUGEN ELARIU

54

2.3 THE GATE OF THE KISS / POARTA SRUTULUI

X = (3+cos u).cos t, u [ 0, 2]
Y = (3+cos u).siq t, S(s = 1 ; = 0)
Z = 2.siq t, t [ 0, 2]

-4
-2
0
2
4
-4
-2
0
2
4
-10
-5
0
5
10
-4
-2
0
2
4
MIRCEA EUGEN ELARIU

55

2.3, b THE GATE OF THE KISS / POARTA SRUTULUI


Mircea Eugen elariu

56

2.4 V A S E / V A Z


Mircea Eugen elariu

58

2.5 SUPERMATHEMATICX HELIX / ELICE SUPERMATEMATIC



59

2.6 SUPERMATHEMATICS HELIX / ELICE SUPERMATEMATICE



59

2.5, b SUPERMATHEMATICS HELIX / ELICEA SUPERMATEMATIC


MIRCEA EUGEN ELARIU

60

2.6 CONE and ECCENTRICS PYRAMID / CON i PIRAMIDE EXCENTRICE

www.supermathematica.com www.eng.upt.ro/~mselari
u
www.supermatematica.ro


61

2.7 CONOPIRAMYDS / CONOPIRAMIDE

,

Mircea Eugen elariu

62

2.7,b CONOPIRAMYDS ENSEMBLE / ANSAMBLU DE CONOPIRAMIDE


TECHN0-ART of ELARIU SUPERMATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS

63

K N I T T I N G S / M B R L I G R I
"Six Interwoven Loops" from The Wolfram Demonstrations
Project_ http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/SixInterwovenLoops/

www.supermathematica.com www.eng.upt.ro/
~mselariu


64


65

www.supermathematica.com www.eng.upt.ro/
~mselariu


66

S W I N D L E / P A N G L I C R I I

www.Supermathematica.com www.Supermatematica.ro


67


Mircea Eugen elariu

68

S Q U A R E T O R U S / T O R P T R A T



69

C O L O A N E L E I M B R A I R I I C U L O R I L O R


TECHNO-ART OF ELARIU SUPERMATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS

7

Motto:The book of Nature ist writtten in mathematical caracters
Galileo Galilei

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
( AT SUPERMATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS )

The Functions, which are the base to generate the most often, technical objects, so less artistical,
neogeometrical, included in this album, are named Supermathematics functions (SMF)
These functions are are the fruit of 38 research years, begun in 1969 at University of Stuttgart.
Meanwhile, 42 related works were published, written by over 19 authors, as can be seen in the
bibliography.
The name belongs to the regretted mathematician Prof. em. dr. doc.ing. Gheorghe Silas which, at
the presentation of the very first work in this domain, at the First National Conference in Vibrations in
Machine Constructions, Timisoara, Romania, 1978, named CIRCULAR ECCENTRIC FUNCTIONS ,
declared : Young man, you just descovered not only some functions , but a new mathematics, a
supermathematics ! I was glad, at my 40 years old, like a teenager. And I proudly found that he might
be right !
The prefix super is justified today, to point out the birth of new complements in mathematics,
joined together under the name of Eccentrical Mathematics ( EM) with much more important entities
and infinitely more numerous than the existing entities in the actual mathematics , which we are obliged
to name it Centric Mathematics (CM.)
To each entity from CM is corresponding an infinity of similar entities in EM, so
Supermathematics (SM) is the reunion of the two domains, it means SM = MC ME and MC is a
particular case, of null eccentricity of ME. Namely, MC = SM( e = 0 ). To each known function in MC
is corresponding an infinity family of functions in ME , and in addition, a series of new functions
appears, with a wide range of applications in mathematics and technology.
In this way, to x = cos is corressponding the functions family x = cex = cex (, s, ) where s =
e /R and are the polar coordinates of the eccenter S(s, ), corresponding to the unity/trigonometrical
circle or E(e, ) corresponding to certain circle of R radius, consedered as pole of a straight line d which is
rotating around E or S with position angle , generating in this way the eccentrictrigonometric functions,
or eccentric circular supermathematical functions (EC-SMF), by the cross of d with unity circle (v.Fig.1).
Among them the eccentric cosine of , noted cex = x, where x is the projection of W point, the cross of
the straight line with the trigonometric circle C(1,O), or the carthesian coordinate of W point. Because a
straight line, taken by S, interior to the circle (s 1 e < R), is crossing the circle in two points, W
1
si
W
2
, briefly named W
1,2
,
It results that two determinations of the Eccentric circular supermathematics functions (EC-
SMF) will exist, one principal of indice 1- cex
1
and one secodary cex
2
, of indice 2, noted briefly cex
1,2

. E and S were named ex-centre because they were droped out of the center O(0,0). This expulsion lead
to the birth of EM and implicitly, of SM. Trough this, all the mathematical objects were multiplied from
one to infinity : To the unique function from CM, lets say cos , is corresponding an infinity of
functions cex , thanks to the possibilities to place the eccenter S and/or E in the plane.
Mircea Eugen elariu

S(e, ) can take an infinity of positions in the plane where is the unity or trigonometric circle . For
each position of S and E a function cex is obtained. If S is a fixed point, then eccentric circular SM
functions are obtained (EC-SMF) , with fixed eccenter, or with constant s and . But S or E can move, in
the plane, by various rules or laws, while the straight line which generates the functions by crossing the
circle, is rotating by the angle around S and E.

Fig.1 Defining of Eccentric Circular Supermathematics Functions (EC-SMF)

In this last case, we have a EC-SMF by variable point S/E eccenter, it means s = s () and/or =
(). If the variableposition of S/E is represented still by EC-SMF of same eccenter S(s, ) or by another
eccenter S
1
[s
1
= s
1
(),
1
=
1
()], then double eccentricity functions are obtained. Trough extrapolation,
triple and multiple eccentricity functions are obtained. Therefore, SMF-CE are functions of so many
variables as we wish or we need.
If the distances from O to W
1,2
points from C(1,O) circle are constants and equals with the
radius R = 1 of the trigonometric circle C, distances we will name eccentric radiuses pe care le vom
denumi raze centrice, the distances from S to W
1,2
noted by r
1,2
are variables and are named eccentric
radiuses of the unity circle C( 1,O) and represent, at the same time, new eccentric circular
supermathematics functions (EC-SMF), which were named eccentric radial functions and are noted with
rex
1,2
,if is expressed as function of the variable named eccentric and motor, which is the angle from
the eccenter E. Or, noted Rex
1,2
, if it is expressed as function of the angle or centric variable, the
angle of O(0,0). The points W
1,2
are seen under the angles
1,2
from O(0,0) and under the angles and +
from S(e, ) and E. The straight line d is divided by S c d in two semi-straight lines, one positive d
+
and the other negative d

. Therefore, we can consider r
1
= rex
1
a positively oriented segment on d (
M
1
W
1
x
y
O
S
E
cex
1

sex
1

cex
2

sex
2

OS = s OE = e
OW
1
= OW
2
= 1
OM
1
= OM
2
= R
SW
1
= r
1
= rex
1

SW
2
= r
2
= rex
2

EM
1
= R.r
1
= R.rex
1

EM
2
= R.r
2
= R.rex
2

ZW
1
OA =
1
ZW
2
OA =
2

ZSOA =
S(s,)
E(e,)
M
1,2
(R,
1,2
)
W
1,2
(1,
1,2
)
A
aex
1,2
=
1,2
() =
1,2
()
= bex
1,2
=

= arcsin[s.sin(-)]

cex
1,2
= cos
1,2
sex
1,2
= sin
1,2

W
2
dex
1,2
=
u
o
d
d
2 , 1
=
=1 -
) ( sin 1
) cos( .
2 2
c u
c u

s
s

Dex
1,2 =
2 , 1
o
u
d
d


9

r
1
> 0) and r
2
= rex
2
a negatively oriented segment on d ( r
2
< 0 ) and in the sense of the negative
semi-straight line d
.
Trough simple trigonometric relations, in certain triangles OEW
1,2
, or, more precisely, writing
sine theoreme ( as function of ) and Pitagoras generalized theoreme (for
1,2
variables) in these triangles,
immediately we find the invariant expressions of the eccentric radial functions :
r
1,2
() = rex
1,2
= s.cos( ) ) ( sin 1
2 2
c u s and
r
1,2
(
1,2
) = Rex

1,2
= ) cos( . . 2 1
2
c u + s s .
All EC-SMF has invariant expressions, and because this they dont need to be tabulated ;
tabulated being the centric functions, from MC, which help to express them. In all their expressions, we
will find constantly, one of the square roots of previous expressions, of eccentric radial functions.
Finding these two determinations is simple : for + (plus) in the front of square roots we always
obtain the first determination (r
1
> 0) and for the (minus) sign we obtain the second determination (r
2
<
0). The rule is still available for all EC-SMF. By convention, the first determination, of index 1, we can
be use/write without index number.
About these REX ( King ) functions, we have to make some obeservations :
The eccentric radial functions are the expression, in the plane, in polar coordinates, of the distance
between two points :
S(s, ) and W
1,2
(R =1,
1,2
), on direction of straight line d, inclined by angle reported to Ox axis;
- Therefore, with their help and only ( exclusively) their, it can be expressed the
ecuations of All known plane curves, as of other new ones, which appeared together with the birth of
ME. An example is represented by Booths lemniscates (see Fig. 2, a, b, c), expressed, in polar
coordinates, by the equation :
() = R (rex
1
+ rex
2
) = 2 s.R cos( - ) for R = 1, = 0 and s e [0, 3]
- Another consequence is the generalization of circles definition :
The Circle is the plane curve whichs M points we find at the distances r() = R.rex
= R.rex [, E(e, )] regarding to a certain point from the circles plane E(e, ) .
If S O(0,0) , then s = 0 and rex = 1 = constant and r() = R = constant,
the classical definition of the circle is obtained : points placed at the same R distance from de center of
the circle.
- The rex and Rex functions asserts the transfer functions of zero degree, or of
position transfer, from the Mechanism theory, an it is the ratio between R(
1,2
) parameter which position
the conducted element OM
1,2
and R.r
1,2
() parameter which position the leader element EM
1,2
. Between
these two parameters, the following relations exists, which can simply deduced from fig 1, the defining of
EC-SMF figure.
Between the position angles of the two elements, leader and leaded, the following relations exists :
1,2
= T arcsin[e.sin( )] = T
1,2
() = aex
1,2
and
=
1,2

1,2
(
1,2
)

=
1,2
arcsin [
) cos( . . 2 1
) sin( .
2 , 1
2
2 , 1
c o
c o
+

s s
s
] = Aex (
1,2
).
The functions aex
1,2
and Aex
1,2
are the EC-SMF named eccentric amplitude because they
can be used for defining EC-SMF cosine si sine eccentrics, as amplitude function or amplitudinus
am,(k,u) is used for defining of elliptical Jacobi functions : sn (k,u) = sin [am(k,u)], cn(k,u) =
cos[am(k,u)], or :
cex
1,2
= cos(aex
1,2
) , Cex
1,2
= cos(Aex
1,2
) and
sex
1,2
= sin (aex
1,2
), Sex
1,2
= cos (Aex
1,2
)
Mircea Eugen elariu

Fig.2,a Booths Lemniscates for R = 1 and
numerical eccentricity e e [1.1, 2]
Fig. 2,b Booths Lemniscates for R = 1 and
numerical eccentricity e e [2.1, 3]

Fig. 2,c
- The radial eccentric functions can be considerred as modules of the position vectors
2 , 1
r
of the points W
1,2
from the unit circle C (1,O), vectors expressed trough the following relations :
-1 -0.5 0.5 1
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
-1 -0.5 0.5 1
-0.2
-0.1
0.1
0.2

11

u u rad rex r .
2 , 1 2 , 1
=
, where rad is the unit vector of variable direction or the versor/ fazor of d
+
straight
line direction, which derivative is the fazor der = d(rad )/d and is representing normal vectors on the
straight lines OW
1,2
, directions, tangents to the circle in W
1,2
points. They are named the centric
derivative fazors. Meanwhile, the modulus of rad function is the corresponding in MC of the function
rex for s = 0 = when rex = 1 and der
1,2
are the tangent versors to the unit circle in W
1,2

points.
- The derivative of the
2 , 1
r vectors are the speed vectors
2 , 1 2 , 1
2 , 1
2 , 1
. o u
u
der dex
d
r d
v = =

of the W
1,2
c C points in their rotating motion on the circle,
with speeds of variable modulus v
1,2
= dex
1,2
, when the generating straight line d is rotating around the
eccenter S with constant angular speed and equal with the unity, namely = 1. The speed vectors has the
previously presented expressions, where der
1,2
are the fazors of centric radiuses R
1,2
of module 1 and of
1,2
directions. The expressions of the functions EC-SMF dex
1,2
, eccentric derivative of , are,
meanwhile, also the
1,2
() angles derivatives, as function of the motor or independent variable , namely
dex
1,2
= d
1,2
()/d = 1
) ( sin . 1
) cos( .
2 2
c u
c u

s
s
as function of and
Dex
1,2
= d()/d
1,2
=
2 , 1
2
2 , 1
2 , 1
2
2 , 1
Re
) cos( . 1
) cos( . . 2 1
) cos( . 1
o
c o
c o
c o
x
s
s s
s
=
+

