D/DGD&D/18/34/34

Army Code No 71384 (Part 1 Section 6 RE)

TACTICAL AIDE MEMOIRE PART 1 SECTION 6 ENGINEER INSERT IMMEDIATE USE

Supersedes Royal Engineers Insert to the Tactical Aide Memoire (Part 11 Section 3) 1994, Army Code No. 71384

CONTENTS

May 1999

Prepared under the direction of The Chief of the General Staff Ministry of Defence Crown Copyright Reserved

Copyright

This work is Crown copyright and the intellectual property rights for this publication belong exclusively to the Ministry of Defence (MOD). No material or information contained in this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form outside MOD establishments except as authorised by both the sponsor and the MOD where appropriate. This document is issued for the information of such persons who need to know its contents in the course of their official duties. Any person finding this document should hand it in to a British Forces unit or to a British Police Station for its safe return to the MINISTRY OF DEFENCE, D MOD SY, LONDON SW1A 2HB, with particulars of how and where found. THE UNAUTHORISED RETENTION OR DESTRUCTION OF THIS DOCUMENT COULD BE AN OFFENCE UNDER THE OFFICIAL SECRETS ACTS OF 1911-1989. This publication is issued under the overall direction of the CGS. It is an MOD Approved Code of Practice (ACOP). Where issues of health and safety are concerned it takes into account the provisions of the Health & Safety at Work Act 1974. The contents provide clear military information concerning the most up to date experience and best practice available for commanders and troops to use in their operations and training. If you are prosecuted for a breach of health and safety law, and it is proved that you have not followed the relevant provisions of the ACOP, a court may find you criminally liable unless you can show that you have complied with the requirements of health and safety legislation since it is a breach of this legislation which renders a person criminally liable. Breaches or omissions of the ACOP could result in disciplinary action under the provisions the Army Act.

Security

Authority

Status

Amendment Amendment No Date Amendment No Date

Distribution As directed by Editor, RE Training Publications, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4UG who is the sponsor and to whom comments and queries concerning this publication should be addressed.

INTRODUCTION

CONTENTS Section 6.1 6.2 Page

Aim. The aim of the RE insert to TAM is to provide an Aide Memoire of essential engineer information for use at sub-unit level and below. Scope. The insert is intended for use by officers and NCOs in appointments ranging from squadron to section commander and concentrates on operations at troop level. Use. The insert is intended to be used in conjunction with Part 1 of the TAM. The information given is perforce condensed. The insert should not be used as a substitute for the volumes of Military Engineering listed in Part 2 that contain detailed information on military engineering subjects.

Operational Planning and Orders 6.1.1 Engineer Task Aide Memoires Bridging Minefield Breaching Minefield Construction Demolitions Field Fortifications Water Supply 6.2.1 6.2.1 6.2.3 6.2.5 6.2.7 6.2.9 6.2.11

6.3

Planning Times for Engineer Tasks 6.3.1

INTENTIONALLY BLANK

ii

SECTION 6.1

OPERATIONAL PLANNING AND ORDERS

Operational Planning Check Notes.

Orders must be brief, clearly delivered, unambiguous and relevant to the operation. Orders are intended to tell subordinates what must be done within the given constraints and why (commanders intent), but not how it should be done. Although commanders must think through points of detail, these should not be included in orders if they are already known or are standard operating procedures. Other general points on orders and warning orders are in TAM Part 2, Section 2.

Conduct Time Appreciation Conduct Mission Analysis

Identify own decision point. Remember1/3:2/3 rule to ensure sufficient battle procedure time available for subordinates Commanders intent; Tasks Specified and Implied; Constraints (time, space and resources); Changed Situation; Confirmatory Check. Do not delay sending the warning order. Any omissions in detail can be filled later. Include warning order for stores if appropriate

Format. The format for engineer orders is the same as the generic Orders Format given in TAM Part 2, Pages 2-3. Reference should be made to this section of the TAM for guidance on detail specific to the operation of war or transitional phase being conducted. Missions. When formulating missions, maximum use should be made of defined doctrinal terms to afford consistency in approach and to avoid misunderstanding. Use of Aide Memoire. While paragraph headings are mandatory, their detailed contents are not. There is no requirement to use all the headings in every box.

Issue Initial Warning Order

6-1-1

Relative Strengths

Identify Engineer capability using modified production rates Comparison of capability identified in Relative Strengths and Tasks identified in Mission Analysis. Priortise tasks and identify own Main Effort Engineer plan which best supports higher commanders intent

Write Orders Deliver Orders

Incorporate information from recce

Orders.
1.

Preliminaries.
Location; Sentries; Actions on Attack Introduction of attached personnel; seating plan (take account of Task Org); Model and or diagrams; Map folds/traces/map marking Time of First/Last Light; Forecast; Moon State; Visibility Ensure C2 arrangements and G4 support for subordinates is clear Should always be included wherever possible/practical

Conduct Combat Estimate

Summary of possible tasks

Security of Orders Group Administration

Commanders Decision Update Initial Warning Order Conduct Recce

Weather Task Organization

In addition to engineer data, also liaise with local Combined Arms commander reference C2 arrangements and G4 support, protection and CSMs

Ground Orientation

6-1-2

2.

Situation.
En Forces
Deductions from enemy and ground in the estimate process: Strengths Locations Weapons Equipment Morale Obstacles DFs Air Threat NBC Future Intentions

3.
Friendly Forces
2 Up Commanders Intent 1 Up Comds Mission and Concept of Ops (Include Intent and Main Effort) Locations and future actions of neighbouring forces which may affect operation Outline Fire Support Plan Air

Mission. Own mission from Execution paragraph of BG Comds/COs/OCs Orders. Execution.

a.

Atts/Dets
Only if not covered under Task Org

4.

Concept of Operations. Tp Comds Intent (the overall effect to be achieved), Scheme of Manoeuvre (how the Tp will achieve its Mission) and Main Effort (activity crucial to success of Mission at that time). Key timings. Mission Statements. Given to subordinates in turn to include; Who; What; Where; When and Why. Co-ordinating Instructions. In addition to the table below, reference must be made to the Tactical Check Notes in TAM Part 2:
Offensive Ops 3-1-1 Defensive Ops 3-2-1

b.

c.

6-1-3

Delaying Ops Transitional Ops Obstacle Crossing

Timings Recce NMB NMB less recce First veh on site H Hr Task Complete

3-3-1 3-4-1 3-5-1

NBC Threat Level Dress Cat Warning/ Reporting Detection Contamination Control Actions On En recce Air/Ground attack NBC attack PW Civs Vehicle Casualty

Engineer Construction Details. See relevant Engineer Operation Recce and Co-ordinating Instructions Aide Memoire. Mob Operations CMob Operations Surv Operations Bridging Minefield Breaching Minefield Construction Demolitions Field Fortifications Water Supply Page 6.2.1 Page 6.2.3 Page 6.2.5 Page 6.2.7 Page 6.2.9 Page 6.2.11

Con Measures FEBA Bdrys RVs AD WCS

Deception/ Surprise/Security CSMs Track Plan STAP NTM Trenches stage

Mov SP & Rel Pt Routes Speed Guides/hide/ recce parties OOM Hides Emergency RV

d.

Summary of Execution.

6-1-4

5.

Service Support.
Log Sp Med Tpt and Rec

SOP Variations

Dress Equipment Weapons

Replen CSups IPE Engr stores

Locations CASEVAC Med Packs Morphine

Rec Plan Locations: Echelon Rec Veh

6.

Command and Signal.

HQ Comms CEI Changes Codes Codewords Nicknames Nicknumbers Password ?
Synchronise

Locs Mov Altn Comd 7.

watches

Questions.

6-1-5

INTENTIONALLY BLANK

6-1-6

SECTION 6.2
BRIDGING

ENGINEER TASK AIDE MEMOIRES

Amphibious Bridging/Ferry Operation. Sequence.

a. b. Preparation in harbour area. Move, liaison, secure site and marshalling area. Construction: Call forward vehicles. Order of entry. Preparation of approaches and exits. Ferries (also during bridging operation). Anchorages. Reserves. Configurations. EOB. Defile marking. d. Traffic crossing. Recovery and regrouping.

Deliberate Dry Bridging Operation. Sequence.

a. RV, check bridge equipment, rehearsals. b. Move, secure site and marshalling areas. c. Crossing construction: Site layout and preparation. Call forward vehicles. Bridge construction. Approaches and exits. Lay trackway. Defile marking. Vehicle recovery. d. Traffic bridge. e. Handover/maintain/strip. e. c.

6-2-1

Reconnaissance. Dry Bridging BR 90 Bridges.

Ser (a) 1 2 Essential information (b) All sites should have straight approaches and exits to avoid vehicles slewing Bankseats: Minimum CBR 8%. Maximum cross slope to be within 5%. This is equal to 0.2m over the 4m width of the bridge Maximum bank height difference: CSB: GSB: Completed AFW 4012A Overhead clearance for CSB: No 10 - 15m, No 11 17m, No 12 14.5m Consider number and type of veh, veh recovery, cushion and waiting areas, trackway/hardcore

Co-ordinating Instructions.

Timings Move from assembly area Move from marshalling area Recce on site Construction starts Crossing open Areas for Marshalling Cushioning Waiting Tp Harbour

Moves/Routes To marshalling area To site OOM Convoy Drills Critical Points

Construction Details Site layout Defile marking Stores area Reallocation of resources Priority of work Recovery Anchorages User units Traffic quantity and type Times of use LOs

4 5 6

Safety Safety boats Construction safety User safety

Control Reports and Returns RMP liaison ARV/Rec

6-2-2

MINEFIELD BREACHING

Sequence.
a b. c. d. e. Collect and check stores, rehearsals. Move, liaise with covering troops, secure site. Setting out and breaching parties deploy to remove mines. Lane repair, defile marking. Disposal of mines, maintainance/handover, redeployment.

h. i. j. k. l. m. n. o. p. q. r.

Tape tracing. Winders tape. Pickets 1.8m. Sledgehammer/picket driver. Mine markers. Pulling cables. Lightweight marking sets. Safe lane stores. Dannert wire. Visors. Explosive stores

Stores Check List.

a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

Mine prodders. Mine detectors. Prismatic compass. Wire cutters. Pliers. Safety pins/25mm nails. 150mm nails.

6-2-3

Reconnaissance.

Determine:

Co-ordinating Instructions.
Timings Recce on site Move from assembly area On site Breaching starts Breach open Control/Safety Orders to pull Entry and exit to minefield Mines dump Dangerous devices Moves/Routes OOM For recce To site Approaching breach Convoy drills Critical points Areas Waiting area Stores area Mines dump Construction Details Sequence of operation Preparation of stores Spacing of parties Mines dump Vehicle loading

Extent of minefield (front and rear edge) Types of mine and fuze and density. Number of rows/strips and approximate locations. Trip wires and anti lift devices. Ground conditions and other obstacles. Enemy positions. Number of lanes required. Vehicles/personnel using lanes. Silent/noisy breach. Day or night operation.

6-2-4

MINEFIELD CONSTRUCTION

Sequence.
a. b. c. d. Collect and check stores/rehearsals. Move, secure site, set up, mines dump. Setting out, loading mines (loading plan). Minelaying and fence construction: Mine outloading and resupply. Mechanical laying (direction of lay, gaps and lanes, routes, end of row procedure). Route closure. Redeployment.

g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n.

Signs for mine rows. Lights for mine row markers. Beta lights. Perimeter marking kit. Prismatic compass. AFW 4017. Lane closure stores. Tracing tape.

e. f.

Stores Check List.

a. b. c. d. e. f. Mine laying system. Mines with fuzes. 1.8m pickets. 0.6m pickets. Sledgehammers. Picket drivers. 6-2-5

Reconnaissance. Prepare a sketch map showing:

a. The ground including tracks, trees, ditches and other physical details. The exact location of proposed: Mine rows with direction of lay. Landmarks. Perimeter fence. Minefield lanes. Construction routes. Mine dump and resupply routes. Control point and RV. c. d. e. Scale of sketch map. North. Direction of enemy approach.

Co-ordinating Instructions.
Timings Move to assembly area MCP open Setting out starts Construction starts Plant Tasks and control point Moves/Routes OOM to mines dump Constructon routes Convoy drills Critical points Guides and marking Control At mines dump At MCP AFW 4017 (mines tally) Lane closure Construction Details Direction of lay Order of construction Gaps (control and markings) Lanes (control, marking and closure) Setting out system End of row marking

b.

6-2-6

DEMOLITIONS

Briefing for Reconnaissance. Ensure you know:

a. b. c. d. e. f. Location and type of target. Aim of the demolition. Preliminary or reserved demolition Time to be at State 1. Restrictions on resources. When and where AFW 4012 is required.

