THE PROCESS AND COMPONENTS FOR

THE PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

1.
2. 3.

4.
5. 6.

Sources of water Water treatment plant Pumps and plant Water storage Reticulation pipes Plumbing system

Sources of Water:
Introduction

The water sources should be able to supply water which is safe to drink after treatment.
The quality of water should not be allowed to deteriorate. There should be least or no disruption in water supply systems due to depletion of water sources.

SOURCES OF WATER
A hydrological cycle: A certain proportion of the worlds natural water is involved in a continuous cycle of rainfall and evaporation. i) ii) iii) Evaporation Precipitation Run off

SOURCES OF WATER

Sources of water

Figure : Hydrological water cycle

SOURCES OF WATER
A hydrological cycle Evaporation: When the sun shine upon surface of water some of the water evaporates from liquid to water vapor The sun will warms the water vapor and becoming less dense than the cold air above it rises into the atmosphere where it circulated by weather patterns.

SOURCES OF WATER
A hydrological cycle Precipitation : When the water droplets in a cloud are large enough they will transform into rainfall

SOURCES OF WATER
A hydrological cycle Run off A proportion of precipitated water falls water falls on the land where most of it flows towards the sea by 2 main routes: i) surface water - streams, river ii) ground water - percolates through the materials below the surface of the land.

Water Supply Sources

Most buildings can receive their water supply from the Water Authoritys main. In rural areas, it is sometimes necessary to obtain water from private sources such as: wells, springs, rivers & lakes. The public water supply normally comes from various reservoirs throughout the country. For human consumption, the best quality of water usually comes straight from the ground, rather than from a stream or pond which is exposed to probable air pollution.

 In

some case of agriculture area, the run off from farm land brings phosphates. Certain part of the water treatment process has to reduce the level of phosphate to an acceptable limit. In some countries, a well is used much deeper to access strata of water bearing rock.

In some parts, the water is supplied from boreholes but in one or two instances these have become polluted. A borehole is of small diameter and is made by a drilling rig just big enough to admit the mechanical pump and delivery pipe. A typical borehole uses a multi-stage centrifugal pump delivering sufficient water from a depth of 30 metres to 60 metres. Most modern wells are lined with pre-cast concrete liners and boreholes with steel tubing.

SOURCES OF WATER

Sources of water supply usually classified into 2 categories : i) Surface water streams, rivers, lakes & reservoirs ii) Underground water spring , wells

SOURCES OF WATER
Underground water Springs

Source of ground water that occurs when geological conditions cause water to emerge naturally. The water is clear because of natural purification which occurs during percolation in under the ground. All springs water needs protection against contamination at the point of their emergence.

SOURCES OF WATER
Underground water Wells

Source of underground water but artificially tapped by boring down to the supply. Classified as : a) shallow wells - tap water near surface b) deep wells obtain water below the level of the 1st impermeable layer. c) artesian wells deliver water under their own heads of pressure, since the plane of saturation is above ground level.

SOURCES OF WATER

Figure : The layer of underground water

SOURCES OF WATER

Figure : The layer of aquifer