, as functions of
1,2
.
It was demonstrated that the eccentric derivative EC-SMF functions shows the first order
transfer functions, or angular speeds, from the Mechanisms Theory, for all ( !) known plane mechanisms.
- The radial eccentric function rex exactly express the movement of push-pull mechanism
S = R. rex , which motor connecting rod has the r, length, equal with the real eccentricity e and the
length of the crank is equal with the radius of the circle R, a such well-known mechanism, because it is a
component of all automobiles, except those with Wankel engine. The applications of radial eccentric
functions could continue, but we will insist on more general applications of EC-SMF.
Concrete, to the uniques forms of circle, square, parabola, ellipse, hyperbola, different spirals,
etc from MC, grouped now under the name of centrics, correspond an infinity of the same type of
eccentrics: circular, square (quadrilobe), parabolic, ellyptic, hyperbolic, spiral eccentrics, etc. Any
eccentric, for null eccentricity (e = 0), is degenerating into a centric, which represents, at same time, its
generating curve. Therefore, the MC himself belongs to ME for the unique case (s = e = 0), from the
infinity possible cases where it can be placed, in the plane, a point named eccenter E(e, ). In this case, E
is superposing on one or two points named center : the origine O(0,0) of a frame of a refferential system,
and/or the center C(0,0) of te unit circle, for circular functions, or, respectively, the symetry center of the
two arms of the equilateral hyperbola, for hyperbolic functions.
It was enough that a point E be expeled from the center (O and/or C) and from the MC world
appears a new world of ME, and the reunion of these two worlds give birth to the SM world. And this
occured in the town of romanian Revolution from 1989, Timisoara, the same town where at november 3-
th, 1823 Janos Bolyay wrote : From nothing Ive created a new world . With these words, he
anounced the discovery of the fundamental formula of the first non-euclidean geometry.
Mircea Eugen elariu

He from nothing, me from the collective effort to multiply the periodical functions, functions
which are necessaries to an engineer to describe some periodical phenomena. I this way, I have completed
the mathematics with new objects.
If Euler, when defined the trigonometric functions, as direct circular functions, wouldnt be
chosen three superposed points : the origine O, the center of the circle C and S as a pole of a
semistraight line, which intersects the trigonometric/unit circle, the FSM-CE coul be known much earlier,
maybe under other name. Depending on the way to split ( we separe one point by one of the
superposed ones, or all of them), the following types of SMF appears : O C S Centric
functions belonging to MC ; and those which belongs to ME are :
O C S Eccentric Circular Supermathematics Functions (EC-SMF);
O C S Elevated Circular Supermathematics Functions (CEL -FSM);
O C S Exotic Circular Supermathematics Functions (CEX-FSM);
These new mathematics complements, joined together under the temporary name of SM, are
tools or instruments of extreme utility, of a long ago waiting, the proof beig the large number and the
diversity of periodical functions introduced in mathematics, and the way sometimes complicated to reach
them, trying to substitute the circle with other curves, most of them closed.
For obtaining some special and periodical new functions, it was tried the replacement of
trigonometric circle with a square or a diamond. This was the proceeding of the former chief of
Mathematics Department from Mechanics College from Timisoara, prof. Dr. Mat. Valeriu Alaci,
discovering the square and diamond shape trigonometric functions. Hereafter, mathematics teachers
Eugen Visa introduced the pseudo-hyperbolic functions, and M.O. Enculescu defined the polygonal
functions, replacing the circle with a n-sided polygon; for n = 4 he obtained the square Alaci trigonometric
functions. Low, the romanian origin american mathematician, Prof. Malvina Baica from University of
Wisconsin together with Mircea Crdu, completed the gap between the circular Euler functions and
Alaci square functions, with the so-called Periodic Transtrigonometric Functios.
The russian mathematician Marcusevici describe, in his work Remarcable sine functions the
generalized trigonometric functions and the lemniscate. Even since 1877, the german mathematician
Dr. Biehringer, replacing right triangle with an oblique triangle, defined the inclined trigonometric
functions. The romanian origin british scientist ing. George ( Gogu ) Constantinescu replaced the circle
with the evolvent and defined the romanian trigonometric functions: romanian cosine and romanian
sine, experssed by Cor and Sir functions, which helped him to resolve exactly some non-linear
differential equations of the Sonicity Theory, created by him-self. And how little known are all these
functions even in Romania!
The elliptical functions are defined on an ellipse. A rotated one, with the main axis along Oy axis.
How simple can become, and, as a matter a fact, are the complicated things ! This paradox(ism)
suggest that by the simple dispacement/expulsion of a point from a center and trough the apparition of
the eccenter, a new world may appear, the world of ME and, concurrently, a new Universe, the SM
Universe.
Notions like Supermathematics Functions and Functii circulare excentrice appeared
on most search engines like Google, Yahoo, Altavista s.a, since the birth of Internet. The new notions, like
cuadrilobe quadrilobas , which help to name the eccentrics which continuosly fill the space between a
circle and a square, circumscribed to the circle, were included in Mathematics Dictionary. The cross of
the quadriloba with the straight line d generate the new functions called cosine quadrilobe-ic si sine
quadrilobe-ic.
The benefits of SM in science and technology are too numerous to show them all here. But we are
please to remind that SM wipe the boundaries between linear and non-linear ; The linear belongs to MC,
and the non-linear is the appanage of ME, like between ideal and real, or between perfection and
imperfection.

13

It says that Topology is the mathematics which doesnt make the difference between a pretzel
and a tea cup. Well, SM doesnt make the difference between a circle (e = 0) and a perfect square (s =
1), between a circle and a perfect triangle, between an ellipse and a perfect oblong, between a sphere
and a perfect cube, s.a; with the same parametric equations it can be obtained besides the ideal forms
of MC (circle, ellipse, sphere s.a) , as the real ones (square, oblong, cube, s.a.). For s e [-1,1], in the case
of eccentric variable , as in the case of centric variable , for s e [-, +], it can be obtained in infinity
of intermediate forms, like square, oblong or cube with rounded corners and slightly curved sides or,
respectively, faces. What makes easier to use the new SM functions for drawing and representing some
technical parts, with rounded or splayed edges, in the programms SM - CAD/ CAM, which doesnt use
the computer any more as a drawing board, but make the technical object at once, trough parammetric
equations, with remarcable consequences memory spare ; Only the equations are memorized, not the vaste
number of pixels which define/bounds a technical piece.
The numerous presented functions, being for the first time introduced in mathematics, for an
easier fixing in memory, the author considered as necessary a short presentation of their equations, so
anyone wants to contribute to their application development, can do it.
SM is not a finished work, its still an introduction in this vaste domain, a first step, a small
authors step and a giant leap for mathematics.
The elevated circular SM functions (CEL-SMF), named so because trough modification of
numarical eccentricity s the points of the curves of elevated sine functions sel as of the elevated circular
function elevated cosine cel is elevating in other words it rise on the vertical, getting out from the space
{-1, +1] of the other sine and cosine functions, centrical or eccentrical. The plots of the functions cex
and sex are shown in fig. 3, where it can see that the points of thes plots are modifying in horizontal
direction, all of them remaining in the space [ -1, +1], named domain of existance of these functions.
The plots of cel and sel functions can be simply represented by the products :
cel
1,2
= rex
1,2
. cos and Cel
1,2
= Rex
1,2
. cos
sel
1,2
= rex
1,2
. sin and Sel
1,2
= Rex
1,2
. sin
and are shown fig. 4.
The most general SM are the exotic circular functions which are defined on an unit circle un-
centered in the origin of axis system xOy neither in the eccenter S, but in a certain point C ( c, ) from the
unit circle plane, with the polar coordinates (c, ) in the coordinate system xOy Many of the drawings
from this album are made with EC-SMF of variable eccenter and with arcs which are n multiples of
(n.). The used relations, for each particular case, are explicitly shown, in most cases using the centric
mathematical functions, which trough, as we could see, can be expressed all SM functions, especially
when the visualisation programs cannot use SMF. This doesnt means that, in the future, the new math
complements will not be implemented in computers, for largely expand their useful domain.
Neither the specialists in making computer assisted design programs CAD/CAM/CAE, wont be
late too much to make these new programs, fundamantaly differents, trough which the technical objects
are made with parametric circular or hyperbolic SMFs, in the way there are examplified some
achievements such as airplanes, buildings, etc in http://www.eng.upt.ro/~mselariu and how a washer can
be represented asaa toroid eccentricity ( or an eccentric torus), square or oblong in an axial section, and ,
respectively, a square plate with a central square hole can be a square torus of square section. And all
these, because SM doesnt make distinction between a circle and a square or between an ellipse and an
oblong, as said before.

Mircea Eugen elariu

Fig. 3,a The eccentric circular
supermathematics function
(EC-SMF) eccentric cosine of cex
for = 0, e [0, 2]
Fig. 3,b The eccentric circular supermathematics
function
(EC-SMF) ecentric sine of sex for
= 0, e [0, 2]
Numerical eccentricity s = e/R e [ -1, 1]

But the most important achievements can be obtained in science trough solutioning some non-
linear problems, because SM reunite in a single entity these two domains, such different in the past.
Among these, the non-linear domain ask ingenious approaches for each particular problem. Therfore, in
the domain of vibrations, static elastical characteristics (SEC) soft non-linear (regressive) or hard non-
linear (progressive) can be simply obtained writing y = m. x , only m is not anymore m = tan as in
linear case (s = 0 ), but m = tex
1,2
and depending on numerical eccentricity s sign, postive or negative,
or for S placed on negative x axis ( = ) or on positive x axis ( = 0), the two nonlinear elastical
characteristics is obtained, and obviously for s=0 a linear CES will be obtained.
Because the functions cex and sex , as Cex and Sex and their combinations , are solutions of some
differntial equations of second order with variable coefficients, it being stated that even for s = 1, and
not only for s = 0, linear systems (Cebasev) are obtained. At these, the mass (M point) is rotating on the
circle with a double angular speed = 2. ( reported to the linear system of s = 0 at = = constant)
a half of a period, and in the other half of period stops in the point A(R,0) for e = sR = R or = 0 and in
the point A( R, 0) for e = s.R = 1, or = . In this way, the oscilation period T of the three linear
systems is the same and equal with T = / 2 For the others values, intermediates, of s and e the
nonlinear CES systems are obtained. The projection, on any direction, of the rotating motion of M point
on R radius circle, equal with the oscillation amplitude, with variable angular speed = .dex (after
dex function) is an non-liear oscillating motion.


15

Fig. 4,a CEL- FSM elevated cosine of
cel , for s e [ -1, +1], = 0 , e [0, 2].
Fig. 4,a CEL- FSM elevated sine of - sel ,
for s e [ -1, +1], = 1 , e [0, 2].