Sequence.
a. b. c. d. e. Move to, and secure, site. Prepare charges and ringmains. Site/construct firing points. Prepare priority two tasks as required. Fire/handover demolition.

Command and Control.

a. Any formation commander may reserve a demolition providing their superior commander has not ordered it to be fired. b. AFW 9811 must be completed for all reserve demolitions (normally by formation staff) and may be prepared for preliminary demolitions (normally by engineer staff). c. Changes of authorised commander are ordered via Box 8g and recorded in Box 12. 6-2-7

Reconnaissance. All Targets

Determine method of attack. Take detailed measurements at charge location to enable the calculation of charges. Design firing circuits. Select firing point, stores area, harbour area and control point. Consider protection of own troops from blast/fragmentation and any secondary hazard released as a result of the demolition. Prepare the AFW 4012.

Co-ordinating Instructions.
Timings Move to assembly area Recce on site Task starts Task complete Control AF W9811 Authorised Commander Demolition Guard Reporting State 1 to State 2 Moves/Routes OOM Route to site Critical points Constucton Details Stores area Priority of work Charge details Ringmain details Firing circuits Firing points

Reconnaissance. Bridges
Categorise the bridge. Take recce measurements Select method of attack. Identify line of cut/s Take detailed measurements at cut/s locations.

Safety Explosives Working at height Working over water Secondary hazards Safety distances Warning of firing

6-2-8

FIELD FORTIFICATIONS
Sequence.
a. b. c. Collect and check plant and stores. Move, secure site, set out. Construction: Cfm arcs of fire/obs. Remove turf. Excavate, dispose of surplus in accordance with spoil plan. Revetment and OHP. Camouflage. Further development as ordered. d. Handover, redeploy.

Reconnaissance and Planning.

a. Liaise with user unit and determine: Type and number of fortifications required. Schematic layout and marking system used. Priority of work. Stage to which construction to be taken. Counter-surveillance policy: Track plan during construction. Spoil plan. Deception. Timings. Plant and stores required/available. Plan and orders. Description. Type of fortifications. Extent of work. Sections and plant to tasks.

b. c. d.

6-2-9

Co-ordinating Instructions.
Timings No move before Collect stores Arrival on site Completion Plant Type Allocation Control on site Priority Excavation Revetment Shelter construction OHP Camouflage Recovery Site strip Plant availability Eqpt recovery/reload

Safety Working with plant

Construction Details Marking system Alignment Arcs of fire/obs Dimensions OHP Camouflage

6-2-10

WATER SUPPLY

Reconnaissance and Planning.

Subject (a)
Situation

Sequence.
a. b. c. Collect and check plant and stores. Move, secure site, set out. Construction: Set up WPU and storage tanks. Set up sedimentation tank. Pump water to all tanks. Construct tower. Construct distribution point. Erect signs. Construct fence. Camouflage. Send sit reps as required. Confirm quantity/quality and issue timings. Site development and maintenance. Neutralisation of sterilised water and disposal. Recovery and site restoration. Redeployment.

Prior to recce (b)

Enemy update

During recce (c)

Likely threat to waterpoint: NBC Industrial pollutants Upstream contamination Enemy action Establish exact location of: Waterpoint Tp har area include atts Waiting and Cushion area Routes to/from MSR Control points Source, quantity, ground, drainage, existing facilities, camouflage

Location

Map recce for: Likely sources Waiting areas Harbour areas Routes

Limitations

Manpower Equipment Time

6-2-11

(a)
Quantity

(b)
Quantity/ Type of water Output/Issues required Duration of operation

(c)
Quality/yield of source

Co-ordinating Instructions.
Timings
No move before Collect stores Orders Arrival on site Opening times Duration of operation

Rehearsals
Equipment familiarization Construction details Equipment layout

Priority
Equipment set up Pump connection Storage Fencing/protection Site improvement

Time

Timings for: Construction Running Issue periods Battle procedure Siting of pumps, tanks, tower, fencing, signs, trackway, distribution points, guides, control point Confirm bids for stores, plant, transport, chemicals, fuel, recovery, assistance from other arms.

Layout

N/A

Safety
Use of chemicals Tower construction

Recommendations

N/A

Water quality Mode of operation Required standard Disposal of calcium hypochlorite Testing regime

Construction Details
Mode of operation Site layout Route marking Distribution layout Use of chemicals

6-2-12

SECTION 6.3

PLANNING TIMES FOR ENGINEER TASKS b. c. Working at night multiply time by a factor of 1.3. In the case of tired or inexperienced troops multiply the time by a factor of 1.8.

Planning Times. The table below is a guide to the times required for various activities. It assumes that units are at full establishment and that troops are experienced, rested and working in NBC Dress Category Zero by day. The following factors should be applied in other conditions:
a. Working in NBC Cat Two in warm weather (suit worn with overboots) multiply time by a factor of 1.4. Activity (b) Description (c)

Ser (a)

Unit (d)

Rate/time (e)

Remarks (f)

Basic Engineering
1 Digging by hand Digging fd def in normal ground with occasional roots and stones. Spoil placed alongside excavation. Depth of excavation not exceeding 1.5 m per man 0.3 m3/hr Halve rate for chalk or rock shale

6-3-1

(a)
2

(b)
Filling sandbags

(c)
Filling sandbags with dumped loose fill. One man filling, two men holding bag and tying

(d)
per man

(e)
20 bags/hr

(f)
Increase by factor of 1.6 for funnel filler Assume pickets and wire dropped off veh and small stores carried on light veh. Assume normal ground

Defile marking

Marking a minefield safe lane with danart corners, pickets at 15 m spacing, cross tapes, and markers at 30 m spacing Marking a X-country route with pickets at 30m spacing plus markers and beta lights

one sect

400m of safe lane/hr

one sect

750m of defile/hr

Minefield perimeter marking using lightweight marking set 4 Wire obstacles Construct a Type 2 catwire fence Construct simplified Type 4 fence

half sect one sect one sect

1000m/hr 55m/hr 75 m/hr

Assume light veh support Assume stores dumped by veh

6-3-2

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Mobility Support 5 AVRE (1) Single fascine (3-4 m span) (2) Double fascine (5-7 m span) (1) (2) (3) (4) Launch No 10 br (effective span 20.5 m & 24.5 m) Launch No 12 br (effective span 12 m) Combination - to follow Over br - to follow AVRE AVRE AVLB AVLB Up to 5 min Up to 5 min 5 mins 5 mins On site On site On site On site

AVLB/No 10, and 12 brs

MGB

Build 12 Bay DS MGB.

one tp

1 hr 30 min

Time includes pallet drop but excludes setting out. Assume unrestricted site and no site preparation required

6-3-3

(a) 8

(b) Br90 GSB Build 32 m GSB

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f) Does not include setting out or emplacement of anchorages. Time includes emplacement of decks, kerbs and bridge edge markers

10 man team 40 mins

9 10

EWBB MGOB

Build 30m Double Single EWBB, incl setting out Build 5 bay MGOB. Time includes placing packing Construct 100m M3 floating br Construct a 4 rig ferry Construct and launch one APB raft

one tp one sect one amph tp

7 hrs 20 mins 30 min Without bank prep Without bank prep

11a M3 b 12 M3 Floating APB

one amph sect 10 min two sects 1 hr 10 min

6-3-4

(a) 13

(b) Mine Breaching

(c) Hand breach own minefield 800m deep Hand breach a safe lane 120m by 8m Breach a 360m safe lane with two Python and plough Plough breach 4m wide lane (plough only)

(d) one tp one tp one AVRE

(e) 8 hrs 7.5 hrs 25 min

(f) Includes defile marking Without defile marking Up to 4 hrs preparation required. No defile marking Leaves 1 m uncleared central strip

AVRE

Up to 100 m per min

6-3-5

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Counter Mobility Support 14 Pattern Minelaying Lay 1 km, 3 row light minefield Lay 1 km, 5 row medium minefield Lay 1 km, 7 row heavy minefield 15 Abatis Deny an area of woodland 500m by 200m one tp one tp one tp two tps 4 hrs 5.5 hrs 7.5 hrs 4.5 hrs FV 432 towing barminelayer. Fenced but excludes recce and setting out Assume established woodland, no scrub. Using explosives

6-3-6

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

16

Br Dml

Destroy major RC continuous span br as a prelim dml Prep a major RC continuous span br as a res dml Destroy a minor masonry arch br as a prelim dml

one tp

2.5 hr

Using shaped charges placed on the deck Roadway kept clear Cut span close to abutments using mined charges Using RCK

one tp one sect

6.5 hr 3.5 hrs

17 18

Route Denial Combat Digging

Close road using 2 angled rows of 3 craters, mining the upheave Construct Atk ditch 3.5m wide 1.5m deep in normal ground Side hill cut slope to vertical face of 1.5 m

one sect 2 x MWT or 2 x CET or combination one MWT

1 hr 40 min 40m per hr

35m per hr 6-3-7

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Fortifications 19 Weapon Pits Dig a Type C weapon pit for a MBT Dig a weapon pit for one AS 90 How. Excluding shelter trenches for crews one MWT/ CET one MWT/ CET 50 min 1 hr 15 min No camouflage or revetting 5 hrs for 2 x CET/ MWT for a bty of 8 guns. No camouflage or revetting 7.5 hrs for a bty of 8 guns Excluding revetting and OHP Construct shelter and camouflage takes sect further 2.5 hrs 6-3-8

Dig a weapon pit for FH 70 towed How including ammo bay and shelter trenches Dig pit for 81 mm Mor baseplate 20 MEXE Excavate for single MEXE shelter

one MWT 1 hr 10 min and one LWT one LWT one LWT 40 mins 1 hr

(a) 21

(b) Trenches

(c) Excavate for 4 man trench

(d) one LWT

(e) 20 mins

(f) 4 hrs to dig by hand Revetting and camouflage takes further 4.5 hrs

6-3-9

INTENTIONALLY BLANK

6-3-10

D/DGD&D/18/34/34

Army Code No 71384 (Part 1 Section 6 RE)

TACTICAL AIDE MEMOIRE PART 2 SECTION 6 ENGINEER INSERT REFERENCE USE

Supersedes Royal Engineers Insert to the Tactical Aide Memoire (Part 11 Section 3) 1994, Army Code No. 71384

CONTENTS

May 1999

Prepared under the direction of The Chief of the General Staff Ministry of Defence Crown Copyright Reserved

Copyright

This work is Crown copyright and the intellectual property rights for this publication belong exclusively to the Ministry of Defence (MOD). No material or information contained in this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form outside MOD establishments except as authorised by both the sponsor and the MOD where appropriate. This document is issued for the information of such persons who need to know its contents in the course of their official duties. Any person finding this document should hand it in to a British Forces unit or to a British Police Station for its safe return to the MINISTRY OF DEFENCE, D MOD SY, LONDON SW1A 2HB, with particulars of how and where found. THE UNAUTHORISED RETENTION OR DESTRUCTION OF THIS DOCUMENT COULD BE AN OFFENCE UNDER THE OFFICIAL SECRETS ACTS OF 1911-1989. This publication is issued under the overall direction of the CGS. It is an MOD Approved Code of Practice (ACOP). Where issues of health and safety are concerned it takes into account the provisions of the Health & Safety at Work Act 1974. The contents provide clear military information concerning the most up to date experience and best practice available for commanders and troops to use in their operations and training. If you are prosecuted for a breach of health and safety law, and it is proved that you have not followed the relevant provisions of the ACOP, a court may find you criminally liable unless you can show that you have complied with the requirements of health and safety legislation since it is a breach of this legislation which renders a person criminally liable. Breaches or omissions of the ACOP could result in disciplinary action under the provisions the Army Act.

Security

Authority

Status

Amendment Amendment No Date Amendment No Date

Distribution As directed by Editor, RE Training Publications, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4UG who is the sponsor and to whom comments and queries concerning this publication should be addressed.

INTRODUCTION
Military Engineering Volume, Title, Date

1.

Aim . The aim of the RE insert to TAM is to provide an aide memoire of essential engineer information for use at sub-unit level and below. Scope. The insert is intended for use by officers and NCOs in appointments ranging from squadron to section commander and concentrates on operations at troop level.

2.

Volume II Pam 1 Part 1 Part 2 Pam 2 Pam 3 Pam 4 Pam 5 Pam 6 Pam 7 Pam 7A Pam 7B Pam 9 Pam 20 Volume III Part I Part III Part V Part VI

3.

Use. The insert is intended to be used in conjunction with Part 2 of the TAM. The information given is perforce condensed. The insert should not be used as a substitute for the volumes of Military Engineering listed in Part 2 which contain detailed information on military engineering subjects.

Field Engineering Basic Field Engineering Materials & Techniques 1996 Tools & Skills 1996 Field Fortifications 1993 Obstacles 1984 Demolitions 1988 Minelaying 1982 Breaching Minefields & Other Explosive Obstacles 1995 Gap Crossing in Combat Zone 1979 Basic Bridging 1981 Classification of Bridges 1994 Water Supply 1981 All Arms Guide to Field Engineering 1983 Bridging Basic Bridging 1981 Medium Girder Bridge 1980 Extra Wide Bailey Bridge Normal Uses 1955 Extra Wide Bailey Bridge Special Construction 1957

INTENTIONALLY BLANK

ii

Section 1. MOBILITY SUPPORT Route Reconnaissance Close Support Bridging General Support Bridging BR 90 General Support Bridging MGB General Support Bridging APB and Overbridging General Support Bridging Wet/ Floating Bridges and Boats Logistic Bridging and Expedient Surfacing Mine Counter Measures Defile and Minefield Lane Marking 2. COUNTER MOBILITY SUPPORT

Page

Section Demolition Stores Demolition Targets Operational Safety Distances Demolition Tasks, Time and Labour 3. SURVIVABILITY SUPPORT

Page 6-2-11 6-2-13 6-2-19 6-2-21

6-1-1 6-1-9 6-1-13 6-1-17 6-1-19 6-1-21

Summary of Protection in TAM Part 2 6-3-1 Field Fortifications Techniques 6-3-3

Water Supply
4.

6-3-9

6-1-27 6-1-29 6-1-31

GENERAL ENGINEER INFORMATION Vehicle Characteristics Measurement and Materials Improvised Measurement Cordage and Anchorages Basic Structures 6-4-1 6-4-11 6-4-15 6-4-19 6-4-23

British Mines and Minelaying Systems 6-2-1 Minefield Design, Reporting and Recording. 6-2-5

iii

INTENTIONALLY BLANK

iv

SECTION 1

MOBILITY SUPPORT

ROUTE RECONNAISSANCE
1.

Purpose . The purpose of the reconnaissance must be clear:

a.

(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) c.

Visibility from enemy positions. Critical points. Temporary bridge or crossing sites. Locations of available resources. Essential repair work.

Tactical Reconnaissance. Tactical reconnaissance may be limited to:

(1) Width (one way/2 way with difficulty, etc). (2) Surface in terms of trafficability having regard to weather at the time. (3) Load capacity (normally governed by bridge MLC).

Technical Reconnaissance. The purpose may be to: (1) Assess the capacity of an existing road. (2) Determine the improvements required to bring it to a particular standard. (3) Prepare a road denial scheme.

2.

b.

However, the following additional information may be required: (1) Location and extent of damage by enemy action. (2) Location and probable extent of mined areas.

Reports. Initial tactical reconnaissance reports are given in the format in TAM Part 1, Section 4 Reports and Returns, followed by an abbreviated technical report if necessary. Technical reports normally consist of 2 parts:
a. The standard NATO route report described in Paragraph 9. b. Technical data for the engineer plan.

6-1-1

3. 4.

NATO System. The NATO system has 2 parts: route classification and road classification. Route Classification. Route classification is the overall classification of the route and consists of 4 elements:
a. b. Minimum width of carriageway (metres). Type: X = All weather. Y = Limited all weather. Z = Fair weather. MLC of the route, defined by its weakest point or section. Restrictions, if any (normally height). 6.

Example. B g s (f?) 3m/5m r (6.2km) (W) denotes a road with limiting factors, steep gradients, rough surface, doubtful foundations, 3m travelled way/5m across shoulders, waterbound macadam, crushed rock or coral, 6.2 km long and subject to flooding. Bridges. Data on bridges is recorded on a trace using the symbols in Paragraph 11. Obstructions . Obstructions are indicated by adding '(Ob)' to the road formula. Details are recorded using the symbols in Paragraphs 11 and 12. The following normally constitute an obstruction:
a. b. c. Overhead clearance less than 4.25m. Reductions in road widths which limit traffic capacity, e.g. craters. Gradients of 7 per cent and over. Curves with less than 30m radius. Fords and ferries. 6-1-2

7.

c. d.

Example. 10.5/X/60/4 refers to an all weather, Cl 60 route, carriageway width 10.5 m with a height restriction of 4m.
5.

Road Classification. Each section of road is classified using a 6-part formula. The elements of the formula are given in Paragraph 10.

d. e.

8.

Route Restriction Overlay . Data should be recorded during the reconnaissance on an overlay (example below).
ROUTE RESTRICTION OVERLAY BLUE ROUTE

Notes: (i) (ii) Record the scale, and GRs of important points. Use the symbols in Para 11 and 12 to record features in their correct locations, adding GR if necessary. Other facts may be recorded by the side of the location.

D C

GR 567890

25 47

4m C B
Map Sheet: Chichester and the Downs Sheet 197, 1:50 000

4m

10-14% 6m B A 10m

9.

NATO Route Report. Route classification reports are made in the format overleaf which may also be used for other technical reports.

6m

30 4.5m

43 3.5m 26 4m 5m

41 18

A GR 123456

5m

6-1-3

To . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(HQ ordering reconnaissance) From . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(Rank, name, unit) Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(Country, scale, sheet no) Date/Time Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(Of signature) General Information.
1.

4.

Weather (to include last rainfall if known) ............

5. 6.

NATO Route Classification .................... Road Formula

a. Section A ..................... From GR .......... to GR ..........

Road:
a. From ......................... to .......................... b. b. From ......................... to ......................... etc. 7.

Section B .................... etc. From GR .......... to GR ..........

2. 3.

Road marking ................... (Civil or military). Date/Time of reconnaissance ..................

Shoulders (type and whether usable in an emergency) .........................

6-1-4

8.
Ser

Obstructions:
Particulars Grid ref Rd Sect Obstruction Details (e) Existing MLC (f) Recommendations for upgrade (g) Manpower Transport Plant Resources Time Upgrade MLC (m)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(h)

(i)

(j)

(k)

(l)

9.

Enclosures. Overlays, maps, sketches, calculations, works programme, job priority list, detailed drawings, resources. (These are as required).
Signature .......................

6-1-5

10.
Ser (a) 1

Symbols for Road Classification Formula.

Element of Formula (b) Prefix Symbol (c) A B Meaning (d) No limiting factors One or more limiting factors Radius less than 25m Gradients of 7 percent or over Inadequate or blocked drainage Unstable, loose or easily displaced Likely to reduce convoy speed Likely to cause heavy veh to skid or drag towards roadside Indeterminate or doubtful conditions expressed with ? and (), e.g (f?)

(a) h 3 4 a b c d

(b) Shoulders Width Construction material Type X route Type X route Type X route Type X or Y route

(c) ?m/?m

(d) No symbol but written reports should specify. Width travelled way/ width including shoulders

2 a b c d e f g

Limiting factors: Sharp curves Steep gradients Poor drainage Weak foundations Rough surface Excessive camber superelevation Doubtful conditions

'c' 'g' 'd' 'f' 's' 'j' ?

'k' 'kb' 'p' 'rb'

e f g

Type Y route Type Y route Type Y or Z route

'r' 'l' 'nb'

Concrete Bituminous or asphaltic concrete Paving brick or stone Bitumen penetrated macadam, waterbound macadam with superficial asphalt or tar cover Waterbound macadam, crushed rock or coral Gravel or lightly metalled Bituminous surface treatment on natural earth, stabilised soil, sand-clay etc.

6-1-6

(a) h i

(b) Type Z route

(c) 'n' 'b'

(d) Natural earth, stabilised soil, sandclay, shell, cinders etc Bituminous construction. To be used alone only when type of bituminous construction cannot be determined. Various other types not mentioned above Length of section may be added if desired Symbol at end of formula indicates existence of obstruction (see paragraph 7) Regular, recurrent and serious snow blockage Regular flooding which impedes traffic

11.
25m

Route Reconnaissance Conventional Signs.

Sharp curve (radius in feet or metres) Steep grade, arrows point up hill,grade in percent (length of arrows may show length of grade when scale allows) Constriction (width in feet or metres) Arch constriction (width [left] and height [right] in feet or metres) Underpass constriction (width [left] and height [right] in feet or metres)

>14% 10-14% 7-10% 4m

4m 5m

3.5m 4m

j 5 6a Length: Obstructions:

'v' (?km) (Ob)

Bypass - easy

Bypass - difficult

Bypass - impossible

b c

Snow Flooding

(T) (W)

Level crossing

6-1-7

3.5m 30 6m 3.6m

Bridge. Classification (top segment) overhead clearance [left] width (underneath) length [right] Limit of sector

12.

Conventional Symbols for Roads.

ROAD SYMBOLS TYPE OF ROAD All weather road hard surface non frost susceptible SPECIFICATIONS With reasonable maint passable all year to unlimited volume of traffic With reasonable maint kept open in all weather but sometimes only to a limited volume of traffic Becomes quickly impassable in adverse weather, cannot be kept open by maint short of reconstruction. limited volume of traffic

(B2019)

Civil or Military Route Design Notation All weather road loose or light surface locally frost susceptible

Cover (deciduous [left] evergreen [right])

Cover (woods) (deciduous [left] evergreen [right]). Arrow denotes possibility of driving off the road A/Y 6 25 1.0/x 2.5/G/0.4 Ferry. Type and seasonal limitations [top]. Capacity [centre]. Crossing width [bottom] A=Automobile P=Passenger Ford. Current velocity m/s and seasonal limitations [top]. Width. Nature of bottom. Depth [bottom]. Approach easy [left]. Exit difficult [right]

Fair weather road without surface or lightly metalled

13.

Further Information. Further information on roads is given in ME, Vol II Pam 8A and Vol V Part 1.

6-1-8

CLOSE SUPPORT BRIDGING

1.

Chieftain AVLB. comprises:

a.

The Chieftain AVLB system

The Chieftain Bridgelayer, FV4205 (See Section 4). No 10 (22 m) Bridge, MLC 70, span 20.5 m. No 10 (26 m) Bridge, MLC 70, span 24.5 m (See Paragraph 7). No 11 (16 m) Bridge, MLC 70, span 14.5 m. No 12 (13.5 m) Bridge, MLC 70, span 12.0 m (See Paragraph 7). Tank Bridge Transporter (See Section 4).

b. c.

d. e.

f.

6-1-9

2.

Combination Bridges. All combinations are MLC 70. Maximum depth of water on wet sites must be known. It is essential for safety reasons for the trafficable surface of the bridge to be above water.
a. b. c. No 10 + No 12 span 26.75 - 33.5m. 2 x No 10 span 32-46m. 3 x No 10 span 52-66m.

e. 5.

Select alternative sites.

Setting Out. Sites for both bridges are marked as shown below. At least 3 pickets are placed on the home bank to indicate the direction of launch and the position at which the launcher must stop.
Stop picket Line up pickets

3. 4.

Trestle. New trestle ISD 2002. Information to follow. Reconnaissance. a. All sites should have straight approaches and exits to avoid tracked vehicles slewing. b. Bankseats: Minimum CBR 8 percent. Max cross slope: No 10 & 12 (to be within 5% (2.8 deg). This is equal to 0.2m over the 4m width of bridge) c. Consider number of vehicles (tracks and wheels) using the site. d. Check dimensions in paragraph 5 plus width and overhead clearance (No 10-15m, No 1214.5m).

L = Length of No 10 or No 12 bridge. d = Gap between angle of repose pegs.

15 2 paces paces

L-d D= 2 + 3.8m where 3.8m is constant and represents the length of AVLB boom. 6-1-10

L-d 2

must be greater than or equal to 0.75 m at both ends of bridge.

b.

Mini Pipe Fascine (MLC 15).

Length Size Weight Transport 4.6 m. diameter 0.55 m (6 pipes). 210 kg. AFV 432 or similar vehicle.

At night the pickets must carry a light: Lining up - Red or Beta light pointing up. Stop - Green or Beta light pointing down. 6.

Fascines.
a.

c.

Maxi Pipe Fascine (MLC 70).

Length Span - 4.6 m. - one fascine 5.0 m gap, 2.5 m deep. - 2 fascines 7.0 m gap. - 2.5t (up to 5t if dirty). - 3 per Chieftain AVRE. - one per CET (operations only). - one per AVRE trailer. d.

Setting Out. Setting out for fascines is the same as that shown in Paragraph 5 except that the fascine stop picket is on the AR.
No more than 2 fascines should be used for one crossing as they become unstable. Sites require additional work to accept light tracked/wheeled vehicles. This may involve trackway or plant.

e.

Weight Transport

6-1-11

RESTRICTED 7.

Chieftain AVLB and BR 90 CSB.

a.