The apparition of king function rex and of his properties made easier tha apparition of a
hybrid method (analytico-numerical), through which o simple relation was obtained, with only two
terms, to calculate the first kind complete elliptic integral K(k), with an unbelievable precision, with
minimum 15 accurate decimals, after only 5 steps. Making the next steps, can lead to a new relation to
calculate K(k), with a considerable higher precision and with the possibility to expand the method to other
elliptic integrals and not only to these. The relation of E(k) after 6 steps has the same precision to
calculate.
The apparition of FSM facilitated the apparition of a new integration method, named integration
through the differential dividing.
We will stop here, letting you the pleasure to delight yourselves looking the drawings of this
album.
The Autor Mircea Eugen elariu
www.supermathematica.com
www.eng.upt.ro/~mselariu
www.cartiAZ.ro

1 2 3 4 5 6
-1
-0.5
0.5
1
1.5
2
1 2 3 4 5 6
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
-1
-0.5
0.5
1
1.5
1 2 3 4 5 6
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1
s e [0, 1]
s e [ -1, 0]
Mircea Eugen elariu

Motto: Creaia- singurul surs al tragediei noastre
Lucian Blaga

Capitolul 1
I N T R O D U C E R E

FUNCIILE SUPERMATEMATICE
CARE AU FCUT POSIBIL REALIZAREA ACESTUI ALBUM

Nu INTRODUCEREA, ci PREFAA este cea mai important parte a unei cri. Chiar i criticii o
citesc. De aceea, am lsat-o pe sema unui coleg i prieten care tie s m laude. Imi plac, sincer, laudele!
i s ofer, dar, mai ales, s le primesc. Dac gsii mcar simpatic acest ALBUM, la preul la care l-ai
achizitionat, nu v sfiii, comunicai-ne. Printr-un e-mail. Adresa este dat n finalul introducerii. Aa se
obinuiete. Putei folosi i adresa Redaciei Editurii . Nu uitai s o felicitai pentru c a publicat acest
ALBUM. Numai aa, o nou ediie a ALBUM-ului ar putea soluiona cererea pieei. Alii citesc
introducerea dup ce au terminat de rsfoit / citit ntreaga carte. E bine i aa, numai scriei-ne ! De bine !
Aici nu e cazul. Un ALBUM nti se rsfoiete, apoi se citete pe srite i doar cei ce gsesc teme,
sau desene, care i-ar putea interesa, mai continu. S citeasc i s admire, dac este cazul, i sperm s
fie, doar ce-i intereseaz. Din cnd n cnd, mai privesc desenele care le-au rmas ntiprite pe retin, de
fapt n / pe creier, dar aa se zice: pe retin.
Nimeni nu citete matematica din scoar n scoar. Darmite, o introducere, chiar dac este o
introducere artistic, zice autorul, n aceste frumoase taine ale noii matematici. De aceea, v sftuim s
v ascundei banii ntr-o carte de Matematic. Pe asta n-o deschide nimeni !
Cu supermatematica e cu totul i cu totul altfel. Unii se descurajeaz chiar de la nceput. Nu
citesc nici mcar introducerea. Prefaa, nici att. Apoi crcotesc, crcotesc, crcotesc.
De aceea mi permit, n INTRODUCERE, s le spun lucrurilor pe nume: Nu v place matematica,
srii peste Introducere ! De ce e necesar o prezentare a uneltelor matematice de desenare ? Mi-am pus
i eu aceast ntrebare n anul 2007, cnd a aprut primul ALBUM de acest fel n SUA. Locul 10, n topul
de 10, n luna august 2007, din peste 1650 de lucrri, dup o statistic Gallup. n lunile urmtoare s-a
vndut i mai bine ! Mi-a rspuns editorul: Americanii vor s tie cum l-ai facut, ca s poat face i ei !
Inteligent constatare, inteligeni americanii tia ! Dar romnii ? Romnii, vor i ei s tie ? Vor i ei s
fac ? S fac i mai bine ? Mai bine ca americanii ?
Pentru orice eventualitate, am specificat, n numeroase cazuri i ecuaiile utilizate. i v spun un
secret: Multe din formele prezentate n ALBUM sunt rezultatul scrierii greite a unor ecuaii (v. Fig. 7,b).
Le-am denumit modificate. Ecuaiile. Dac mi-au placut, le-am salvat, i vi le prezint i
dumneavoastr. De gustibus et coloribus non est disputandum, a zis Seneca !
Albumul, pe care-l inei n mn, mi-a dori s v fie un aliat fidel n lupta / dorina voastr de
descifrare plcut a tainelor noilor complemente de matematic, reunite sub denumirea de
supermatematic. De aceea, INTRODUCEREA a fost scris, intenionat, nu n limbaj matematic, ci ntr-
un limbaj comun, de poveste, pe nelesul tuturor.
Acest ALBUM este realizat tehnic n diverse programe de matematic, precum MATHEMATICA
8 a lui Stephan Wolfram dar nu este o carte de matematic. i nici autorul nu este matematician. Spune-
le c-ai fost fotbalist mi-a sugerat cineva, aa se va vinde mai bine! Aa-i !
Introducerea ALBUM-ului este despre supermatematic, mai precis, o poveste despre
supermatematic, o poveste despre ce-ar putea fi nou (dar chiar este nou !) n matematic.
De aceea, ea poate fi citit fr dificultate de colegii autorului. De ingineri. Chiar i
matematicienii ar putea gsi, far un efort exagerat, unele lucruri noi, extrem de noi, care ar putea s-i

17

intereseze. Cei cu un ascuit simt artistic, pictori, graficieni, arhiteci i alii, care agreeaz acest ALBUM,
pot gsi n el, n ALBUM, forme noi care ar putea s-i inspire ! Dac nu, mcar banii ascuni! Ne inspirm
din natur, dar putei uor constata c i supermatematica este o a doua natur. nsei graficele diverselor
funcii supermatematice, n sine, sunt suficient de artistice pentru a fi incluse n prezentul ALBUM,
chiar n aceast Introducere (v. Fig.2, Fig.3, Fig.4, Fig.5, Fig.6, .m.a.).
Funciile, care stau la baza generrii obiectelor mai tehnice i mai mult sau mai puin artistice,
neogeometrice, incluse n acest album, sunt denumite funcii supermatematice (FSM).
Denumirea de neogeometrice le-a dat-o reputatul matematician american, de origine romn,
Prof. Dr. Math. Florentin Smarandache, eful Departamentului de Stiin i Matematic al Universitii
Gallup din New Mexico.
Tot el a adugat la supermatematice i denumirea de elariu, ca s se deosebeasc de alte,
eventuale, funcii supermatematice. Asta nseamn s ai viziunea viitorului ! El este i primul editor al
albumului TEHNO ART OF SELARIU SUPERMATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS n Editura ARP (American
Research Press), 2007. El i-a stabilit i titlul. Poate de aceea se vinde att de bine.

Fig.1 Schi explicativ pentru definirea funciilor supermatematice circulare excentrice
(FSM-CE) cosinus (cex
1,2
) i sinus (sex
1,2
) de variabil excentric
i de variabil centric (Cex
1,2
i Sex
1,2
)

Aceste funcii sunt rodul a 42 de ani de cercetri, ncepute n anul 1969, la Universitatea din
Stuttgart, timp n care au fost publicate peste 67 de lucrri, n acest domeniu, scrise de peste 21 autori, aa
cum se poate deduce i din capitolul de Bibliografie.
Orice carte, care se respect, chiar i un ALBUM, care se respect i el, trebuie s fie prevzut/
sau s conin i o Bibliografie, din care s rezulte stadiul de dezvoltare al domeniului respectiv. n ceea
ce privete supermatematica, acesta este satisfctor spre mulumitor, dar se putea i mai bine ! Detalii
cu privire la cine, ce i cum au pus frne supermatematicii, se gsesc n Revista Agero Stuttgart
(http://www.agero-stuttgart.de/) n articolul Nimic despre supermatematic, totul despre prostie .
Mircea Eugen elariu

Denumirea de supermatematic (SM) aparine regretatului matematician Prof. em. dr. doc. ing.
Gheorghe Sila care, la susinerea primelor lucrri din acest domeniu [1], [3], la Prima Conferin
Naional de Vibraii n Construcia de Maini, Timioara, 1978, intitulate FUNCII CIRCULARE
EXCENTRICE a declarat: Tinere, dumneata nu ai descoperit numai nite funcii, ci o nou
matematic, o supermatematic .

Fig.2 FSM-CE cosinus cex i sinus sex excentrice de variabil excentric

M-am bucurat, la cei 40 de ani, ci aveam atunci, ca un adolescent. i am constatat, cu mult
satisfacie, c s-ar putea s aib dreptate ! n 1978 ! n 2000, deci dup 22 de ani, mi-a propus s scriu un
articol de supermatematic n revista de Mecanica Solidului Rigid la care era redactor. Aa s-a nscut
1 2 3 4 5 6
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
1 2 3 4 5 6
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.0

19

lucrarea [26] TRANSFORMAREA RIGUROAS N CERC A COMPLIANEI. Important, zicem noi. Are
i frecven negativ !

Fig.3 FSM-CE cosinus Cex
1,2
i sinus Sex
1,2
excentrice de variabil centric

Prefixul super se justific astzi, pentru a scoate n eviden apariia noilor complemente de
matematic, reunite sub denumirea de matematic excentric (ME), cu entiti mult mai importante i
infinit mai numeroase dect entitile existente n actuala matematic, ordinar, pe care suntem
obligai s o denumim matematic centric (MC).
Fiecrei entiti din MC i corespund o infinitate de entiti similare n ME, astfel c,
supermatematica (SM) este reuniunea celor dou domenii, adic SM = MC ME i MC este un caz
particular, de excentricitate nul a ME. Adic, MC = SM(e = 0).
Fiecrei funcii cunoscute n MC i corespund o familie, cu o infinitate de funcii n ME i, n
plus, dac dup infinit se mai poate plusa, apar o serie de funcii noi, cu largi utilizri n matematic i n
tehnologie. n ordine alfabetic: aex, bex, cex, dex, (e, f, g, h, i, j k, l, m, n, o, p - deocamdat NU !) qcos
sau coq, qsin sau siq, rex, sex, tex, uex, vtan sau tav, vtex sau texv, - V de la Voinoiu Octavian!-

1 2 3 4 5 6
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
1 2 3 4 5 6
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
Mircea Eugen elariu

S(s = 0, = 0), R = 1 S(s = 1, = 0), R = 1

Fig.4 Transfigurarea obiectelor geometrice ale matematicii centrice (MC)

Astfel, la x = cos i corespunde familia de funcii x = cex cex(, S) cex [, S(s, )] n care s
= e/R este excentricitatea liniar (numeric s i real e) i este excentricitatea unghiular, ambele fiind
coordonatele polare ale excentrului S(s,), corespunztor cercului unitate / trigonometric i, respectiv,
E(e,) corespunzator cercului oarecare, de raza R (Fig.1).

21

Excentrele S i E sunt considerate poli ai unei drepte excentrice d, care se rotete n jurul lui E
sau S cu unghiul de poziie , genernd, astfel, funciile trigonometrice excentrice, sau funcii
supermatematice circulare excentrice (FSM-CE), prin intersecia lui d cu cercul unitate (v.Fig.1).
Deoarece, o dreapt, dus prin S, interior cercului (s 1 e < R), intersecteaz cercul n dou
puncte W
1
i W
2
, notate concentrat W
1,2
, rezult c vor exista dou determinri ale funciilor
supermatematice circulare excentrice (FSM-CE): una principal, de indice 1 cex
1
i una secundar
de indice 2 cex
2
, notate concentrat cex
1,2
(Fig.2). Ideea ne-a fost sugerat de Prof. Dr. Math. Horst
Klep pentru a aduce de acord Trigonometria, care, de la Euler ncoace, opereaz cu semidrepte, cu
Geometria Analitic, care opereaz, de cnd lumea, cu drepte.

Transformarea sferei n cub Transformarea cilindrului circular n cilindru ptrat

Transformarea conului n piramid Transformarea cilindrului n prism
Fig.5 Metamorfozarea obiectelor matematice centrice

E i S au fost denumite ex-centre pentru c au fost expulzate din centrul O(0,0). Aceast
expulzare a condus la apariia ME i, implicit, a SM. Prin ea, toate obiectele matematice s-au multiplicat
de la unu la infinit: unei unice funcii din MC, de exemplu cos, corespunzndu-i o infinitate de funcii
cex, graie posibilitilor infinite de plasare n plan a excentrului S i / sau E.
S(e,) poate ocupa o infinitate de poziii, n planul n care se afl cercul unitate sau trigonometric.
Pentru fiecare poziie, a lui S i E, se obine cte o familie de funcii cex, sex, tex, ctex i multe
altele, care, aparent, nu au corespondente n centric ca: aex, bex, rex, dex, .m.a.
Dac S este un punct fix, atunci se obin funcii SM circulare excentrice (FSMCE) de excentru
(punct) fix, sau cu s i constante. Dar, S sau E se pot deplasa, n plan, dup diverse reguli sau legi, n
timp ce dreapta d, care genereaz funciile, denumit dreapt generatoare excentric, prin intersecia ei
Mircea Eugen elariu

cu cercul, se rotete cu unghiul n jurul lui S i / sau E (Fig.1). n acest caz, avem de-a face cu FSM-CE
de excentru S/E punct variabil, adic s = s () i/sau = ().
Dac poziia variabil a lui S/E este reprezentat tot de FSM-CE, de acelai excentru S(s, ) sau
de un alt excentru S
1
(s
1
,
1
), atunci se obin funcii de dubl excentricitate. Prin extrapolare, se pot obine
funcii de tripl i de multipl excentricitate. Prin urmare, FSM-CE sunt funcii de attea variabile cte
dorim, sau cte sunt necesare n aplicaia respectiv, pe care vrem s o rezolvm. Numai aa se poate face
fa multiplicrii vertiginoase a dimensiunilor Universului, care, de la cvadridimensional, cte dimensiuni
i-a atribuit Albert Eistein, cu excentricitatea i nu cu timpul ca a patra dimensiune, a proliferat continuu
n numrul de dimensiuni.