No 10 (26).
No 10 (26) 2 20/11 tonnes/m 7.5 m 7.5 m 24.5 m 5% (2.8 deg) 5% (2.8 deg) 10% (5.7 deg) 2.45 m 0.5 m/sec 54 Km/h (Beaufort scale 6) 108 Km/h (Beaufort scale 10) 72 Km/h (Beaufort scale 8)

Bridge Max/Min ground bearing capacity Min bank support full width of bridge Max bank support full width of bridge Max clear span Max cross slope - home bank Max cross slope - far bank Max longitudinal slope Max difference in far bank seat Max surface water speed Wind speed limitation: Launching/recovery Trafficking Launched and clear of traffic

26.12m

24.5m 2.45m

24.5m
24.37m

b.
13.62m

No 12.
No 12 2 20/11 tonnes/m 7.5 m Complete bridge 12 m 5% (2.8 deg) 5% (2.8 deg) 10% (5.7 deg) 1.45 m 0.5 m/sec 54 Km/h (Beaufort scale 6) 108 Km/h (Beaufort scale 10) 72 Km/h (Beaufort scale 8)

12m 1.15m

12m
11.95m

Bridge Max/Min ground bearing capacity Min bank support full width of bridge Max bank support full width of bridge Max clear span Max cross slope - home bank Max cross slope - far bank Max longitudinal slope Max difference in far bank seat Max surface water speed Wind speed limitation: Launching/recovery Trafficking Launched and clear of traffic

6-1-12

RESTRICTED

GENERAL SUPPORT BRIDGING - BR 90

1.

Bridge Conditions. Br 90 GSB bridge constructions are: (Full details are in AESPS)
32m max untensioned single span

2.

The bridge is carried on bridging vehicles (BVs) and constructed with the ABLE vehicle and a team of 10 men.

3.
44m max tensioned single span

Site Selection. Sites should be straight drive on drive off where possible and have suitable building and off loading areas. Bank seats as level as possible. Minimum CBR 8%. Maximum cross slope 5% ( 0.2m over 4 m width of bridge).
Note that 56m span cannot be constructed by ABLE before a reinforced launch rail is introduced in about 2007.

56m max tensioned single span

4.

62m max floating double span

60m max double span using fixed pier (span A tensioned)

Span A

6-1-13

5.

Main Components.

4m panel 2m hinge panel

2m panel

8m panel

8m ramp panel 4m tensioning panel 2m articulator panel

6-1-14

BR 90 General Support Bridge Design Proforma

Sheet No MLC 1. Measure AR Span AA m Grid Ref Name 2. Select bridge Length (L): Site Name Unit

Edition 7

AA (Round up to nearest even No + 2m = L ______ + 2m = ______

3.

Position Bridge

5.95m 13.3m RW FW F' A' Min 1m Max 6m

WL Min 1m Max 6m A A'A ______ F

F'A' ______

AF ______

4.

Take Levels: FW RW F

Datum A A F

Location Datum Staff Reduced 5.

Vehicle Launch Plane: The launch plane of the vehicle is stated as a percentage and is calculated using the following base formula: ?% R _____________ D High (H) Horizontal Low (L) Bridge on far bank can be anywhere within this area x 100 = _________%

Reduced level at FW (R) Slope in degrees = _______________________ x 100 = Distance from FW to A (D) 6. Select launch envelope: (from Table 1 overleaf) Home bank A

7.

Initial setting of tilt table pins: (from Table 2). Home to far bank readings to be taken from A to F. TABLE 2 Home to far bank height difference Far Bank High Level Far Bank Low ABLE operational mode Up build Normal build Down build Able tilt pin pins requiring removal Rear Front Front Site configaration ____________________________

8. 9.

Select Site Layout: (1 to 4 overleaf) Final Design: Minimum bridge length = Stop postion for ABLE RW from A = Cross slope within 5%

________________ ________________

Remove ABLE tilt pins Level at F within H and L

Front/Rear Yes/No

Yes/No

6-1-15

Select Site Layout 1. Preferred configuration - ABLE and two BVs

TABLE 1 LAUNCH ENVELOPE FOR ABLE AND GSB

Safe angle of respose span (clear span) and launch envelope of bridge (all dims in metres above/below horizontal) 14 (b) L - 1.4 H+0 L - 1.4 H + 0.14 L - 1.4 H + 0.28 L - 1.4 H + 0.42 L - 1.4 H + 0.56 L - 1.4 H + 0.7 L - 1.4 H + 0.84 L - 1.4 H + 0.98 L - 1.4 H + 1.12 L - 1.4 H + 1.26 H + 1.4 L - 1.4 H + 1.4 L - 1.26 H + 1.4 L - 1.12 H + 1.4 L - 0.98 H + 1.4 L - 0.84 H + 1.4 L - 0.7 H + 1.4 L - 0.56 H + 1.4 L - 0.42 H + 1.4 L - 0.28 H + 1.4 L - 1.14 H + 1.4 L-0 16 (c) L - 1.6 H+0 L - 1.6 H + 0.16 L - 1.6 H + 0.32 L - 1.6 H + 0.48 L - 1.6 H + 0.64 L - 1.6 H + 0.8 L - 1.6 H + 0.96 L - 1.6 H + 1.12 L - 1.6 H + 1.28 L - 1.6 H + 1.44 H + 1.6 L - 1.6 H + 1.6 L - 1.44 H + 1.6 L - 1.28 H + 1.6 L - 1.12 H + 1.6 L - 0.96 H + 1.6 L - 0.8 H + 1.6 L - 0.64 H + 1.6 L - 0.48 H + 1.6 L - 0.32 H + 1.6 L - 0.16 H + 1.6 L-0 18 (d) L - 1.8 H+0 L - 1.8 H + 0.18 L - 1.8 H + 0.36 L - 1.8 H + 0.54 L - 1.8 H + 0.72 L - 1.8 H + 0.9 L - 1.8 H + 1.08 L - 1.8 H + 1.26 L - 1.8 H + 1.44 L - 1.8 H + 1.62 H + 1.8 L - 1.8 H + 1.8 L - 1.62 H + 1.8 L - 1.44 H + 1.8 L - 1.26 H + 1.8 L - 1.08 H + 1.8 L - 0.9 H + 1.8 L - 0.72 H + 1.8 L - 0.54 H + 1.8 L - 0.36 H + 1.8 L - 0.18 H + 1.8 L-0 20 (e) L - 2.0 H+0 L - 2.0 H + 0.20 L - 2.0 H + 0.40 L - 2.0 H + 0.6 L - 2.0 H + 0.8 L - 2.0 H + 1.0 L - 2.0 H + 1.2 L - 2.0 H + 1.4 L - 2.0 H + 1.6 L - 2.0 H + 1.8 H + 2.0 L - 2.0 H + 2.0 L - 1.8 H + 2.0 L - 1.6 H + 2.0 L - 1.4 H + 2.0 L - 1.2 H + 2.0 L - 1.0 H + 2.0 L - 0.8 H + 2.0 L - 0.6 H + 2.0 L - 0.4 H + 2.0 L - 0.2 H + 2.0 L-0 22 (f) L - 2.2 H+0 L - 2.2 H + 0.22 L - 2.2 H + 0.44 L - 2.2 H + 0.66 L - 2.2 H + 0.88 L - 2.2 H + 1.1 L - 2.2 H + 1.32 L - 2.2 H + 1.54 L - 2.2 H + 1.76 L - 2.2 H + 1.98 H + 2.2 L - 2.2 H + 2.2 L - 1.98 H + 2.2 L - 1.76 H + 2.2 L - 1.54 H + 2.2 L - 1.32 H + 2.2 L - 1.1 H + 2.2 L - 0.88 H + 2.2 L - 0.66 H + 2.2 L - 0.44 H + 2.2 L - 0.22 H + 2.2 L-0 24 (g) L - 2.4 H+0 L - 2.4 H + 0.24 L - 2.4 H + 0.48 L - 2.4 H + 0.72 L - 2.4 H + 0.96 L - 2.4 H + 1.2 L - 2.4 H + 1.44 L - 2.4 H + 1.68 L - 2.4 H + 1.92 L - 2.4 H + 2.16 H + 2.4 L - 2.4 H + 2.4 L - 2.16 H + 2.4 L - 1.92 H + 2.4 L - 1.68 H + 2.4 L - 1.44 H + 2.4 L - 1.2 H + 2.4 L - 0.96 H + 2.4 L - 0.78 H + 2.4 L - 0.48 H + 2.4 L - 0.24 H + 2.4 L-0 26 (h) L - 2.6 H+0 L - 2.6 H + 0.26 L - 2.6 H + 0.52 L - 2.6 H + 0.78 L - 2.6 H + 1.04 L - 2.6 H + 1.3 L - 2.6 H + 1.56 L - 2.6 H + 1.87 L - 2.6 H + 2.08 L - 2.6 H + 2.34 H + 2.6 L - 2.6 H + 2.6 L - 2.34 H + 2.6 L - 2.08 H + 2.6 L - 1.87 H + 2.6 L - 1.56 H + 2.6 L - 1.3 H + 2.6 L - 1.04 H + 2.6 L - 0.78 H + 2.6 L - 0.52 H + 2.6 L - 0.26 H + 2.6 L-0 28 (i) L - 2.8 H+0 L - 2.8 H + 0.28 L - 2.8 H + 0.56 L - 2.8 H + 0.84 L - 2.8 H + 1.12 L - 2.8 H + 1.4 L - 2.8 H + 1.68 L - 2.8 H + 1.96 L - 2.8 H + 2.24 L - 2.8 H + 2.52 H + 2.8 L - 2.8 H + 2.8 L - 2.52 H + 2.8 L - 2.24 H + 2.8 L - 1.96 H + 2.8 L - 1.68 H + 2.8 L - 1.4 H + 2.8 L - 1.12 H + 2.8 L - 0.84 H + 2.8 L - 0.56 H + 2.8 L - 0.28 H + 2.8 L-0 30 (j) L - 3.0 H+0 L - 3.0 H + 0.3 L - 3.0 H + 0.6 L - 3.0 H + 0.9 L - 3.0 H + 1.2 L - 3.0 H + 1.5 L - 3.0 H + 1.8 L - 3.0 H + 2.1 L - 3.0 H + 2.4 L - 3.0 H + 2.7 H + 3.0 L - 3.0 H + 3.0 L - 2.7 H + 3.0 L - 2.4 H + 3.0 L - 2.1 H + 3.0 L - 1.8 H + 3.0 L - 1.5 H + 3.0 L - 1.2 H + 3.0 L - 0.9 H + 3.0 L - 0.6 H + 3.0 L - 0.3 H + 3.0 L-0

3.15m

BV1

ABLE Vehicle Launch plane (FW to A1)

1.4m

(a) + 10%

5.7m

ABLE

15m

+ 9%
1.4m 5.95m

+ 8% + 7%

BV2

8m

17m RW F
1

+ 6% + 5% + 4%

2. Secondary configuration - restricted site width & two BVs

25/100mm BV ABLE

+ 3%
1.4m 3.15m BV 10m 5.95m

+ 2% + 1%

8m

17m RW F
1

0 - 1%

3. Secondary configuration - restricted site width

25/100mm BV ABLE 5.95m

- 2%
6m

- 3% - 4%
RW F
1

30m

4. Secondary configuration - ABLE & one BV

- 5% - 6%

ABLE

- 7%
1.4m 3.15m BV 10m 5.95m

- 8% - 9%

6-1-16

8m

17m RW F
1

- 10%

GENERAL SUPPORT BRIDGING - MGB

MLC and maximum length of MGBs.
Single Span Single Storey Ser MLC Maximum Length (m) (c) 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 13.4 15.2 17.1 18.9 22.6 Number of Bays (d) 5 5 5 5 7 8 9 10 12 Double Storey Maximum Length (m) (e) 27.4 31.1 32.9 34.8 38.4 42.1 45.7 47.6 49.4(iv) Number of Bays (i) (f) 10 12 13 14 16 18 20 21 22 Double Storey Reinforced Maximum Length (m) (g) 45.7 49.4(iv) Number of Bays (i) (h) 20 22 2 Span (iii) Double Storey Maximum Length (m) (i) Nil Nil 51.2(v) Number of Bays (i) (j) Nil Nil 23 -

(a) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Notes:

(b) 100(W)(ii) 70(T) 60 50 40 30 24 20 16

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)

For Double Storey bridges the length of two ends of bridge (2E) must be added. A few vehicles may have difficulty negotiating the ramps. Restricted to MLC 60. This is the maximum length, limited by the equipment in the bridge sets. Beyond these lengths an additional span is needed. DS MGB only trained on by paragraph, Cdo and Air Mob Sqns.

6-1-17

INTENTIONALLY BLANK

6-1-18

GENERAL SUPPORT BRIDGING - APB AND OVERBRIDGING

1.