Fig.6 Lemniscatele lui Booth n 2D i n 3D

Dac x, y, z sunt dimensiunile liniare de localizare n spaiu, dac , , , sunt dimensiunile
unghiulare de orientare, atunci excentricitile liniare e
x
, e
y
, e
z
i cele unghiulare
sunt noile
dimensiuni de formare ale spaiului, dimensiuni pn de curnd invizibile (v. N CUTAREA
INVIZIBILULUI, Revista Agero Stuttgart sau Anexa 2). Ele sunt dimensiunile de formare sau de
deformare ale spaiului. Aa se explic de ce, pentru e = 0, cu aceleai ecuaii, se obine sfera, conul
cilindrul, iar pentru e = 1 se obine cubul, piramida i, respectiv, prisma, toate perfecte, aa cum se poate
constata din figurile 4 i 5.
Toate aceste obiecte geometrice aparin matematicii centrice (MC), dar transfigurarea sau
transformarea / metamorfozarea sferei n cub, de exemplu, este un proces continuu, aa cum se poate
constata din figura 5. Numai obiectele de la extremitile transformrii, pentru e = 0 i e = 1, aparin MC,
celelalte obiecte, corespunztoare pentru e (0, 1) sau e (-1, 0), ntr-o infinitate de forme, aparin
matematicii excentrice (ME).
Dac distanele de la O la punctele W
1,2
, de pe cercul C(1,O), sunt constante i egale cu raza R =
1 a cercului trigonometreic C(O,1), distane pe care le vom denumi raze centrice, distanele de la S la
W
1,2
, notate cu r
1,2
, sunt variabile i sunt denumite raze excentrice ale cercului unitate C(1,O) i
reprezint, totodat, noi funcii supermatematice circulare excentrice (FSM-CE). Au fost denumite
funcii radiale excentrice i notate cu rex
1,2
, dac se exprim n funcie de variabila denumit
excentric i, n acelai timp motoare, care este unghiul la excentrul E. Sau, funcii radiale

23

excentrice, de variabile centrice
1,2
, notate Rex
1,2
, dac se exprim n funcie de unghiul , sau de
variabila centric, unghiul la centrul O(0,0) al cercului C(O,1), (Fig.1, cu graficele n Fig.5,a).

Fig. 7,a FSM-CE radial excentrice de variabil excentric
rex
1,2
i de variabil centric Rex
1,2
n 2D i n 3D

Dreapta d, denumit dreapt excentric, este mprit de excentrul S c d n cele dou
semidrepte: una pozitiv d
+
i una negativ d
. De aceea, se poate considera r

1
= rex
1
un segment orientat
pozitiv pe d ( r
1
> 0), iar r
2
= rex
2
un segment orientat n sens negativ pe d ( r
2
< 0 ) i n sensul
semidreptei negative d
.
1 2 3 4 5 6
2
1
1
2
1 2 3 4 5 6
2
1
1
2
Mircea Eugen elariu

Prin relaii trigonometrice simple, n triunghiurile oarecare OSW
1,2
, sau, mai precis, scriind
teorema sinusului (n funcie de ) i teorema lui Pitagora generalizat (pentru variabilele
1,2
) n aceste
triunghiuri, rezult imediat expresiile invariante ale funciilor radial excentrice, i anume:
r
1,2
() = rex
1,2
= s.cos( ) ) ( sin 1
2 2
c u s i
r
1,2
(
1,2
) = Rex
1,2
= ) cos( . . 2 1
2 , 1
2
c o + s s .
Cteva observaii, legate de aceste funcii REX (rege), se impun :
- Funciile radial excentrice exprim distana, n plan, n coordonate polare, dintre dou puncte :
S(s, ) i W
1,2
(R =1,
1,2
), pe direcia dreptei excentrice d, nclinat cu unghiul fa de axa Ox; Ele au
fost normate, adic au devenit adimensionale, la sugestia Prof. Dr. Ing. Dan Perju.
- Ca urmare, cu ajutorul lor, i numai al lor, pot fi exprimate ecuaiile tuturor curbelor plane
cunoscute, ct i a altora noi, care au aprut odat cu apariia ME. Aceast constatarea, ca i denumirea de
rege, aparine Prof. Dr. Math. Octavian Emilian Gheorghiu, eful, de atunci, al Catedrei de
Matematica 1 a Universitii POLITEHNICA din Timioara, anterior, n tineree, asistent al Acad.
Grigore C. Moisil. Un exemplu il reprezint lemniscatele lui Booth (v. Fig.6), exprimate prin relaiile, n
coordonate polare, de ecuaia
() = R (rex
1
+ rex
2
) = 2 s.R cos( - ) pentru R = 1, = 0 i s e [0, 3]
i care constituie o transformare continu a unui cerc n dou cercuri tangente exterior (v. Fig.6, n 2D),
dar care, d.p.d.v. tehnic, poate constitui un amestector de fluide, cu dou conducte de aduciune la ntrare
i una sau dou la ieire, mai dificil de proiectat, asistat de calculator, n mod obinuit.

Fig. 7,b FSM-CE radial excentrice, de variabil centric, modificate

Graie acestui obiect 3D, autorul a fost invitat de Prof. Dr. Horvat, eful Departamentului de
Tehnologie al Universitii din Budapesta, unde, la 3 decembrie 1998, a inut o Conferin despre
SUPERMATEMATIC, la care a fost invitat i Catedra de Matematic a Universitii din Budapesta. Ca
urmare, au fost parafate dou colaborri n acest domeniu.
- O alt consecin, consist n generalizarea definiiei cercului:
Cercul este curba plana, ale crei puncte M se gsesc la distanele r() = R.rex [, E(e, )] = R.Rex [,
E(e, )], fa de un punct oarecaredin planul cercului E(e, ) .
Dac S O(0,0), atunci s = 0 i rex = 1 constant i r() = R constant, obinndu-se

25

definiia clasic a cercului: puncte situate la aceeai distan R de centrul cercului O.
- Funciile rex i Rex exprim funciile de transmitere de ordinul zero, sau de transfer al
poziiei, din teoria mecanismelor i este raportul dintre parametrul R(
1,2
), ce poziioneaz elementul
condus OM
1,2
i parametrul r
1,2
() = R rex
1,2
ce poziioneaz elementul conductor EM
1,2
.

Fig.8 FSM-CE beta excentrice de variabil excentric

3 2 1 1 2 3
1
1
2
3
4
Mircea Eugen elariu

ntre aceti doi parametri, exist urmatoarele relaii, care se deduc la fel de simplu din figura /
schia de definire a FSMCE (Fig. 1 ).
ntre unghiurile de poziie ale celor dou elemente, condus i conductor, exist relaiile

i
=
1,2

1,2
(
1,2
)

=
1,2
arcsin[
) cos( . . 2 1
) sin( .
2 , 1
2
2 , 1
c o
c o
+

s s
s
] = Aex(
1,2
), n care
sunt
unghiurile din punctele W
1,2
sub care se vd centrul O i excentrul S, privind pe direciile dreptelor
centrice OW
1,2
i excentrice W
1,2
S n sensul lor pozitiv i rotind privirea, n sens trigonometric pozitiv,
adic sinistrorum sau levogin. Se va putea constata c
1
+
2
= .
Toate FSMCE au expresii invariante, din care cauz ele nu trebuie tabelate; tabelate fiind
funciile centrice, din MC, cu ajutorul crora se exprim. n toate expresiile lor, se va gsi, invariabil, unul
dintre radicalii funciilor radial excentrice de variabil excentric
del
1,2
=

Depistarea celor dou determinari este simpl: pentru + (plus) n faa radicalilor se obine,
ntotdeauna, prima determinare (r
1
> 0), principal 1 i pentru semnul (minus) se obine cea de a doua
determinare (r
2
< 0), secundar 2. Regula ramne valabil pentru toate FSMCE.
Prin convenie, prima determinare, principal, de indice 1, se poate utiliza / scrie i fr indice,
cnd confuziile sunt excluse.
- Funciile aex
1,2
i Aex
1,2
sunt FSM-CE denumite amplitudine excentric deoarece ele
se pot utiliza la definirea FSM-CE cosinus i sinus excentrice tot aa cum funcia amplitudine sau
amplitudinus am(k,u) a lui Jacobi se foloseste la definirea funciilor eliptice Jacobi:
sn(k,u) = sin[am(k,u)] i cn(k,u) = cos[am(k,u)] .
Adic:
cex
1,2
= cos[aex
1,2
(, S)] i Cex
1,2
= cos[Aex(
1,2
, S)] (Fig.2) i
sex
1,2
= sin [aex
1,2
(, S)] i Sex
1,2
= cos[Aex(
1,2
,S)] , (Fig.3) ;
- Funciile radiale excentrice pot fi considerate ca module ale vectorilor
de poziie ai
punctelor W
1,2
de pe cercul unitate C(1,O), vectori exprimai prin relaiile
, n care
rad este vectorul unitate de direcie variabil, sau versorul / fazorul direciei dreptei d
+
, a crui derivat
este fazorul der = d(rad)/d i reprezin vectori perpendiculari pe direciile dreptelor OW
1,2
, tangeni
la cerc n punctele W
1,2
. Ei sunt denumii fazorii radial centric i derivat centric.
Totodat, modulul funciei rad este corespondentul, n MC, a funciei rex pentru s = 0 =
cnd rex = 1 iar der
1,2
sunt versorii tangeni la cercul unitate n punctele W
1,2.
Derivatele vectorilor de poziie
ai punctelor W
1,2
c C, n funcie de timp,
sunt vectorii vitez
= . dex
1,2
. der = .[1
] der, n care dex

1,2
este FSM-CE
denumit derivat excentric de variabil excentric deoarece dex
1,2
=
, iar inversa ei este

funcia de variabil centric , deoarece Dex
1,2
= d(
))/(d(1,2) .
Se poate observa c, introducerea fazorilor rad, rad i der, der ne scutete de scrierea
vectorilor cu o bar deasupra lor. Fazorii n funcie de , sau ai direciei , sunt defazai n avans fa de
fazorii n funcie de cu unghiul = arcsin[s.sin(-)] bex (Fig.8).
n figura 8 sunt reprezentate graficele FSM-CE beta excentrice bex
1,2
: bex
2
sus i bex
1

jos i se poate constata, facil, c suma lor este , adica
1
+
1
= , sau bex
1
+ bex
2
= .
Ele, ca i multe alte FSM-CE, sunt importante pentru c pot genera / reprezenta funcii periodice
triunghiulare simetrice, ca funcii de i n dini de ferestru, ca funcii de , pentru excentricitatea s = 1,
fr serii Fourier i mult mai perfect / bine dect acestea.

27

1 2 3 4 5 6
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1 2 3 4 5 6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
Mircea Eugen elariu

Fig. 9 FSM-CE derivat excentric dex
1,2
de variabil excentric i Dex
1,2

1 2 3 4 5 6
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
1 2 3 4 5 6
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.0

29

Fig. 10 FSM-Q cosinus cvadrilob coq i sinus cvadrilob siq

Dimensiunea de deformare s, deformeaz funciile cos i sin deplasndu-le punctele de
acelai y cu distana bex, pe direcia orizontal Ox, aa cum se poate constata n figura 2, transformndu-
le n FSM-CE cex i, respectiv, sex. Ecartul 1, care este i domeniul de definiie al acestor funcii, se
pstreaz intact. Nu i n cazul funciilor supermatematice elevate (FSM-EL), la
care, deplasarea punctelor funciilor elevate, fa de cele circulare centrice, la creterea valorii dimensiunii
de deformare s, are loc pe vertical, de unde provine i denumirea lor.
n micarea de rotaie pe cerc a punctelor W
1,2
, cu viteze de module variabile v
1,2
= dex
1,2
,
dreapta generatoare d se rotete n jurul excentrului S cu viteza unghiular .
Modulele vectorilor vitez au expresiile prezentate n continuare, prin FSM-CE derivat
excentric dex
1,2
i Dex
1,2
. Expresiile funciilor SMCE dex
1,2
, derivat excentric de , sunt, totodat
i derivatele unghiurilor
1,2
() n funcie de variabila motoare sau independent , adic
dex
1,2
= d
1,2
()/d =
, ca funcie de i
Dex
1,2
= d/d
1,2
=
, ca funcii de
1,2
.
FSMCE dex
1,2
, prezentate n figura 9 i, respectiv Dex
1,2
, iar jos sunt prezentate
n stare asamblat. Aceste funcii sunt, dup prearea autorului, cele mai frumoase funcii periodice n
general i cele mai frumoase FSM-CE n special, la fel de frumoase ca i funciile cvadrilobe FSM-Q
(Fig.10), nu numai pentru c FSM-Q au fost introduse n Matematic de autor prin lucrarea [19].