Airportable Bridge (APB) (Clear Span). Outline characteristics of clear span APB are given below and for floating APB and APB raft on Page 1-6-2. Further information is in ME Vol II, Pam 7 and detailed building instructions are contained in the User Handbook, Army Code No 60249.
a. b. c. d.

e. f. g.

Maximum Span. Overall length 15.85m, AR span 15.2m. Load Class. MLC 16 irrespective of span. Roadway Width. 3.35 m. Special Loads. The following vehicles may cross the bridge if the special conditions are observed: MWT - MLC 20 CET - MLC 18 FV 432, 433 and 434 - MLC 17-19 Special conditions. Maximum span of 14.02 m. Ramps are evenly seated.

h.

Loads are kept to the bridge centreline. Speed is below 8 kph. Speed. Vehicles MLC 12 and over should not exceed 8 kph. Time/Labour to Build. 30 mins by day. 1 NCO + 16 men. Maximum Slope. 1 in 10 longitudinally and laterally, Transport. Three trailer loads plus a launching set.

2.

MGB Overbridge. a. Deflections. The following table gives the central deflection in mm of simply supported MGB SS bridges under a tracked vehicle of the MLC shown.

6-1-19

b.
Ser No of Bays (b) 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 MLC Dead Load Dead Load + Dead Load + Live Load Live Load (central) (eccentric) (e) 51 83 121 133 190 210 267 324 406 (f) 58 95 140 152(i) 222 241 310 381 495

(a) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

(c) 70(T) 70(T) 40 40 30 24 20 16 16

(d) 15 25 38 51 70 89 108 146 184

Clearance using Wedges. (1) For a 4-bay bridge using wedges at the centre of the bridge - clearance under a live load 110 mm. (2) For a 4-bay bridge using wedges at the ends of the first and third panel clearance under a live load 116 mm.

3.

Heavy Girder Overbridge.

a.

Dimensions:

Length (excl ramps) - 7.62m (max AR span 6.4m) Roadway width - 4.06m Underbridge clearance 75 mm when unloaded 2 x 4t or 8t vehs, or 1 x 14t

b.
Notes: (i) This has not been confirmed by test and may be greater. (ii) The deflection under MLC 100(W) has not been tested but with 4 and 5 bay bridges it should not be greater than that for MLC 70(T).

Transport:

c.

Time and Labour: With a crane - 1 sect 30 mins Without a crane - 2 sects 1 hour
6-1-20

GENERAL SUPPORT BRIDGING - WET/FLOATING BRIDGING AND BOATS

1.

(8) Speed laden Cl 70 ferry c.

2.65 m/s

M3 Bridge and Ferry.

a. b.

M3 Bridge Length.
L = (R x 11.50) - (CC x 5.04) + 8.35 where: R = Number of rigs in bridge. CC = Number of close coupled points.

Land Travel Configuration. See Section 4. Amphibious Operation.

(1) Deck (roadway) width (2) Max bank slope for entry (3) Max vertical drop for entry (4) Draught unladen (5) Draught laden Cl 70 (6) Draught (loading) Cl 70 (7) Draught laden (operating) 4.76 m 29 0.60 m 0.54 m 1.02 m 1.10 m 1.20 m

6-1-21

2. Ser (a) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Floating APB and APB Raft. (See Page 1-5-1)

Detail (b) MLC Deck width Deck length Overall length Bank range Min water depth Max water depth Constr party Constr time Operating crew Transport Floating APB (c) 16 3.35 m min 15.85 m -0.15 m to +1.07 m 0.35m at 5m 5.5 m(ii) 1 + 24 7 tlrs for 31.7 m APB Raft (d) 16(i) 3.35 m 12.2 m 21.9 m -0.15 m to +1.07 m 0.35 m at 5m 1 + 24 1 hr by day 1+8 5 tlrs

Notes:

(i) Following vehs may cross if the special conditions below are observed: MWT (MLC 20), CET (MLC 18), FV 432, 433, 434 (configurations MLC 17-19) Conditions: Deck length increased to 14.63 m Loads keep to the centreline. (ii) Based on the length of anchor cables with the set.

6-1-22

3.

Boats.

Ser (a) 1

Item (b) Recce boat (Avon Redcrest)

Capacity (c) 2 men 5 men as life raft

Dimensions and Carriage (d) Packed: 0.46(diam) x 1.92 m Inflated 2.8 x 1.3 m Weight 18 kg 4.7 x 1.9 m Weight 138 Kg 4.9 x 1.7 m Weight 220 Kg

Remarks (e) Inflatable Paddled

Gemini boat

Assault Boat Mk V

8 fully equipped men or 10 lightly equipped men 2 crew + 10 men

Combat Support Boat

2 Crew

8.2 x 2.49 m Weight 4000 Kg Dedicated trailer

Inflated 25 or 40HP OBM Paddled or 25 HP OBM Draught 0.53 m Draught 0.56 m

6-1-23

Ser (a) 5

Item (b) Rigid Raider Mk 1

Capacity (c) a. 7 fully equipped men + 91 Kg of stores or b. 9 lightly equipped men + 91 Kg of stores or c. 2 crew + 900 Kg of evenly distributed cargo a. b. 2 crew + 8 Men + 680 Kg of cargo or 2 crew + 1000 Kg of cargo or c. Maximum payload 1850 Kg mixed cargo (if using NATO pallet for cargo seats will have to be removed)

Dimensions and Carriage (d) 5.2 x 2.2 m Weight 700 Kg Dedicated trailer. Crib available to tpt on flat bed veh

Remarks (e) Draught 0.84 m 140 HP OBM

Large Rigid Raiding Craft MK 2

8.35 x 2.6 m Weight 1880 Kg Dedicated trailer. Crib available to tpt on flat bed veh

Draught 0.9 m 2 x 140 HP OBM

6-1-24

Ser (a) 7

Item (b) Large Rigid Raiding Craft MK 3

Capacity (c) a. 2 crew + 8 Men + 680 Kg of cargo or b. 2 crew + 1000 Kg of cargo or c. Maximum payload 1900 Kg of mixed cargo (if using NATO pallet for cargo, seats will have to be removed)

Dimensions and Carriage (d) 7.5 x 2.6 m Weight 2100 Kg Dedicated trailer. Crib available for tpt on flat bed veh

Remarks (e) Draught 1.3 m 1 x 220 HP Inboard diesel

Note:

Draughts quoted are craft fully laden engine down. Dimensions are maximum, engines up where applicable.

6-1-25

INTENTIONALLY BLANK

6-1-26

RESTRICTED

LOGISTIC BRIDGING AND EXPEDIENT SURFACING

1.

Extra Widened Bailey Bridge.

Time (hrs) Working Party (e) One tp One tp Two tps One sqn Two tps Two tps One sqn One sqn One sqn Day (f) 5 7 9 12 5 7 10 16 30 Ni (g) 10 11 18 24 9 12 20 28 60 Notes: (i) (ii) (iii) Bridges over MLC 80 can be built using chord reinforcement. Each bay of bridge is 10 feet (3.048 m) long. The maximum span that can support Challenger on transporter is 13 bays TDR. Roadway width is 4.2 m. Tp working strength should be minimum 1 + 48. Timings assume reasonable conditions of ground and weather and no enemy interference.

Ser

MLC

Max Span for Type of Construction (c) SS 15.2 m 5 bays DS 24.4 m 8 bays TS 33.5 m 11 bays DD 39.6 m 13 bays DS 15.2 m 5 bays TS 21.3 m 7 bays DD 24.4 m 8 bays DT 33.5 m 11 bays TT 45.7 m 15 bays

Qty 4t Vehs (d) 10 14 21 28 13 17 21 31 61

(a) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

(b) 30 30 30 30 80 80 80 80 80

(iv) (v) (vi)

6-1-27

2.

Trackway.
a.

b.

Class 70 Trackway.
(1) Dimensions. Roll 15 m long, 4.5 m wide. (2) Laying. Usually laid by an AVRE, but can be laid by CET and by hand. (3) Time to Lay. With mechanical aid, one roll 4 mins by 4 men. By hand 1 NCO + 10 men, 30 min by day, 60 min by night. (4) Weight. (Clean) One roll 2.4 t. (5) Use. May be used by MLC 70(T) and 100(W) vehicles.

Class 30 Trackway.
(1) Dimensions. Roll 32 m long, 3.4 m wide. (2) Laying. Usually dispensed from a spool on a 4t veh. (3) Time to Lay. 5 mins by 5 men, but longer if it has to be secured to the ground. (4) Weight. (Clean) Loaded spool 3.3t.

6-1-28

MINE COUNTER MEASURES (See ME Vol II Pam 6 for detailed information) (See TAM Part 2 Section 5).
1.

2.

Action on Encountering Mines. a. STOP all movement. b. WARN other tps in vicinity. c. REPORT up and down the chain of command. d. ASSESS the situation and CLASSIFY. e. ACT on your assessment. f. ASSESSMENT: Surface laid (SCATMIN?: self-destruct anti-handling) or buried. Mission critical: carry on and accept casualties or use engr eqpt. Mission non-critical: use engr eqpt (if avail) or await help or extract (look, feel, prod). CLASSIFY (see TAM Part 2, Page 518-6). Minefield Reconnaissance Patrol. a. RE element. 1 Offr or NCO + 2 sprs. b. Stores: Prismatic compass. Fish line and pegs. Mine markers.

51.

Short prodders. Mine detector. Trip wire feelers. Wire cutters. Safety pins for mines. Anti-mine visor. Hand Clearance. (See TAM Part 2, Page 5-18-6). a. Basic Data. (1) Setting out party. NCO + 2. 90m/hr. (2) Basic breaching party. NCO + 5. 60m/hr. (3) Parties work a minimum of 20m apart. (4) Pulling party. NCO + 3. Remove mines by: (a) Pulling, disarming/neutralising and then moving, or, (b) Destroy in-situ with explosive charge.
Note: In extreme circumstances surface laid mines may be disrupted or destroyed with small arms fire (greater than 5.56 mm) but this is not a

reliable method.

6-1-29

b.

Stores Check List. (1) Mine detectors. (2) Mine prodders. (3) Prismatic compass. (4) Wire cutters. (5) Pliers. (6) Safety pins/25 mm nails. (7) Nails 150 mm. (8) Tape tracing. (9) Winders, tape. (10) Pickets, A/l 1.8 m. (11) Sledgehammer/picket driver. (12) Mine markers. (13) Pulling cable. (14) Markers, minefield, perimeter. (15) Markers, minefield, safe lane. (16) Markers, defile, illuminated (beta lights). (17) Dannert wire. (18) Wire for safe lane fences. (19) Anti-mine visors.

4.

Mine Plough (Full Width Attachment). a. Mounted on AVRE. b. Cleared lane 3.8 m wide with uncleared one metre wide central strip. Full width attachment in the centre allows complete 3.8 m to be cleared. c. Depth to bottom of blade 200 mm. d. Speed 4 to 6 km/hr. e. Maximum slope 20 degrees. Python. a. Trailer details, see Section 4. b. Hose box, 2160 kg (1.5t explosive). c. Effective length 180 to 200 m. d. Firing vehicle, AVRE, CET, MBT or similar vehicle with 24 volt system. e. Clears 90% single impulse blast susceptible mines in 8m wide lane. f. Use plough in combination when possible with plough tank straddling furrow. g. Crossing vehicles straddle furrow. h. Lane repair may be necessary for wheeled vehicles. i. Allow 50% reserve of Python equipment.
6-1-30

5.

DEFILE AND MINEFIELD LANE MARKING

1.

Defile Marking System.

Illuminated wheel signs fixed beneath route markers

Markers, minefield, safe lane, with Beta arrows or green or white lights at night

Illuminated wheel signs

HE

EL

RO

UT

ES

HE

EL

RO

UT

ES

TRACK ROUTES
APPROACH TRACKS

D E F I L E

TRACK ROUTES

Entrance lights

Exit lights

30m approx
Illuminated track signs

LINING UP BOX
Illuminated tracksigns fixed beneath route markers

6-1-31

2.

Safe Lane Maximum Marking.

50m

MINEFIELD

ENE

Red triangles at 10-50m spacing 30m

MY

Signal cable

70m Cleared area for unexploded mines from the safe lane 8m
LA NE

SA

FE

Picket Tape or scrim

MINEFIELD

Dannert coils continued at least 50 m from four corners 70m

Lane maintainance stores dump located near safe lane entrance

6-1-32

SECTION 2

COUNTER MOBILITY SUPPORT

(This chapter covers mines and demolitions. Other non-explosive obstacles are included in Tam Part 2 Section 5)

BRITISH MINES AND MINELAYING SYSTEMS

1. Ser (a) 1

Anti-tank Mines.
Mine (b) Barmine Length 1.2m Width 110mm Height 80mm Weight 10.4 kg Packing (c) 4 mines per bundle, 18 bundles (72 mines) per pallet (weight 900kg) Arming (d) Disarming/Neutralising (e)

Pressure fuze 1. Remove safety pin. 2. Turn arming lever 90o clockwise. Add-on-fuzes 1. Remove safety pins. 2. Move arming lever No 1 to armed position.