Mircea Eugen elariu

{s, -1 , 1} {s, -2 , 2}

{s, -1 , 1}
{s, -2 , 2}

Fig. 11 FSM-CE amplitudine excentric (denumite, ca generalizare a dreptei, i strmbe plane)
de variabil excentric aex i de variabil centric Aex

FSM-Q siq[,S] se aseamn destul de mult cu funcia eliptic Jacobi sinus eliptic sn(u,k) i
coq[,S] cu cosinus eliptic cn(u,k), iar FSM-CE aex i Aex se aseamn cu funcia eliptic amplitudine
am(u,k), sau amplitudinus, transformat n funcie periodic de perioada 2 cu ajutorul lui K(k).
FSM-CE amplitudine excentric prezint o importan deosebit deoarece ele generalizeaz
noiunea de dreapt. Ele genereaz familii de strmbe i, pentru dimensiunea de deformare sau
excentricitatea numeric liniar s = 0, se obine dreapta. n figura 11, dreapta este prima bisectoare.
Iar, pentru s = 1 se obine linia frnt, format din segmente de linii drepte.
Aa cum rezult i din figura 11, FSM-CE de variabil excentric sunt continue numai n
domeniul s [-1,1], iar cele de variabil centric sunt continue pentru oricare valoare a excentricitii s i
e. Observaia este valabil pentru toate FSM-CE.

1 2 3 4 5 6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 2 3 4 5 6
2
4
6
1 2 3 4 5 6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 2 3 4 5 6
1
2
3
4
5
6

31

1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
Mircea Eugen elariu

Fig.12 EXCENTRICE CIRCULARE

S-a demonstrat [23, 24] c, funciile SM-CE derivat excentric dex
1,2
exprim funciile de
transfer, sau raportul de transmitere de ordinul 1, sau ale vitezelor unghiulare, din teoria mecanismelor,
pentru toate (!) mecanismele plane cunoscute. Pentru detalii v.[23], 6.4 pag. 201 217.

Fig.13 EXCENTRICE CVADRILOBE

- Funcia radial excentric rex exprim exact deplasarea mecanismului biel - manivel S =
2 1 1 2
1
1
2
3
3 2 1 1 2 3
3
2
1
1
2
3

33

Fig.14,a RACHETE SUPERMATEMATICE ROMANETI

R.rex , a crui manivel motoare are lungimea r, egal cu excentricitatea reala e i lungimea bielei L
este egal cu raza cercului R, un mecanism att de cunoscut, pentru c intr n componena tuturor
autoturismelor, cu excepia acelora cu motor Wankel. i aplicaiile funciilor radiale excentrice ar putea
continua, dar vom reveni la aplicaiile mai generale ale FSM-CE.

Mircea Eugen elariu

Fig.14,b Ajutaje pentru rachetele romaneti

Concret, unicelor forme de cerc, ptrat, parabol, elips, hiperbol, diverse spirale, .m.a. din MC,
grupate acum sub denumirea de centrice, denumire dat de regretatul matematician Anton Hadnady, le
corespund o infinitate de forme excentrice, de acelai gen: excentrice circulare (Fig.12), ptratice
(cuadrilobe Fig.13), spirale (Fig.15,b i Fig.15,d) sub form de elice (Fig.15,a, Fig.15,c i Fig.15,e),
parabolice, eliptice, hiperbolice [V. 24, SUPERMATEMATICA. FUNDAMENTE VOL.II] .m.a. Cu unele
dintre ele putndu-se reprezenta obiecte tehnice ca rachete, ajutaje (Fig.14) .m.a.

ParametricPlot3D[{{0.3 Cos[t] Exp[0.2 (0.25 t-ArcSin[1 Sin[0.25 t]])], 0.3 Sin[t] Exp[0.2
(0.25 t-ArcSin[1 Sin[0.25 t]])],
0.5 (0.25 t-ArcSin[Sin[0.25 t]])} }, {t,0,26}]

Cu FSM-CE amplitudine excentric (aex) de variabil excentric , de excentricitate numeric liniar s = 1 i unghiular = 0

Fig.15,a ELICEA SUPERMATEMATIC

35

PolarPlot[{0.3 Exp[0.2 (t/4-ArcSin[ Sin[t/4]])]}, {t,0,10 Pi}]
ParametricPlot[{{0.3 Cos[t] Exp[0.2(0.25t-ArcSin[1Sin[0.25 t]])],
0.3Sin[t] Exp[0.2 (0.25t- ArcSin[1 Sin[0.25 t]])]}},{t,0,26}]

Fig.15,b SPIRALE SUPERMATEMATICE
Ecuaii parametrice n 2D cu FSM-CE amplitudine excentric aex
www.supermathematica.com ; www.supermatematica.ro

ParametricPlot3D[{(0.3 Cos[t]/Sqrt[1-(0.9 Sin[t])^2]) Exp[0.2 (0.25 t-ArcSin[1 Sin[0.25 t]])], (0.3 Sin[t]/Sqrt[1-(0.9 Cos[t])^2]) Exp[0.2
(0.25 t-ArcSin[1 Sin[0.25 t]])], 0.5 (0.25 t-ArcSin[Sin[0.25 t]])} ,{t,0,26}]

Fig.15,c ELICE SUPERMATEMATICE PTRATE
de excentricitate numeric s = 1, n care FCC cos i sin sunt nlocuite cu FSM cvadrilobe
cosinus coq i sinus siq cvadrilobe (n englez quadrlobics*)
ParametricPlot[{{(0.3 Cos[t]/Sqrt[1-(0.9 Sin[t])^2]) Exp[0.2 (0.25 t-ArcSin[1 Sin[0.25 t]])], (0.3 Sin[t]/Sqrt[1-(0.9 Cos[t])^2]) Exp[0.2
(0.25 t-ArcSin[1 Sin[0.25 t]])]} },{t,0,26}]
Mircea Eugen elariu

Oricare excentric, pentru excentricitate nul (e = 0), degenereaz ntr-o centric, care reprezint,
totodat, i curba ei generatoare. De aceea, nsi MC aparine ME, pentru unicul caz (s = e = 0), din
infinitatea de cazuri posibile n care poate fi plasat, n plan, un punct denumit excentru E(e, ). Caz n
care, E se suprapune peste unul sau dou puncte denumite centru: originea O(0,0) a unui reper,
considerat originea O(0,0) a sistemului referenial i / sau centrul C(0,0) al cercului unitate, pentru
funcii circulare, respectiv, centrul de simetrie al celor dou ramuri ale hiperbolei echilaterale, pentru
funcii hiperbolice centrice i excentrice.

Fig.15,d SPIRALE SUPERMATEMATICE

A fost suficient ca un punct E s fie expulzat din centru (O i/sau C), pentru ca, din lumea MC s
apar o nou lume a ME, iar reuniunea celor dou lumi s dea natere lumii SM.
i aceast apariie, a avut loc n oraul revoluiei romne, din 1989, Timioara, acelai ora n
care, la 3 noiembrie 1823, Janos Bolyay scria: "Din nimic am creat o nou lume". Cu aceste cuvinte a
anunat descoperirea formulei fundamentale a primei geometrii neeuclidiene.
El din nimic, eu din efortul colectiv de multiplicare a funciilor periodice, funcii necesare
INGINERULUI pentru a descrie anumite fenomene periodice, am completat matematica cu noi funcii, cu
noi obiecte, n general, cu o infinitate de entiti matematice complet noi (Fig. 15).
Dac Euler, la definirea funciilor trigonometrice, ca funcii circulare directe, n-ar fi ales trei
puncte confundate: originea O, centrul cercului C i S ca pol al unei semidrepte, cu care a intersectat
cercul trigonometric/unitate, FSM-CE puteau fi cunoscute demult, eventual sub o alt denumire.
n funcie de modul n care se spliteaz (separ cte un punct, din cele suprapuse, sau toate),
apar urmtoarele tipuri de FSM:
O C S Funcii Centrice, aparinnd MC; iar cele aparinnd ME sunt
O C S Funcii Supermatematice Circulare Excentrice (FSM-CE);
O C S Funcii Supermatematice Circulare Elevate (FSM-CEL);
O C S Funcii Supermatematice Circulare Exotice (FSM-CEX);
Aceaste complemente noi de matematici, reunite sub denumirea provizorie de SM, sunt unelte,
sau instrumente, deosebit de utile, de mult ateptate, dovad fiind numrul mare i diversitatea funciilor
periodice introduse n matematic i modul, uneori complicat, de a se ajunge la ele, ncercndu-se
substituirea cercului cu alte curbe, n majoritate lor nchise.

37

ParametricPlot3D[{1/13 (2 t) Cos[t] (5+Cos[(2 t)/13+u]), 1/13 (2 t) Sin[t] (5+Cos[(2
t)/13+u]),
8 (0.25 t+1/13 0.3 (2 t) Sin[(2 t)/13+u]-ArcSin[Sin[0.25 t]])},{t, 0, 26},{u, 0, 2}]
CIRCULAR PTRAT

s
x
= 0,4; s
y
= 0; s
z
= 0,25 TRIUNGHIULARE s
x
= 0,9; s
y
= 0; s
z
= 0,25
ParametricPlot3D[{1/13 (2 t) Cos[t-ArcSin[0.9 Sin[t]]] (5+Cos[(2 t)/13+u]), 1/13 (2 t)
Sin[t] (5+Cos[(2 t)/13+u]),
8 (0.25 t+1/13 0.3 (2 t) Sin[(2 t)/13+u]-ArcSin[Sin[0.25 t]])},{t, 0, 26},{u, 0, 2}
Fig.15,e ELICE SUPERMATEMATICE

Mircea Eugen elariu

Fig.16 ELICE: ARCURI SPIRALE DE DIVERSE SECIUNI


39

Fig.17 SFERA-CUB CONOPIRAMIDA I PIRAMIDA CONIC

Mircea Eugen elariu

Fig.18 Miriapozi i cvadripozi. Rampe suport pentru lansarea rachetelor romneti


41

Mircea Eugen elariu

Fig.19 TOR CENTRIC I TOR EXCENTRIC

Pentru obinerea unor funcii speciale i periodice noi, s-a ncercat nlocuirea cercului
trigonometric cu ptratul sau cu rombul, aa cum a procedat fostul ef al Catedrei de Matematic de la
Facultatea de Mecanica din Timioara, profesorul universitar Dr. mat. Valeriu Alaci, descoperind
funciile trigonometrice ptratice i rombice. Apoi, profesorul de matematic timiorean Eugen Via
a ntrodus funciile pseudo-hiperbolice, iar profesorul de matematici M. O. Enculescu a definit funciile
poligonale, nlocuind cercul cu un poligon cu n laturi; pentru n = 4 obinnd funciile trigonometrice
ptratice Alaci.
De curnd, matematiciana american, de origine romn, Prof. Malvina Baica de la Universitatea
Wisconsin, impreun cu Mircea Crdu au completat spaiul dintre funciile circulare Euler i funciile
ptratice Alaci cu funciile transtrigonometrice (Periodic Transtrigonometric Functios),
infratrigonometrice .m.a.
Matematicianul sovietic Marcuevici a descris, n lucrarea Funcii sinus remarcabile funciile
trigonometrice generalizate i funciile trigonometrice lemniscate.
nc din anul 1877, matematicianul german Prof. Dr. August Biehringer, substituind triunghiul
dreptunghic cu unul oarecare, a definit funciile trigonometrice nclinate.
Savantul englez, de origine romn, ing. George (Gogu) Constantinescu a nlocuit cercul cu
evolventa i a definit funciile trigonometrice ramneti: cosinus romnesc i sinusul romnesc,
exprimate de funciile Cor i Sir cu care a soluionat exact unele ecuaii difereniale neliniare ale
teoriei sonicitii, creat de el. i ce puin cunoscute sunt, toate aceste funcii, chiar i n Romnia !
Ce simple pot deveni i, de fapt, sunt lucrurile complicate! Acest paradox sugereaz c, prin simpla
deplasare / expulzare a unui punct dintr-un centru i prin apariia excentrului, poate s apar o nou
lume, lumea ME i, totodat, un nou univers, universul SM.
Apropo de paradox. Cel care l-a contrazis pe Albert Einstein, Prof. Dr. Math. Florentin Smarandache
este i iniiatorul curentului de avangard numit paradoxism, la care particip peste 300 de scriitori de pe
glob. Pentru introducerea n Matematic a SFEREI PTRATE i a CUBULUI CIRCULAR (vezi
figura 17), autorul acestui ALBUM a fost admis n Asociaia Internaional de Paradoxism, ca membru
de onoare (cu diplom), cu deviza, referitoare la Supermatematic Orice este posibil, chiar i
imposibilul , iar Universitatea Gallup, din Now Mexico, i-a acordat un CERTIFICAT DE APRECIERE
pentru contribuiile aduse la dezvoltarea Matematicii. i, fiindc suntem n zona aprecierilor, nici

43

Fig.20 CLEPSIDRE SUPERMATEMATICE

Academia Romniei nu s-a lsat mai prejos i, n anul 1983, i-a acordat autorului Premiul Traian Vuia
pentru automatizri, pe anul 1981 (!), pentru primul robot industrial romnesc REMT-1 i prima linie
automat robotizat de la Electromotor din Timioara. Premiul a fost de 0 lei, 0 bani !.i, n acele
vremuri, se tia, doar teoretic, ce-i criza economic mondial. Autorul a mai conceput, proiectat i realizat,
primul robot romnesc (didactic), din Laboratorul su de Proiectarea Dispozitivelor, Dispozitive de
Automatizare a Proceselor de Producie i Roboi Industriali, primul robot industrial pur pneumatic
Voinicel I, care i-a pierdut braul sub berbecul unei prese vechi cu friciune, n procesul de producie
de la Ambalajul Metalic din Timioara i a conceput i proiectat n 1985, pentru URSS, n cadrul unui
contract internaional, robotul de deservire a preselor de materiale plastice ROMAPET (RObot
MAteriale Plastice Electrotimi Timioara). n paragraful de laude poate fi acceptat i nfiinarea,
niial la Catedra de TCM i apoi la Facultatea de Mecanic, a Universitii POLITEHNICA din
Timioara a primei specializri din domeniul MECATRONICII din Romnia.
Mircea Eugen elariu

Fig. 21 CUB N CAROURI I CUB CIOBIT

Fig.22 CUBUL ROMNESC, cel mai uor cub din lume (V = 0),
format din 6 piramide cu vrful comun, fr suprafeele lor de baz.