Disarm pressure fuze 1. Turn arming lever 90o anti-clockwise. 2. Insert safety pin. Neutralise add-on fuzes a. If both arming levers in armed position: 1. Move arming lever No 1 to safe position. 2. Move arming lever No 2 to safe position. 3. Wire lock arming levers in safe positions. b. If either arming lever not fully armed see user handbook.
6-2-1

(a) 2

(b) Mk 7 mine Diameter 330mm Height 127mm Weight 13.6 kg No 5 Fuze

(c) Two mines per wooden box. 30 boxes (60 mines) per pallet (weight 1114 kg)

(d)

(e)

No 5 Fuze 1. Unscrew mine cap. 2. Remove fuze safety clip. 3. Insert fuze. 4. Replace cap.

No 5 Fuze Reverse arming procedure

28 fuzes in a steel ammunition box Clipped in pairs with domed metal covers. 24 pairs (48 mines) per pallet (weight 504kg) 1. Remove split pin. 2. Pull key across rubber cover and lift to vertical, ensuring sleeve slips down into position. 3. Turn key 90o clockwise. 4. Withdraw key.

Non-metallic mine L3A1 Diameter 266mm Height 145mm Weight 7.5 kg

Disarm Reverse arming procedure

AT2 Diameter 103 mm Height 165 mm Weight 2.22 kg

Scatterable mine emplaced by MLRS. Laid life 3 to 96 hrs. Self destructs. Cannot be disarmed or neutralised. Anti-handling device. 6-2-2

(a) 5

(b) Volcano L35A1 Diameter 127mm Height 83 mm Weight 1.6 kg

(c) 6 mines per tube. 120 tubes per launcher plus 80 tubes for reload on the vehicle

(d) (e) Scatterable mine dispensed from Shielder. Laid life 4 hr, 48 hr or 15 days set at launch. Self destructs. Cannot be disarmed or neutralized. Integral anti-handling system.

2.
Ser 1

Other Devices.
Device Claymore Body: Width 213mm Height 82.5mm Thickness 35mm Weight 1.5kg Height on legs 171mm Packing One Claymore and accessories in a bandolier. Six bandoliers in a box. (Weight 24.1kg) Arming See instruction sheet with each claymore. Disarming/Neutralizing See instruction sheet with each claymore.

Note:

Claymore must only be command detonated.

6-2-3

3.

Barmine Layer.
a. a. b.

Capabilities.
Description 1 x pass by 1 x Shielder laying a panel 50 150m deep. 1 x pass by 2 x Shielder laying two panels within depth required. Frontage The frontage for both types of minefield is: a. Light density 1350m b. Medium density 450m c. Heavy density 250m

Laying Rate. Planning figure 200 mines per hour. Laying Depth. All fuzes except AD - 80mm. AD fuze - 130mm. Depth to bottom of furrow. Towbar Positions.
Towing vehicle hook height 250-600mm 600-900mm 350-700mm Typical vehicle FV 432 4 or 8t

Minefield type Hasty

c.

Position Straight Cranked up Offset

Deliberate

4.

Shielder. Vehicle Launched Scatterable Mine System (VLSMS). Dispensing system for the Volcano mine. Capable of dispensing 720 mines in 5 mins dependant on terrain and minefield density.
6-2-4

MINEFIELD DESIGN, REPORTING AND RECORDING

1.

c.

Heavy Minefield. 50 percent General Stopping Power. Example content:

Three rows of barmines with AD fuzes. Two rows of barmines with FWAM (E) fuzes. Two rows of barmines with FWAM (M) fuzes.

Minefield Design.
a.

Light Minefield. 10 percent General Stopping Power. Example content:

Two rows of barmines with FWAM (E) fuzes. One row of barmines with FWAM (M) fuzes.

b.

Medium Minefield. 25 percent General Stopping Power. Example content:

One row of barmines with AD fuzes. Two rows of barmines with FWAM (E) fuzes. Two rows of barmines with FWAM (M) fuzes.

6-2-5

2. Ser (a) 1

Minelaying Reports.
Report (i) (b) Intention to lay Initiator (c) Unit or formation intending to lay a a minefield Sent to (d) Next higher formation Details included (e) 1. Type of minefield. 2. Types of mine. 3. GRs of corners of field and locs of gaps and lanes. 4. Duration of minefield. 5. Estimated start and completion times. 1. Time started. 2. ETC. 3. Changes from intention to lay report. 1. Time completed. 2. Marking of lanes Details of change

Start of laying

Laying unit

Next higher formation

3 4 Notes:

Completion (ii) Change

Laying unit Formation or unit ordering change.

Formation ordering laying Those concerned

(i) Reports are sent in the format directed by formation HQ. (ii) AF W4017 must be completed in addition to sending the completion report. 6-2-6

3.

Setting out Pickets.

Light Row sign
White tape

Light

White tape

White tape wound around picket

Three paces

Three paces

a. Start laying.

b. Intermediate.

c. Change direction.

d. Warning.

Enemy approach

Enemy approach

Tape

e. Stop laying.

f. Stop laying but continue ploughing.

g. Last mine in the ground unarmed. 6-2-7

4.

Mine Row Markers.

Notes: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Largest dimension of sign 0.3 m. Signs coloured on one side only.

Ser (a) 1 2

Row (b) A B C D E F G

Sign (c)

Colour (d) Yellow White Red Yellow Blue Red White

Signs drilled to take 14 gauge wire. If more than 7 rows repeat from row A. The use of these signs is optional. 3 4 5 6 7

(v)

6-2-8

5. Notes: (i)

Safety Distances.

ENEMY
+ + + +
Minimum 2m I1 Minimum 15m
I2

Perimeter markers at between 10 and 50 m.

Minimum 15m (when handlaying)

8m for vehicles

Minimum 2m

Minimum 8m (when laying mechanically)

D1

+
E1 Minimum 2m

+
6-2-9

+ +

Minimum 2m

+
A1 B1 C1

MINEFI ELD LA NE

INTENTIONALLY BLANK

6-2-10

DEMOLITION STORES
1.
Explosives and Accessories. The main service items are listed below. Full details are given in ME Vol II Pam 4.

Ser (a) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Item (b) PE 4 CD L3A1 CD Sheet Explosive No 2 CD Necklace L1A1 Charge Linear Cutting RCK L25A2 RBD Charges a. Conical L7A1 b. Underbridge L11A1 c. Overbridge L12A1 Expl Cutting Tape

Description /Packing/Remarks (c) 0.23 kg cartridge. 175 mm long. 35 mm diam. 10 cartridges per carton. 4 cartons (9.2 kg) per wooden box. 6 slabs of PE4 in metal container. Each slab 0.9 kg. 25 x 50 x 50 mm. 2 containers per carrier. Sheets 0.57 kg. 465 x 250 x 3 mm. 40 sheets per wooden box. 5 x CD 14 (Hayrick). Each CD14, 9.3 kg. 241 x 133 x 254 mm. One set in steel box. Two metre lengths with 25, 40, 80, 100, 120 or 180 g/m explosive. Kit of 1 x 8 .5 kg conical charge and 2 x 9.8 kg bags of HE in steel box. Diam 256 mm, height 362 mm, weight 17.6 kg. Length 282 mm, width 240 mm, height 375 mm, weight 26.5 kg. Length 473 mm, width 380 mm, height 490 mm, weight 100 kg. Two metre lengths with 100, 240, 450 or 1150 gm explosive.

6-2-11

Ser (a) 9

Item (b) Firing Device Kit Demolition Grip L41A4 Fuze Safety L1A2 Cord Detonating L4A1 Detonator Demolition L1A1 Demolition Remote Firing Device Platform Access Under Bridge

Description /Packing/Remarks (c) Tin contains 1 x Firing Device Demolition Grip and 4 x initiators Flash. 15 tins per metal box, 2 boxes per metal carrier, initiators Flash also supplied separately 7 per tin. Colour black but other types different colours. 8m per package, 10 packages per metal box, 300 mm burns between 36 and 44 secs. Colour grey but other types different colours. 150 m per reel, 1 reel per metal box, 2 metal boxes plus clips and seals per wooden box. 5 in polythene pack, 25 packs per metal base H82. One transmitter in L17A1 ammunition container. Two receivers in L17A1 ammunition container. Code plugs handled as classified items. Line of sight range 2 kms. Single span 12.4 m. Double span 24.8 m.

10 11 12 14

15

6-2-12

DEMOLITION TARGETS
1.

4.

Bridge Demolition. The economical demolition of some bridges is complicated. The techniques given below are simplified and may be wasteful. Wherever possible ME Vol II Pam 4 should be consulted. Demolition Priorities. a. Priority 1. Create a gap of at least 25 metres. b. Priority 2. In the following order: (1) Crater and mine the home abutment. (2) Mine likely adjacent bridging sites. (3) Crater and mine the enemy approaches. (4) Destroy piers. Conditions for a Successful Demolition. a. Condition 1. A collapse mechanism must be formed, either: (1) A see-saw mechanism, or (2) A beam mechanism, or (3) A member-without-support mechanism. b. Condition 2. The collapse mechanism must be free to move under its own weight to create the desired gap.

2.

3.

Demolition Techniques. Bridges must be categorised into one of the 4 groups below and attacked as described: a. Simply Supported Steel Bridges. One angled attack cutting between 1/3 and midspan. Deck cut across its entire width. Beams and trusses above and below deck level cut at 70o to the horizontal at the location of the deck cut. b. Simply Supported Concrete Bridges. Cut between 1/3 and midspan using 2 parallel cuts not less than 1.5 x deck thickness apart. Any metal or concrete balustrades to be cut as Sub-paragraph a. c. Concrete Portals, Masonary Arches and all Spandrel Bridges. Two cuts spaced to create the required gap. d. All continuous bridges. At least 2 cuts in adjacent spans, located so that the distances from the cuts to the pier which separate them are in the proportion of at least 1:1.25.

6-2-13

5.

Bridge Categorisation a. Identification. (1) If simply supported see Sub-paragraph b. (2) If continuous see Sub-paragraph c. (3) If uncertain treat as continuous. (4) If neither, e.g suspension, attack from first principles. b. Simply Supported.
SIMPLY SUPPORTED

c.

Continuous.

CONTINUOUS
CONCRETE STEEL MASONARY ARCH

ARCH

PORTAL

CANTILEVER

BEAM/TRUSS

BOWSTRING

CONCRETE SLAB/BEAM

STEEL TRUSS

STEEL BEAM

SOLID SPANDREL OPEN SPANDREL

CANTILEVER AND SUSPENDED SPAN

DECK BRIDGE

THROUGH BRIDGE

WITH SHORT SIDE SPAN WITHOUT SHORT SIDE SPAN

NORMAL

REINFORCED

BOTTOM SUPPORT

TOP SUPPORT

FIXED FOOTING

PINNED FOOTING

6-2-14

6.

Bridge Reconnaissance Measurements.

a.

Simply Supported Bridges.

b.

Continuous Bridges.

L
E1 L E2

LS1

E = E1 + E2 LS = LS1 + LS2 2

LS2

Notes: (1) Record all information required for AFW 4012. (2) Record dimension of all members to be cut. (3) Value H in continuous bridges required only for arch and portal bridges.

6-2-15

7. Ser (a) 1

Targets other than Bridges.

Target (b) Roads Method (c) Use craters or mined charges at: (1) Bridge approaches. (2) Hillsides. Aim to blow away the road. (3) Embankments. Select sites where by-pass is difficult. (4) Cutting. Avoid if possible. (5) Culverts. Tamping needed. Aim to destroy the road or drainage system. Use falling block obstacles when available. In towns use rubble and mines. In woods fell trees and use mines. Attack the lining with small mined charges for a length of 15-25 m

(a) (b) 3 Airfields

(c) Crater runway so that maximum undamaged length is 500 metres. Contaminate aviation fuels stocks with water, gasoline or fire extinguisher foam. Damage pumping system. Cut rails and remove 6 metres of straight line or 3 metres on the outside of a curve. Crater the track. Wooden buildings - burn. Houses - use concussion charge. Large buildings - cut supporting walls and pillars. Perhaps cut one side only and tilt the building. Attack a large central core with borehole charges to destroy reinforcement.

Railways

Buildings

Tunnels

6-2-16

8. (a) 6

Continued.
(b) Guns (c)

(a) 9 Block the barrel and then fire a round, or place a PE charge behind the blockages. 0.34 kg for 30 mm bore. 2.0 kg for 76 mm bore 3.5 kg for 100 mm bore Destroy the gun sights. Detonate 10 kg inside the hull, or place charge under the gun mantlet. Destroy the gun. Perhaps set the AFV on fire. Use a sledgehammer on radiator and ignition system. Detonate 0.5 kg PE on the cylinder head. Fire the veh.

(b) POL Installations

(c) Rupture tanks and ignite fuel within bund walls. Attack valves and exposed piping. Attack jerrycans with GPMG. Contamination by cross mixing fuel is not recommended except for aviation fuel. Initiate shells individually, unless containing lyddite or TNT when bulk detonation possible. Soak SAA in gasoline and burn. Bulk HE can be burnt (wartime only). Dragons teeth - breaching charge Massive walls - breaching charge Light walls - cutting charge Pill boxes - concussion charge

10 Ammunition

AFVs

B Vehs

11 Concrete obstacles

6-2-17

INTENTIONALLY BLANK

6-2-18

RESTRICTED

OPERATIONAL SAFETY DISTANCES

1.

Safety Distances Against Injury (operational use only). Distances in metres at which injury may be expected from an explosion in the open.
Injury from blast Wt of Safe if Ear Serious Deaths expl protected damage injury possible (kg) against possible possible debris (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (b) 10 15 25 35 45 65 90 140 190 (c) 25 30 30 35 40 45 50 55 65 (d) 15 17 20 20 20 25 30 30 35 (e) 8 9 11 12 12 14 18 20 20 (f) 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 10 10

(a) 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Notes: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

(b) 250 350 450 700 900 1100 1300

(c) 75 80 85 100 105 115 120

(d) 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

(e) 20 25 25 30 30 35 35

(f) 15 15 20 20 25 25 25

Ser

(a) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Distance at which men are safe provided they have adequate protection from fragments and debris. Distance up to which men suffer acute aural discomfort and possibly some ear damage. Distance up to which there is likelihood of ear injury and possibility of more serious injury. Distance up to which men may sustain serious but probably not fatal injury and there is danger of fatalities by blast pressure or displacement. 6-2-19

2.

Safety Distances Against Damage. Distances in metres at which damage to property may be expected from an explosion in the open.
Damage to property Wt of Houses Houses Minor 50% expl destroyed badly house glass (kg) damaged damage broken (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (b) 10 15 25 35 45 65 90 140 190 250 350 450 (c) 10 15 15 20 25 30 (d) 10 10 15 20 25 30 35 45 50 (e) 10 15 20 20 25 35 40 55 65 85 105 120 (f) 23 35 45 55 65 85 105 140 165 215 260 300

(a) 13 14 15 16

(b) 700 900 1100 1300

(c) 40 45 50 60

(d) 65 80 90 100

(e) 150 180 200 230

(f) 390 460 520 570

Ser

(a) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Notes: (i) Average distance up to which houses are badly damaged and require demolition. (ii) Average distance up to which houses are rendered uninhabitable. Extensive repairs necessary. (iii) Average distance up to which minor house damage occurs. (iv) Average distance up to which 50% of the glass is broken. 10% may be broken up to 3 times the distance.

6-2-20

DEMOLITION TASKS - TIME AND LABOUR ESTIMATES.

Ser (a) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Task (b) Prepare a bridge over a major river (100m) for demolition Cut one span of a bridge over a river or canal using RDD steel Cut the span of a masonry or concrete arch bridge Cut one span of a reinforced concrete slab and girder bridge Prepare one bridge abutment using camouflet equipment Destroy a pier using a pier footing charge Crater a road using 3 measle shafts, and mine the debris Crater a road using camouflet, 3 craters plus mines in debris Manpower (c) 1 Fd Tp 1 Fd Sect 1 Fd Sect 2 Fd Sect 1 Fd Sect 1 Fd Sect 1 Fd Sect 1 Fd Sect Time (d) 4-5 hr 2-3 hr 4-6 hr 4 hr 2 hr 1 hr 1 hr 3 hr 10 Anti tank mines per crater group As Serial 7 With power tools A 2 stage attack may be required if RBD are not used Remarks

(e)

6-2-21

Ser (a) 9 10 11 12 13 14

Task (b) Crater a road using RCK, 3 craters plus mines in debris Tree felling and mining to make a road block Prepare a pylon using PE4 cartridges Destroy 4 Dragons Teeth Prepare a 2 storey building using concussion charges Build the Platform Access Under Bridge

Manpower (c) 1 Fd Sect 1 Fd Sect 1 Fd Sect 1 Fd Sect 1 Fd Sect 1 Fd Sect

Time (d) 1 hr 2 hr 0.5 hr 0.5 hr 1 hr 0.75 hr

Remarks

(e)
As Serial 7

Depending on the number of apertures to be blocked

6-2-22

RESTRICTED

SECTION 3

SURVIVABILITY SUPPORT
(8) MILAN Battle Trench (based on 4 Man Battle Trench Type A). (9) MILAN Battle Trench (with Chatham Arch OHP). (10) Emplacement for 81mm mortar. (11) Field shelter: (a) Time and labour to erect a field shelter. (b) Packaging of a field shelter. Packaging of defence stores. Protective slots for A vehicles. House prepared for defence.

SUMMARY OF PROTECTION IN TAM PART 2.

1. Details of the following are in TAM Part 2 Section 5: a. b. Protective thicknesses of materials. Digging. (1) Stages. (2) Explosive digging. (3) LWT digging. Battle Trenches - standard dimensions. Standard designs for field fortifications. (1) 2 and 4 Man Battle Trench (using KIP) (2) Revetment using CGI/SHS. (3) Overhead cover using CGI/SHS. (4) 2 Man Battle Trench. (5) 4 Man Battle Trench Type A. (6) 4 Man Battle Trench Type B. (7) GPMG (SF) firing platform (based on 4 Man Battle Trench Type A).

c. d.

e. f. g.

6-3-1

INTENTIONALLY BLANK

6-3-2

FIELD FORTIFICATIONS TECHNIQUES

1.

Sandbagging. Filled sandbag is 500mm x 250mm x 125mm. 64 sandbags required for a m3. Sandbag constructions to be well compacted and bonded.
Joints are broken and chokes not shown

Headers

Stretchers

Courses 1,3,5 etc.

(1)

Face of wall. a. Bonding of sandbags.

(2)

Courses 2,4,6 etc. Corners.

b. Sandbag blast walls.

Ref: ME Vol II Pam No.2 Field Fortifications Pages: 1-22 to 1-26

6-3-3

2.

Revetment.

6-8 strands of wire windlassed tight

Wire pulling at right angles to the picket

0.30m

Anchor picket at an angle to the pull

Not less than twice the depth of the trench (2.7m min)

0.45m

b. a. CGI and picket revetment.

Sandbag revetment. Not vertical. Bags at right angles to wall. 6-3-4

Notes: (i) (ii)

Ref: ME Vol II Pam No.2 Field Fortifications Pages: 1-8 to 1-13

3.

Breastwork.

1.50m min

Anchor wire minmum 8 strands 14 SWG windlassed before earth is thrown up above this level

1.50m min Slope 4/1

h __ 4

Slope 4/1

Brushwood, CGI etc

GL 0.45m min

GL Slope 4/1

> 2h

a.
Ref:

Sandbag and earth breastwork.

b.

Earth breastwork and skin revetment. 6-3-5

ME Vol II Pam No.2 Field Fortifications Pages: 8-4 to 8-6

4.

Defensive Work in Sand or Loose Material.

Stage 1 Sand falling away at an approximate slope of 1/1 Stage 2

Slope 4/1 Back fill of compacted sand

Stage 3

Ref:

ME Vol II Pam No.2 Field Fortifications Pages: 8-2 to 8-3

6-3-6

5.

Drains and Soakaways.

Section A - A

Slope
Pit not less than 300mm cube
Slope Shelter bay

A Fire bay

Large stones at bottom

a.

Drainage sump.

b. Catch water drain.

Ref:

ME Vol II Pam No.2 Field Fortifications Pages: 1-27 to 1-30

6-3-7

INTENTIONALLY BLANK

6-3-8

WATER SUPPLY
1.

Yield Tests.
a.

lake 'd' (m) and measure the depth 'h' (m) one quarter of the way across. Volume of water = 0.75 d2h cubic metres. Multiply by 1000 to give capacity in litres. d.

Wells. Lower the water level by pumping and measure the time taken to refill.
Approximate yield = 780 hd 2 t Where t d h = time to refill in minutes = diameter of well in metres = height in metres water level raised in time t 3. litres/minute 2.

Springs. Test the flow by timing the fill of a vessel of known capacity.

pH and Residual Chlorine Levels. For potable water:

pH between 5 and 9.2 but see Paragraph 3.c. Test using Universal Indicator Paper. Residual chlorine level - 5 mg/l or as directed by Med. Test using Checkit.

b.

Rivers. Tents are not necessary for large rivers. For small rivers and streams, obtain the cross-sectional area 'A' (m2) of the river by measuring the width, and depth at 3 or 4 places across its width. Measure the surface velocity 'V' (m/sec) in the centre of the river.
Yield = 48,000 VA litres/minute Lakes. Estimate the average diameter of the

Sedimentation.
a.

When. Use sedimentation when the filter of the purification unit has to be backflushed frequently or if the filtered water is too cloudy and always when the WPU(S) is used. Timing. With alum added 1 to 6 hours, without 6 to 8 hours. Planning time 4 hours.

b. c.
Ref:

ME Vol II Pam No.9 Water Supply Pages: 3-5 to 3-6 and 5-5 to 5-12

6-3-9

c.

Acidity. For a floc to form with Alum, pH value should be in range 7.0 to 8.0. If too acid (below 7.0) add slaked lime; if too alkaline (above 8.0) add more alum. Allow about 15 minutes for floc to form. Test for pH value with Universal Indicator Paper. Quantities.
Dosage required

4.

Sterilisation.
a.

d.

Fixed Dose Chlorination. Use 1g of 65% Calcium Hypochlorite per 100 litres of water. Wait at least 30 minutes (60 minutes in cold weather). Test using CHECKIT aiming for a residual chlorine level of 5 mg/litre and Universal Indicator Strip for pH between 5 and 9.2. If more chlorine is needed add doses of 0.25 g per 100 litres. Variable Dosing. Aim for residual chlorine level of 5 mg/l and test using Checkit. Detasting. Use 1 tablet per 100 litres. Mix just before use.

Type and effective Ser capacity of tank

Chemical

g (approx)

cups

b.
(e)
1 1

(a)
1 2 3

(b)
Small collapsible tank (SCT) 1550 l Large collapsible tank (LCT) 8000 l Per 10,000 litres

(c)
Crushed alum Slaked lime Crushed alum Slaked lime Crushed alum Slaked lime

(d)
100 50 500 250 600 300

/2 to 1 1 /4 to /2
1

c.

21/2 to 4 1 /2 to 2 3 to 51 2 to 2 /2

Ref:

ME Vol II Pam No.9 Water Supply Pages: 5-5 to 5-12

6-3-10

5.

Water Purification Sets.

a.

Water Purification Unit (NBC). Normally mounted on dedicated 21/2 t trailer. Consists of: main unit, 2 additional pumps (source and distribution), 2 x 13,640 litre pillow tanks, hoses etc. Non-NBC operation. Kieselguhr filtration and calcium hypochlorite injection. Output 164,000 l/day. NBC operation. Reverse osmosis. Output 45,000 l/day. NB: RO elements are fragile. Follow the instructions in the AESP. Timings using 1 NCO and 4 men:
(1) Set up and fill one storage tank: NonNBC mode - 3 hr. NBC mode - 8.15 hr. (2) Close down, back flush, clean and repack - 3.5 hr.

Pump - Output 6800 l/hr, maximum head 18.3 m. Sterilisation - VVD Filter unit - uses kieselguhr. Tanks - 2 x 11400 litres collapsible Hoses (44mm) - 4 x 3.05 m and 15 x 9.14 m. 6.

Pumps.
a.

Pump Water Set 9000 l/hr. General purpose water pump held at squadron level. Uses Gilkes J30/180 TMJ pump, head 34m.

b.

Water Purification Unit (Standard). (Weight 520 kg, transport 1 x 3/4t trailer)
6-3-11

Ref:

ME Vol II Pam No.9 Water Supply Pages: 6-23 to 7-18

b.

Godwin Model 6-DC. 100 mm borehole pump. Output 5400 1/hr at 30m head Max head 43m. Power supply 110v AC, from Combat Power Tools Generator. Issued c/w 30 m x 50 mm hose. Held by support and construction squadrons. Grindex Minex. Average Output 390 l/min. Max Head 13.5m. Part of Combat Power Tools Kit.

b.
Ser (a) 1 2 3

Tanks.
Effective capacity (c) 8,000 litres 1,550 litres 13,640 litres Nominal capacity (d) 11,400 litres 1,820 litres 13,640 litres Dimensions (e) 3.75m diam, depth 1.2m 1.8m diam, depth 0.9m 4.5 x 4.35m depth 1.0m

Type (b) Large collapsible Small collapsible Pillow tank

c.