45

Noiuni ca Supermathematics Functions i Funcii circulare excentrice au aprut pe cele
mai utilizate motoare de cutare ca Google, Yahoo, Altavista .a. nc de la apariia Internetului.

cel, pentru S(s [0,1], = 0) sel, pentru S(s [0,1], = 0)

cel, pentru S(s [0,1], = 1) sel, pentru S(s [0,1], = 0)
Fig.23 FSM ELEVATE directe i inverse

Noile noiuni, cum ar fi cea de cuadrilobe quadrilobas , cu care sunt numite excentricele care
umplu continuu spaiul dintre un cerc i un ptrat, circumscris cercului, au fost incluse i n dicionarul de
matematic. Intersecia cudrilobei cu drepta d genereaz noile funcii denumite cosinus cuadrilob i
sinus cuadrilob. Cu unele forme matematice noi, ca cele din figura 18, se mndresc i o serie de web-site-
uri care creaz i distribuie programe de matematic performante. Acelai lucru se ntmpl i cu torul
(Fig.18) care, din tor circular poate deveni ptrat, ca form i/sau n seciune. Diferena consist n faptul
c supermatematica poate s fac acest lucru simplu, cu FSM derivat excentric, sau cu funcii
cvadrilobe i chiar cu funcii centrice, pe cnd restul omenirii are nevoie de programe de matematic
special realizate n acest scop. Chiar dac se scrie doar Cub, Thor, Sfer, .a., n spatele lor se afl
programe elaborate de matematic, uneori stufoase, realizate cu mare efort i multe cunotinte de
matematic i, mai ales, de programare pe calculatoare numerice.
Beneficiile pe care SM le aduce, n tiin i n tehnologie, sunt mult prea numeroase pentru a fi
etalate aici. Dar, ne face o deosebit plcere s amintim c SM terge graniele dintre liniar i neliniar;
2 2 4 6
2
2
4
6
1 1 2 3 4 5 6
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
2 4 6
2
4
6
2 2 4 6
2
2
4
6
Mircea Eugen elariu

liniarul aparinnd MC, iar neliniarul fiind apanajul ME, ca i dintre ideal i real, sau dintre perefeciune
i imperfectiune.

ParametricPlot3D[{{0.4 u Cos[t]+8,0.1 u Sin[t-ArcSin[0.8 Sin[t]]],9.5-4.5 u},{3.5 u-
2,((0.7-0.1 u)Cos[t])/
,((1-0.1 (u+0.25 u
2
))
Cos[t+/2])/
},
{4-2.1 u, (1.4-0.4 u) Cos[t], (1.2-0.4 u) Sin[t]},{2.5 u-0.5,0.3 Cos[t], 0.3 Sin[t]+0.8},
{1+4 u,(0.7-0.1 u) Cos[t], (0.8-0.2 u) Sin[t]},{0.8 u Cos[t] +3.5,-4.5+2 u,
0.2 u Sin[t-ArcSin[0.8 Sin[t-5.8]]]},{0.8 u Cos[t]+3.5,4.5-2 u,
0.2 u Sin[t-ArcSin[0.8 Sin[t-5.8]]]}},{t,0,2 },{u,1,2}]

Fig.24 AVION SUPERMATEMATIC

Se afirm c Topologia este o parte a matematicii care nu face deosebire dintre un covrig i o
ceac. Ambele au cte un orificiu perforat. Ei bine, SM nu face distincie dintre un cerc (e = 0) i un
ptrat perfect (s = 1), dintre un cerc i un triunghi perfect, dintre elips i un dreptunghi perfect,
dintre o sfer i un cub perfect .m.a; cu aceleai ecuaii parmetrice obinndu-se att formele ideale ale
MC (cerc, elips, sfer .m.a) ct i cele reale (ptrat, dreptunghi, cub .m.a.), care nu aveau, pn de
curnd, adic, pn la apariia supermatematicii, ecuaii matematice de definiie.
Pentru s e [-1,1], n cazul funciilor de variabil excentric de , ca i n cazul funciilor de
variabil centric , pentru s e [-, +], se obin o infinitate de forme intermediare, ca de exemplu,
ptrat, dreptunghi sau cub cu coluri rotunjite i cu laturi i, respectiv, fee din ce n ce mai curbate, odat
cu creterea excentricitaii s. Ceea ce faciliteaz utilizarea noilor funcii SM la desenarea i reprezentarea
unor piese tehnice, cu muchii rotunjite sau teite, n programele SM-CAD / CAM, care nu mai utilizeaz
computerul ca pe o planet de desen, ci realizeaz obiectele tehnice dintr-odat, prin ecuaii parametrice,

47

cu consecine remarcabile n economia de memorare a acestora; memorate fiind ecuaiile i nu imensitatea
de pixeli care definesc / mrginesc o pies tehnic. A se vedea figura 24.
Numeroasele funcii prezentate, fiind pentru ntia dat introduse n matematic, pentru fixarea lor
n memorie, autorul a considerat necesar o prezentare a ecuaiilor lor, astfel nct, cei ce doresc s
contribuie la extinderea aplicaiilor lor, s o poat face.
Funciile SM circulare elevate (FSM-CEL), denumite astfel, pentru c, prin modificarea
excentricitii numerice s, punctele curbelor funciilor sinus elevat sel ca i a funciei circulare elevate
cosinus elevat cel se eleveaz, adic se ridic pe vertical ieind din ecartul de [-1, +1] al celorlalte
funcii sinus i cosinus centrice i excentrice.
Graficele funciilor cel i sel pot fi simplu reprezentate prin produsele :
cel
1,2
= rex
1,2
.cos i Cel
1,2
= Rex
1,2
.cos
sel
1,2
= rex
1,2
.sin i Sel
1,2
= Rex
1,2
.sin
i sunt prezentate, mpreun, n figura 23, numai cele directe i cele inverse, de variabil excentric .
Cele mai generale funcii SM sunt funciile circulare exotice, care sunt definite pe un cerc
unitate, ne centrat n originea sistemului de axe xOy i nici n excentrul S, ci ntr-un punct oarecare C(c,
), din planul cercului unitate, de coordonate polare (c, ), n reperul xOy.

Foarte multe dintre planele cuprinse n ALBUM sunt realizate cu FSM-CE de excentru variabil
i de arce care sunt multipli n de (n.).
Relaiile folosite, pentru fiecare caz n parte, sunt prezentate explicit, n majoritatea cazurilor
utilizndu-se funciile matematice centrice, prin care, aa cum s-a vzut, pot fi exprimate toate funciile
SM, mai ales atunci cnd programele de vizualizare a graficelor nu dispun de FSM.
Mircea Eugen elariu

Primele desene n 3D, ale funciei rex[, s], au fost reprezentate, cu muli ani n urm, de
regretatul Prof. Dr. Ing. Victor Ancua, prin deplasarea manual a hrtiei n imprimanta Hp, unic n
Timioara la acea vreme, cu cte un pas, pentru fiecare valoare atribuit excentricitii s [0, 2].
Primul program de (super)matematic, de vizualizare a FSM-CE, fr scrierea explicit a
relaiilor lor de definiie, ci scriind doar cex(, e, ), sex(, e, ), rex(, e, ), dex(, e, ) .a.m.d. a fost
realizat, sub denumirea comercial de Realan10, Realan11, Realan12, de programatorul american de
excepie, de origine romn, Dr. ing. Dan Mica n cadrul Proiectului de Diplom de absolvire a Seciei
de TCM (v. imaginile dinspre parc a unora dintre laboratoarele seciei), a Facultaii de Mecanic, din
cadrul Universitii POLITEHNICA din Timioara, promoia 1991.
Primul program de vizualizare a FSM-CE, de excentre variabile, adic funcii i nu constante, a
fost realizat apoi de Prof. dr. ing. Dnu odean, atunci asistent, acum eful Catedrei de TCM.

Ceea ce nu nseamn c, n viitor, computerele nu vor avea implementate noile complemente de
matematic, pentru a le lrgi vast domeniul lor de utilizare. Microsoft a zis c mai cuget asupra
avantajelor i dezavantajelor acestei aciuni. Cuget, ardelenete, de peste 10 ani !
i nici specialitii n realizarea de programe de proiectare, asistate de calculator
CAD/CAM/CAE, nu vor ntrzia prea mult n realizarea noilor programe, fundamental diferite, prin care
obiectele tehnice sunt realizate cu FSM circulare sau hiperbolice parametrice, aa cum sunt
exemplificate unele realizri ca avioane (Fig. 24), case .a. n http://www.eng.upt.ro/~mselariu i cum o
aib poate fi reprezentata ca o excentric toroidal (sau ca un tor excentric) ptrat sau dreptunghiular
ntr-o seciune axial i, respectiv, o plac ptrat cu un orificiu central ptrat poate fi un tor ptrat de
seciune ptrat. Toate acestea, deoarece SM nu face distincie dintre cerc i ptrat, sau dintre elips i
dreptunghi, aa cum s-a mai afirmat.

49

Dar, cele mai importante realizri pot fi obinute n tiin prin soluionarea unor probleme
neliniare, deoarece SM reunete, ntr-un tot unitar, cele dou domenii att de diferite n trecut, dintre care
domeniul neliniar necesita ingenioase abordri pentru rezolvarea fiecrei probleme n parte.
Astfel, n domeniul vibraiilor, caracteristici elastice statice (CES) neliniare moi (regresive) sau
tari (progresive) se pot obine foarte simplu scriind y = m.x, numai c m nu mai este m = tan, ca n cazul
liniar (s = 0), ci m = tex
1,2
i n funcie de semnul excentricitii numerice s, pozitiv sau negativ, sau
pentru S plasat pe axa x negativ ( = ) sau pe axa x pozitiv ( = 0), se obin cele dou tipuri de
caracteristici elastice neliniare i, evident, pentru s = 0 se va obine CES liniar.

Deoarece, funciile cex i sex ca i Cex i Sex i combinaiile lor, sunt soluii ale unor ecuaii
difereniale de ordinul doi, cu coeficieni variabili, s-a constatat c i pentru s = 1, i nu numai pentru s =
0, se obin sisteme liniare (Cebev). La acestea, masa (punctul M) se rotete pe cerc cu o vitez
unghiulara = 2. = constant, dubl (fa de a sistemului liniar de s = 0 de = = constant), dar se
rotete numai o jumtate de perioad, iar n cealalt jumtate de perioad stagneaz n punctul A(R,0),
pentru e = sR = R sau = 0 i n punctul A( R, 0), pentru e = s.R = 1, sau = . n acest fel,
perioada de oscilaie T, a celor trei sisteme liniare, este aceeai i egal cu T = / 2. Pentru celelalte
valori, intermediare, ale lui s i e se obin sisteme de CES neliniare.
Proiecia, pe oricare direcie, a micrii de rotaie a punctului M pe cercul de raza R, egal cu
amplitudinea oscilaiei, cu viteza unghiular = .dex variabil (dup funcia dex) este o micare
oscilant neliniar.
Apariia funciei rege rex i a proprietilor ei a facilitat apariia unei metode hibride
(analitico-numeric) prin care s-a obinut o relaie simpl, cu numai doi termeni, de calcul a integralei
eliptice complete de prima spe K(k), cu o precizie incredibil de mare, de minimum 15 zecimale exacte,
dup numai 5 pai. Realizarea pailor urmtori, poate conduce la obinerea unei noi relaii de calcul a lui
K(k), cu precizie considerabil mai mare i cu posibiliti de extindere i la alte integrale eliptice i nu
numai. Relaia lui E(k), dup 6 pai, are aceeai precizie de calcul [23], [24].
Apariia FSM a facilitat apariia unei noi metode de integrare, denumita integrare prin divizarea
diferenialei [25]. Cu nete avantaje, ce rezult din soluionarea simpl, n domeniul real, al unor integrale
rezolvabile n domeniul complex prin teorema reziduurilor.
SM nu este o lucrare ncheiata ci, de abia o introducere n acest domeniu vast, un prim pas, un
pas mic al autorului i un pas uria al matematicii.
Ne oprim aici, pentru a nu va rpi din plcerea de-a v delecta privirea cu planele prezentului
ALBUM.
Vizionare plcut !
Autorul

e-mail : mselariu@yahoo.com
mselariu@gmail.com;
www.supermathematica.com
www.eng.upt.ro/~mselariu
www.cartiAZ.ro

Mircea Eugen elariu

Coloana din placi

Coloana din placi

Coloana din panglici

elariu Mircea Eugen
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ISBN
TECHNO-ART OF ELARIU
SUPERMATHEMATICS
FUNCTIONS
2-th Edition 2012
Editura Nexia Oradea
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ISBN
TECHNO-ART OF ELARIU
SUPERMATHEMATICS
FUNCTIONS
2-th Edition 2012
Editura Nexia Oradea
Mircea Eugen elariu

D E S E N E D I N P L A C I

Mircea Eugen elariu

AL
BUM

Mircea Eugen elariu
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REALIZATE CU FUNCTII
SUPERMATEMATICE ELARIU
DE DESENE
2012
P R E F A C E
_________________________________________________________________________________

0. FOREWORD

(FOR SUPERMATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS)

In this album we include the so called Supermathematics functions (SMF), which
constitute the base for, most often, generating technical, neo-geometrical objects, therefore less
artistic.
These functions are the results of 38 years of research, which began at University of Stuttgart in
1969. Since then, 42 related works have been published, written by over 19 authors, as shown in the
References.
The name was given by the regretted mathematician Professor Emeritus Doctor Engineer
Gheorghe Silas who, at the presentation of the very first work in this domain, during the First
National Conference of Vibrations in Machine Constructions, Timioara, Romania, 1978, named
CIRCULAR EX-CENTRIC FUNCTIONS, declared: Young man, you just discovered not only
some functions, but a new mathematics, a supermathematics! I was glad, at my age of 40, like a
teenager. And I proudly found that he might be right!
The prefix super is justified today, to point out the birth of the new complements in
mathematics, joined together under the name of Ex-centric Mathematics (EM), with much more
important and infinitely more numerous entities than the existing ones in the actual mathematics,
which we are obliged to call it Centric Mathematics (CM.)
To each entity from CM corresponds an infinity of similar entities in EM, therefore the
Supermathematics (SM) is the reunion of the two domains: SM = CM EM, where CM is a
particular case of null ex-centricity of EM. Namely, CM = SM(e = 0). To each known function in
CM corresponds an infinite family of functions in EM, and in addition, a series of new functions
appear, with a wide range of applications in mathematics and technology.
In this way, to x = cos corresponds the family of functions x = cex = cex (, s, ) where s
= e/R and are the polar coordinates of the ex-center S(s,), which corresponds to the
unity/trigonometric circle or E(e, ), which corresponds to a certain circle of radius R, considered as
pole of a straight line d, which rotates around E or S with the position angle , generating in this
way the ex-centric trigonometric functions, or ex-centric circular supermathematics functions (EC-
SMF), by intersecting d with the unity circle (see.Fig.1). Amongst them the ex-centric cosine of ,
denoted cex = x, where x is the projection of the point W, which is the intersection of the straight
line with the trigonometric circle C(1,O), or the Cartesian coordinates of the point W. Because a
straight line, passing through S, interior to the circle (s 1 e R), intersects the circle in two
points W
1
and W
2
, which can be denoted W
1,2
, it results that there are two determinations of the
ex-centric circular supermathematics functions (EC-SMF): a principal one of index 1 cex
1
, and a
secondary one cex
2
, of index 2, denoted cex
1,2
. E and S were named ex-centers because they
were excluded from the center O(0,0). This exclusion leads to the apparition of EM and implicitly
of SM. By this, the number of mathematical objects grew from one to infinity: to a unique function
from CM, for example cos , corresponds an infinity of functions cex , due to the possibilities of
placing the ex-center S and/or E anywhere in the plane.
S(e, ) can take an infinite number of positions in the plane containing the unity or
trigonometric circle. For each position of S and E we obtain a function cex . If S is a fixed point,
then we obtain the ex-centric circular SM functions (EC-SMF), with fixed ex-center, or with
P R E F A C E
_________________________________________________________________________________

constant s and . But S or E can take different positions, in the plane, by various rules or laws, while
the straight line which generates the functions by its intersection with the circle, rotates with the
angle around S and E.

Fig.1 Definition of Ex-centric Circular Supermathematics Functions (EC-SMF)

In the last case, we have an EC-SMF of ex-center variable point S/E, which means s = s ()
and/or = (). If the variable position of S/E is represented also by EC-SMF of the same ex-center
S(s, ) or by another ex-center S
1
[s
1
= s
1
(),
1
=
1
()], then we obtain functions of double ex-
centricity. By extrapolation, well obtain functions of triple, and multiple ex-centricity. Therefore,
EC-SMF are functions of as many variables as we want or as many as we need.
If the distances from O to the points W
1,2
on the circle C(1,O) are constant and equal to the
radius R = 1 of the trigonometric circle C, distances that will be named ex-centric radiuses, the
distances from S to W
1,2
denoted by r
1,2
are variables and are named ex-centric radiuses of the unity
circle C(1,O) and represent, in the same time, new ex-centric circular supermathematics functions
(EC-SMF), which were named ex-centric radial functions, denoted rex
1,2
, if are expressed in
function of the variable named ex-centric and motor, which is the angle from the ex-center E.
Or, denoted Rex1,2

, if it is expressed in function of the angle or the centric variable, the angle
at O(0,0). The W
1,2
are seen under the angles
1,2
from O(0,0) and under the angles and +
from S(e, ) and E. The straight line d is divided by S c d in the two semi-straight lines, one
M
1
W
1
x
y
O
S
E
cex
1

sex
1

cex
2

sex
2

OS = s OE = e
OW
1
= OW
2
= 1
OM
1
= OM
2
= R
SW
1
= r
1
= rex
1

SW
2
= r
2
= rex
2

EM
1
= R.r
1
= R.rex
1

EM
2
= R.r
2
= R.rex
2

ZW
1
OA =
1
ZW
2
OA =
2

ZSOA =
S(s,)
E(e,)
M
1,2
(R,
1,2
)
W
1,2
(1,
1,2
)
A
aex
1,2
=
1,2
() =
1,2
()
= bex
1,2
=

= arcsin[s.sin(-)]

cex
1,2
= cos
1,2
sex
1,2
= sin
1,2

W
2
dex
1,2
=
u
o
d
d
2 , 1
=
=1 -
) ( sin 1
) cos( .
2 2
c u
c u

s
s

Dex
1,2 =
2 , 1
o
u
d
d

P R E F A C E
_________________________________________________________________________________

positive d
+
and the other negative d

. For this reason, we can consider r
1
= rex
1
a positive
oriented segment on d ( r
1
> 0) and r
2
= rex
2
a negative oriented segment on d ( r
2
< 0) in the
negative sense of the semi-straight line d
.
Using simple trigonometric relations, in certain triangles OEW
1,2
, or, more precisely,
writing the sine theorem (as function of ) and Pitagoras generalized theorem (for the variables
1,2
) in these triangles, it immediately results the invariant expressions of the ex-centric radial
functions:
r
1,2
() = rex
1,2
= s.cos( ) ) ( sin 1
2 2
c u s
and
r
1,2
(
1,2
) = Rex

1,2
= ) cos( . . 2 1
2
c u + s s .
All EC-SMF have invariant expressions, and because of that they dont need to be
tabulated, tabulated being only the centric functions from CM, which are used to express them. In
all of their expressions, we will always find one of the square roots of the previous expressions, of
ex-centric radial functions.
Finding these two determinations is simple: for + (plus) in front of the square roots we
always obtain the first determination (r
1
> 0) and for the (minus) sign we obtain the second
determination (r
2
< 0). The rule remains true for all EC-SMF. By convention, the first
determination, of index 1, can be used or written without index.
Some remarks about these REX (King) functions:
- The ex-centric radial functions are the expression of the distance between two points,
in the plane, in polar coordinates: S(s, ) and W
1,2
(R =1,
1,2
), on the direction of the
straight line d, skewed at an angle in relation to Ox axis;
- Therefore, using exclusively these functions, we can express the equations of all
known plane curves, as well as of other new ones, which surfaced with the
introduction of EM. An example is represented by Booths lemniscates (see Fig. 2,
a, b, c), expressed, in polar coordinates, by the equation:
() = R(rex
1
+rex
2
) = 2 s.Rcos( - ) for R=1, = 0 and s e [0, 3]

Fig.2,a Booths Lemniscates for R = 1 and
numerical ex-centricity e e [1.1, 2]
Fig. 2,b Booths Lemniscates for R = 1 and
numerical ex-centricity e e [2.1, 3]
-1 -0.5 0.5 1
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
-1 -0.5 0.5 1
-0.2
-0.1
0.1
0.2
P R E F A C E
_________________________________________________________________________________

- Another consequence is the generalization of the definition of a circle:
The Circle is the plane curve whose points M are at the distances r() = R.rex =
R.rex [, E(e, )] in relation to a certain point from the circles plane E(e, ).
If S O(0,0), then s = 0 and rex = 1 = constant, and r() = R = constant, we obtain
the circles classical definition: the points situated at the same distance R from a
point, the center of the circle.

Fig. 2,c
P R E F A C E
_________________________________________________________________________________

- The functions rex and Rex expresses the transfer functions of zero degree, or of
the position of transfer, from the mechanism theory, and it is the ratio between the
parameter R(
1,2
), which positions the conducted element OM
1,2
and parameter
R.r
1,2
(), which positions the leader element EM
1,2.

Between these two parameters, there are the following relations, which can be
deduced similarly easy from Fig. 1 that defines EC-SMF.
Between the position angles of the two elements, leaded and leader, there are the
following relations:
1,2
= T arcsin[e.sin( )] = T
1,2
() = aex
1,2

and
=
1,2

1,2
(
1,2
)

=
1,2
arcsin[
) cos( . . 2 1
) sin( .
2 , 1
2
2 , 1
c o
c o
+

s s
s
] = Aex (
1,2
).

The functions aex
1,2
and Aex
1,2
are EC-SMF, called ex-centric amplitude,
because of their usage in defining the ex-centric cosine and sine from EC-SMF, in
the same manner as the amplitude function or amplitudinus am(k,u) is used for
defining the elliptical Jacobi functions:
sn(k,u) = sin[am(k,u)], cn(k,u) = cos[am(k,u)],
or:

cex
1,2
= cos(aex
1,2
) , Cex
1,2
= cos(Aex
1,2
)
and
sex
1,2
= sin (aex
1,2
), Sex
1,2
= cos (Aex
1,2
)

- The radial ex-centric functions can be considered as modules of the position vectors
2 , 1
r for the W
1,2
on the unity circle C (1,O). These vectors are expressed by the
following relations:
u u rad rex r .
2 , 1 2 , 1
=
,

where rad is the unity vector of variable direction, or the versor/phasor of the
straight line direction d
+
, whose derivative is the phasor der = d(rad )/d and
represents normal vectors on the straight lines OW
1,2,
directions, tangent to the circle
in the W
1,2
. They are named the centric derivative phasors. In the same time, the
modulus rad function is the corresponding, in CM, of the function rex for s = 0
= when rex = 1 and der
1,2
are the tangent versors to the unity circle in
W
1,2
.
- The derivative of the
2 , 1
r vectors are the velocity vectors:
P R E F A C E
_________________________________________________________________________________

2 , 1 2 , 1
2 , 1
2 , 1
. o u
u
der dex
d
r d
v = =

of the W
1,2
c C points in their rotating motion on the circle, with velocities of
variable modulus v
1,2
= dex
1,2
, when the generating straight line d rotates around
the ex-center S with a constant angular speed and equal to the unity, namely = 1.
The velocity vectors have the expressions presented above, where der
1,2
are the
phasors of centric radiuses R
1,2
of module 1 and of
1,2
directions. The expressions
of the functions EC-SM dex
1,2
, ex-centric derivative of , are, in the same time,
also the
1,2
() angles derivatives, as function of the motor or independent variable
, namely
dex
1,2
= d
1,2
()/d = 1
) ( sin . 1
) cos( .
2 2
c u
c u

s
s

as function of , and
Dex
1,2
= d()/d
1,2
=
2 , 1
2
2 , 1
2 , 1
2
2 , 1
Re
) cos( . 1
) cos( . . 2 1
) cos( . 1
o
c o
c o
c o
x
s
s s
s
=
+

,
as functions of
1,2
.
It has been demonstrated that the ex-centric derivative functions EC-SMF express
the transfer functions of the first order, or of the angular velocity, from the
Mechanisms Theory, for all (!) known plane mechanisms.
- The radial ex-centric function rex expresses exactly the movement of push-pull
mechanism S = R. rex , whose motor connecting rod has the length r, equal with e
the real ex-centricity, and the length of the crank is equal to R, the radius of the
circle, a very well-known mechanism, because it is a component of all automobiles,
except those with Wankel engine.
The applications of radial ex-centric functions could continue, but we will concentrate now
on the more general applications of EC-SMF.
Concretely, to the unique forms as those of the circle, square, parabola, ellipse, hyperbola,
different spirals, etc. from CM, which are now grouped under the name of centrics, correspond an
infinity of ex-centrics of the same type: circular, square (quadrilobe), parabolic, elliptic,
hyperbolic, various spirals ex-centrics, etc. Any ex-centric function, with null ex-centricity (e =
0), degenerates into a centric function, which represents, at the same time its generating curve.
Therefore, the CM itself belongs to EM, for the unique case (s = e = 0), which is one case from an
infinity of possible cases, in which a point named eccenter E(e, ) can be placed in plane. In this
case, E is overleaping on one or two points named center: the origin O(0,0) of a frame, considered
the origin O(0,0) of the referential system, and/or the center C(0,0) of the unity circle for circular
functions, respectively, the symmetry center of the two arms of the equilateral hyperbola, for
hyperbolic functions.
It was enough that a point E be eliminated from the center (O and/or C) to generate from
the old CM a new world of EM. The reunion of these two worlds gave birth to the SM world.
This discovery occurred in the city of the Romanian Revolution from 1989, Timioara,
which is the same city where on November 3
rd
, 1823 Janos Bolyai wrote: From nothing Ive created a
new world. With these words, he announced the discovery of the fundamental formula of the first non-
Euclidean geometry.
P R E F A C E
_________________________________________________________________________________

He from nothing, I in a joint effort, proliferated the periodical functions which are so helpful to
engineers to describe some periodical phenomena. In this way, I have enriched the mathematics with new
objects.
When Euler defined the trigonometric functions, as direct circular functions, if he wouldnt have
chosen three superposed points: the origin O, the center of the circle C and S as a pole of a semi straight
line, with which he intersected the trigonometric/unity circle, the EC-SMF would have been discovered
much earlier, eventually under another name.
Depending on the way of the split (we isolate one point at the time from the superposed ones, or
all of them at once), we obtain the following types of SMF:

O C S Centric functions belonging to CM;
and those which belong to EM are:

O C S Ex-centric Circular Supermathematics Functions (EC-SMF);
O C S Elevated Circular Supermathematics Functions (ELC-SMF);
O C S Exotic Circular Supermathematics Functions (EXC-SMF).

These new mathematics complements, joined under the temporary name of SM, are extremely
useful tools or instruments, long awaited for. The proof is in the large number and the diversity of periodical
functions introduced in mathematics, and, sometimes, the complex way of reaching them, by trying the
substitution of the circle with other curves, most of them closed.
To obtain new special, periodical functions, it has been attempted the replacement of the
trigonometric circle with the square or the diamond. This was the proceeding of Prof. Dr. Math. Valeriu
Alaci, the former head of the Mathematics Department of Mechanics College from Timisoara, who
discovered the square and diamond trigonometric functions. Hereafter, the mathematics teacher Eugen
Visa introduced the pseudo-hyperbolic functions, and the mathematics teacher M. O. Enculescu defined
the polygonal functions, replacing the circle with an n-sides polygon; for n = 4 he obtained the square Alaci
trigonometric functions. Recently, the mathematician, Prof. Malvina Baica, (of Romanian origin) from the
University of Wisconsin together with Prof. Mircea Crdu, have completed the gap between the Euler
circular functions and Alaci square functions, with the so-called Periodic Transtrigonometric functios.
The Russian mathematician Marcusevici describes, in his work Remarcable sine functions the
generalized trigonometric functions and the trigonometric functions lemniscates.
Even since 1877, the German mathematician Dr. Biehringer, substituting the right triangle with an
oblique triangle, has defined the inclined trigonometric functions. The British scientist of Romanian origin
Engineer George (Gogu) Constantinescu replaced the circle with the evolvent and defined the Romanian
trigonometric functions: Romanian cosine and Romanian sine, expressed by Cor and Sir functions,
which helped him to resolve some non-linear differential equations of the Sonicity Theory, which he created.
And how little known are all these functions even in Romania!
Also, the elliptical functions are defined on an ellipse. A rotated one, with its main axis along Oy
axis.
How simple the complicated things can become, and as a matter of fact they are! This
paradox(ism) suggests that by a simple displacement/expulsion of a point from a center and by the
apparition of the notion of the eccenter, a new world appeared, the world of EM and, at the same
time, a new Universe, the SM Universe.
Notions like Supermathematics Functions and Circular Ex-centric Functions
appeared on most search engines like Google, Yahoo, AltaVista etc., from the beginning of the
Internet. The new notions, like quadrilobe quadrilobas, how the ex-centrics are named, and
which continuously fill the space between a square circumscribed to a circle and the circle itself
P R E F A C E
_________________________________________________________________________________

were included in the Mathematics Dictionary. The intersection of the quadriloba with the straight
line d generates the new functions called cosine quadrilobe-ic and sine quadrilobe-ic.
The benefits of SM in science and technology are too numerous to list them all here. But we
are pleased to remark that SM removes the boundaries between linear and non-linear; the linear
belongs to CM, and the non-linear is the appanage of EM, as between ideal and real, or as between
perfection and imperfection.
It is known that the Topology does not differentiate between a pretzel and a cup of tea.
Well, SM does not differentiate between a circle (e = 0) and a perfect square (s = 1), between a
circle and a perfect triangle, between an ellipse and a perfect rectangle, between a sphere and a
perfect cube, etc. With the same parametric equations we can obtain, besides the ideal forms of
CM (circle, ellipse, sphere etc.), also the real ones (square, oblong, cube, etc.). For s e [-1,1], in the
case of ex-centric functions of variable , as in the case of centric functions of variable , for se[-
,+], it can be obtained an infinity of intermediate forms, for example, square, oblong or cube
with rounded corners and slightly curved sides or, respectively, faces. All of these facilitate the
utilization of the new SM functions for drawing and representing of some technical parts, with
rounded or splayed edges, in the CAD/ CAM-SM programs, which dont use the computer as
drawing boards any more, but create the technical object instantly, by using the parametric
equations, that speed up the processing, because only the equations are memorized, not the vast
number of pixels which define the technical piece.
The numerous functions presented here, are introduced in mathematics for the first time,
therefore, for a better understanding, the author considered that it was necessary to have a short
presentation of their equations, such that the readers, who wishes to use them in their applications
development, to be able to do it.
SM is not a finished work; its merely an introduction in this vast domain, a first step, the
authors small step, and a giant leap for mathematics.
The elevated circular SM functions (ELC-SMF), named this way because by the
modification of the numerical ex-centricity s the points of the curves of elevated sine functions sel
as of the elevated circular function elevated cosine cel is elevating in other words it rises on the
vertical, getting out from the space {-1, +1] of the other sine and cosine functions, centric or ex-
centric. The functions cex and sex plots are shown in Fig. 3, where it can be seen that the
points of these graphs get modified on the horizontal direction, but all remaining in the space
[-1,+1], named the existence domain of these functions.
The functions cel and sel plots can be simply represented by the products:

cel
1,2
= rex
1,2
. cos and Cel
1,2
= Rex
1,2
. cos
sel
1,2
= rex
1,2
. sin and Sel
1,2
= Rex
1,2
. sin

and are shown Fig. 4.
The exotic circular functions are the most general SM, and are defined on the unity circle
which is not centered in the origin of the xOy axis system, neither in the eccenter S, but in a certain
point C (c,) from the plane of the unity circle, of polar coordinates (c, ) in the xOy coordinate
system.
Many of the drawings from this album are done with EC-SMF of eccenter variable and with
arcs that are multiples of (n.). The used relations for each particular case are explicitly shown, in
most cases using the centric mathematical functions, with which, as we saw, we could express all
P R E F A C E
_________________________________________________________________________________

SM functions, especially when the image programs cannot use SMF. This doesnt mean that, in the
future, the new math complements will not be implemented in computers, to facilitate their vast
utilization.

Fig. 3,a The ex-centric circular
(EC-SMF) ex-centric cosine of cex
for = 0, e [0, 2]
Fig. 3,b The ex-centric circular
(EC-SMF) ecentric sine of sex for
= 0, e [0, 2]
Numerical ex-centricity s = e/R e [ -1, 1]

The computer specialists working in programming the computer assisted design software
CAD/CAM/CAE, are on their way to develop these new programs fundamentally different,
because the technical objects are created with parametric circular or hyperbolic SMFs, as it has
been exemplified already with some achievements such as airplanes, buildings, etc. in
http://www.eng.upt.ro/~mselariu and how a washer can be represented as a toroid ex-centricity (or
as an ex-centric torus), square or oblong in an axial section, and, respectively, a square plate with
a central square hole can be a square torus of square section. And all of these, because SM
doesnt make distinction between a circle and a square or between an ellipse and a rectangle, as we
mentioned before.
P R E F A C E
_________________________________________________________________________________

But the most important achievements in science can be obtained by solving some non-linear
problems, because SM reunites these two domains, so different in the past, in a single entity.
Among these differences we mention that the non-linear domain asks for ingenious approaches for
each problem. For example, in the domain of vibrations, static elastical characteristics (SEC) soft
non-linear (regressive) or hard non-linear (progressive) can be obtained simply by writing y = m. x,
where m is not anymore m = tan as in the linear case (s = 0 ), but m = tex
1,2
and depending on
the numerical ex-centricity s sign, positive or negative, or for S placed on the negative x axis ( = )
or on the positive x axis ( = 0), we obtain the two nonlinear elastic characteristics, and obviously
for s=0 well obtain the linear SEC.

Fig. 4,a ELC-SMF elevated cosine of - cel
, for s e [-1, +1], = 0, e [0, 2].
Fig. 4,b ELC-SMF elevated sine of - sel ,
for s e[-1, +1], = 1, e [0, 2].

Due to the fact that the functions cex and sex , as well Cex and Sex and their
combinations, are solutions of some differential equations of second degree with variable
coefficients, it has been stated that the linear systems (Tchebychev) are obtained also for s = 1,
and not only for s = 0. In these equations, the mass ( the point M) rotates on the circle with a
double angular speed = 2. (reported to the linear system where s = 0 and = = constant)
in a half of a period, and in the other half of period stops in the point A(R,0) for e = sR = R or =
0 and in A(R, 0) for e = s.R = 1, or = . Therefore, the oscillation period T of the three
linear systems is the same and equal with T = / 2. The nonlinear SEC systems are obtained for
the others values, intermediates, of s and e. The projection, on any direction, of the rotating motion
of M on the circle with radius R, equal to the oscillation amplitude, of a variable angular speed =
.dex ( after dex function) is an non-linear oscillating motion.
The discovery of king function rex , with its properties, facilitated the apparition of a
hybrid method (analytic-numerical), by which a simple relation was obtained, with only two
1 2 3 4 5 6
-1
-0.5
0.5
1
1.5
2
1 2 3 4 5 6
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
-1
-0.5
0.5
1
1.5
1 2 3 4 5 6
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1
s e [0, 1]
s e [ -1, 0]
P R E F A C E
_________________________________________________________________________________

terms, to calculate the first degree elliptic complete integral K(k), with an unbelievable precision,
with a minimum of 15 accurate decimals, after only 5 steps. Continuing with the next steps, can
lead us to a new relation to compute K(k), with a considerable higher precision and with
possibilities to expand the method to other elliptic integrals, and not only to those. After 6 steps, the
relation of E (k) has the same precision of computation.
The discovery of SMF facilitated the apparition of a new integration method, named
integration through the differential dividing.
We will stop here, letting to the readers the pleasure to delight themselves by viewing the
drawings from this album.
The Author
mselariu@yahoo.com

Album de Desene Realizate Cu Functii Supermatematice Selariu - 2012 - Supliment

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Techno-Art of Selariu SuperMathematics Functions

. De aceea, se poate considera r

] der, n care dex

, iar inversa ei este

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