7.

Storage.
a.

Water Carriage Pack. Capacity 680 litres. Weight full 725 kg. Load onto vehicle before filling. Held by all arms.

Ref:

ME Vol II Pam No.9 Water Supply Page: 9-6

6-3-12

c.

Improvised. Line a pit or improvised frame with a tarpaulin or plastic sheet. A tank 7.0 x 7.0 x 0.75m has a capacity of 29,000 litres.
Scaffold boards Dualform beam

8.

Water Tower. (See also Section 4). The standard Cuplok tower is illustrated below. It will support a tank holding 25,000 litres of water. The correct bracing is essential. It is similar for each storey and should be positioned on the lower storey before the ledgers of the upper storey are added. The bracing is inserted in sequence, starting at 'A', in a clockwise direction.

1.3m 1.3m Standards

!.3m ledgers 2m

2m standards

Plan of Cuplok Tower showing bracing

Side view of tower (Diagonal bracing not shown)

Grillages

Elevation of Cuplok Tower (bracing omitted).

A

Ref: ME Vol II Pam No.9 Water Supply Pages: 9-15 to 9-27

6-3-13

9. Layout of Water Points using WPU (NBC) and Sedimentation, a. WPU (NBC) Layout

Distance Head

= 6m = 4.5m

Distance Head

= 90m = 18m

Distance Head

= 9m = 4.5m

Distance Head

= 100m = 18m

Distance Head

= 18m = 10m

6-3-14

b.

Sedimentation - Site Layout.

Water Source

Pump

Alum solution drums

Sedimentation tanks Sterilisation tank 38mm canvas hose Cart and water bottle filling point Pump 38mm armoured hose

Metalled road or track with hard standing

9-18m

6-3-15

INTENTIONALLY BLANK

6-3-16

SECTION 4 GENERAL ENGINEER INFORMATION VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS 1. A Vehicles and SP Guns. Ser Vehicle Weight (tonnes) (c) 62.0 61.5 53.5 7.76 8.15 8.68 6.36 25.4 15.1 11.67 44.5 MLC Width (m) (e) 3.50 3.85 3.53 2.18 2.21 2.41 2.23 3.09 2.97 2.49 3.43 Height (m) (f) 2.95 3.01 3.43 2.12 2.23 2.49 2.20 2.74 2.17 2.65 3.0 Length (m) (g) 9.80 (ii) 9.61 8.57 4.95 (i) 4.89 4.80 5.08 (i) 6.34 5.10 5.17 9.7 Track width (m) (h) 0.65 0.65 0.61 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.46 0.34 0.55

(a) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Notes

(b) Challenger Challenger ARRV Chieftain ARRV CVR(T) Scimitar CVR(T) Spartan and Samson CVR(T) Sultan and Samaritan CVR(W) Fox Warrior FV 432 Saxon AS 90 (i) (ii) With gun to the front. With gun to the rear.

(d) 70 70 60 10 10 10 8 30 15 12 50

6-4-1

2. Ser

Engineer Specialist Vehicles.

Vehicle and Configuration (b) Chieftain AVRE Weight (tonnes) (c) 61.2(i) MLC Width (m) (e) 4.67(ii) Height (m) (f) 4.26(iii) Length (m) (g) 10.30(iv) Trackwidth (m) (h) 0.61 Remarks

(a) 1

(d) 70

(i) (i) With mineplough & 3 rolls Cl 60 tway. (ii) With Cl 60 tway & fascine. (iii) With fascine. (iv) With mineplough.

2 a b c d e f

Chieftain AVLB Unladen No 10 (22) bridge No 10 (26) bridge No 11 bridge No 12 bridge (one) No 12 bridge (two) 41.1 51.7 53.7 47.8 46.8 52.3 45 70 70 70 70 70 3.5 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.2 4.00 4.08 3.49 3.23 3.94 10.56 14.53 14.53 16.03 13.90 14.00 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 Bridge launch time 3-5 minutes

6-4-2

(a) 3 a 4 a b 5 6 a b CET

(b)

(c) 17.7

(d) 18 18

(e) 2.92 4.6

(f) 2.83 3.4

(g) 7.30 7.3

(h) 0.51 0.51

(i) Winch 8 tonnes. Bucket 1.73m Swimming speed 2.5m/sec

3

With one fascine AVRE Trailer Unladen with CES Laden Python TBT With No 10 (22) (Spanned out) (Contracted) With No 10 (26) (Spanned out) (Contracted) 6.90 17.70 4.3 22.9 33.5 33.5 35.5 35.5

3.11 18 3.11 2.2 20(w) 31(w) 31(w) 33(w) 33(w) 3 4.07 3.18 4.07 3.18

2.11 2.25 3.8 3.05 4 4 4 4

7.14 7.14 5.9 11.5 14.24 13.21 14.45 13.45

6-4-3

(a) c

(b) With 1 x No 12 (Spanned out) (Contracted) With 2 x No 12 (Spanned out) (Contracted) M3

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

28.5 28.5

26(w) 26(w)

4.07 3.18

3.5 3.5

13.7 13.7

34.1 34.1 26 26

31(w) 31(w) 26 26 24 29 35

4.07 3.18 3.35 6.57 3.1 3.1 3.1

4 4 3.93 3.23 4 4 4

14.48 14.48 12.822 12.822 12.0 12.0 12.0 Standard load half of 32 m GSB Bridge Set Road travel mode Water travel mode

7a b 8a b 9

BV Unladen Laden ABLE

23.1 30.0 37.0

6-4-4

3. Ser

B Vehicles.
Vehicle Make Unladen Weight (tonnes) Laden Weight (tonnes) MLC Dimensions (m) Height (i) (f) (g) Length Width

(a) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

(b) MC Tlr Cargo 3/4t Truck Ut Lt Truck Ut Med Truck 8t 4 x 4 Drops MMLC Drops LWB Tlr Truck Cargo 4 t Truck Cargo 14t 6 x 6 MMLC Rec Veh GS 6x6

(c) Armstrong Various Rover 90 Rover 110 Bedford TM Leyland DAF King Leyland DAF Bedford TM Foden

(d) 0.16 0.4 1.58 1.9 8.4 13.98 3.4 5.98(iii) 10.39 24

(e)

(h) 2.17 2.95 3.72 4.56 6.6 9.27 7.75 6.63 8.59 9.06

(i) 0.79 1.40 1.79 1.79 2.48 2.50 2.49 2.34 2.47 2.49

1.2 2.9 3.05 16.3 30.06 20.34 10.0 24.4

2 3 16 32 52 (ii) 16 30 27

1.08 2.04 2.04 3.0 3.21 1.16 2.66 3.06 3.35

6-4-5

(a) 11 12 13 14

(b) Tcr GS Tk Tptr and s/tlr 90t Oversnow Veh TTF 12,000 litre TTF 22,500 litre

(c) Scammell Commander Volvo BV 206 Foden Foden

(d) 38 4.32 12.1 12.3

(e) 100 6.4 22.8 28.9

(f) 100(ii) 5 24 32

(g) 3.8 2.40 3.21 3.25

(h) 19.6 6.97 8.75 10.27

(i) 3.7 1.87 2.50 2.50

Notes:

(i) Height includes normal canopy and superstructure. (ii) MLC is for the Gross Train Weight of prime mover and trailer. (iii) 6.66 tonne with winch.

6-4-6

4.

C Vehicles.
Dimensions (m) Fuel (l) Width Capacity Cons l/hr

Ser

Equipment

Unladen Weight

MLC Height Length

(a)
1.

(b)
MCT Caterpiller D6D MCE Atlas 1404 LC HCT Liebherr 742B

(c)
17.8 With blade & winch

(d)
22

(e)
3.16 With cab 2.1 Less cab 2.75 With cab

(f)
5.92 With ripper

(g)
3.89 With blade

(h)
295

(i)
24.0

2.

17.0 With backhoe

17

8.9 Rigged for Tpt 2.8

215

14.2

3.

25.0 With blade & winch 25.06 With blade & ripper

30

3.3 With cab

6.2 With winch 7.14 With ripper

3.99 straight blade 4.59 angled blade 2.57

450

28.0

4.

HCE Hymac 201 LC ULWT JCB 3CX

22.0

24

3.16

8.56

270

17.4

5.

7.36

3.8

6.15

2.24

90

9.0 6-4-7

(a)
6. 7. 8.

(b)
LWT Hydrema 806 MWT Terex 72/51 MWT Volvo BM 4400 MWT Case 721 8.8 18.3 11.45

(c)

(d)
10 21 14 3.97

(e)
6.65 7.18 6.9

(f)
2.3 2.95 2.5

(g)

(h)
108 213 195

(i)
9.3 19.4 14.0

3.45 with cab 3.02

9.

17.5 16.2 2.06

20 19

3.55 With Cab 3.5

8.52 6.1 6.95

2.75 2.5 2.495

272 190 220

15.0 14.0 10.0

10. MWE O & K MH5 11. MWE O & K MH6

27 (i) 4.0 35 (ii) 83 15 4.14 3.29

12. HWT Terex 72/71 13. MMG Aveling Barford ASG 113

44.55 14.72

11.4 11.81

3.63 2.49

680 259

20.0 17.6

6-4-8

(a)

(b)
11.46 16 15.22

(c)

(d)
18 25 32 2.97 3.4 3.5

(e)
6.77 8.0 8.86

(f)

(g)
2.44 2.5 2.5

(h)
173 300 340

(i)
13.9 15.0 23.5

14. MDT Haulamatic 15. MDT Ford Iveco 16. SLDT Scammell S26

17. HDT Frame Steer 23.8 Unladen with skip Terex 3066 (net) 43.80 Laden 18. Tcr Wld Fork Lift Rough Terrain JCB 410 M/C 19. Med Fd Crane Coles 315M Note: 7.4

25 53 8

3.56 With beacon 3.52 Less beacon 3.65

11.2

2.67

320

20.5

5.62

2.25

95.5

5.0

21.9

22

3.61

8.8

2.5

382

15.1

(i) Boom Retracted.

(ii) Boom Extended. 6-4-9

INTENTIONALLY BLANK

6-4-10

MEASUREMENT AND MATERIALS

1.

Units of Measurement .
METRIC IMPERIAL 12 in = 1 ft 1 mm = 0.039 in CONVERSION 1 in = 25.4 mm 1 ft = 0.305 m 1 yd = 0.914 m 1 mile = 1.609 km

Length 10 mm = 1 cm 100 cm = 1 m 1000 m = 1 km Area

2

3 ft = 1 yd 1 m = 1.09 yd 1760 yd = 1 mile 1 km = 0.621 (approx 5/8) mile (1 nm = 1.828 km = 1.136 miles) 4840 yd = 1 acre
2

10,000m = 1 ha

1m2 = 1.196 yd2 = 10.75 ft2 1 ha = 2.47 acres

1 in 2 = 645 mm2 1 yd2 = 0.836 m2 1 acre = 0.405 ha 1 pt = 0.454 litre 1 gal = 4.546 litre 1 yd3 = 0.765 m3

Volume 1 ml = 1 cc 1,000 cc = 1 litre 1,000 litre =1 m3 Mass 1,000 gm = 1kg 1,000 kg = 1 tonne

2 pt = 1 qt 1 litre = 2.2 04 pt = 0.220 gal 4 qt = 1 gal 3 1 ft = 6.23 gal 1 m3 =1.31 yd3 (1 gal = 1.20 gal (US)) 112 lb = 1 cwt 20 cwt = 1 ton 1 kg = 2.205 lb 1 tonne = 0.984 ton

1 lb = 0.45 kg 1 ton = 1.016 tonne

6-4-11

Density 1 kg/m3 = 0.0624 lb/ft3 1 tonne/m3 = 0.752 ton/yd3

1 lb/ft3 = 16.02 kg/m3 1 ton/yd3 = 1.33 tonne/m3

Force 1 kgf = 9.81 N 1 N = 0.225 lbf 1 kN = 0.100 tonf Stress 1 N/mm2 = 145 lbf/in2 1 kN/m2 = 0.084 tonf/yd2

1 lbf = 4.45 N 1 tonf = 9.96 kN

Area loading 1 tonne/m2 = 1.42 lb/in2 = 0.0914 ton/ft2

1 lb/in2 = 0.730 tonne/m2 1 ton/ft2 = 10.9 tonne/m2

1 lbf/in2 = 6.895 kN/m2 1 tonf/in2 = 15.4 N/mm2

Velocity 1 knot = 1 nm/hr = 0.515 m/s = 1.85 km/hr = 1.15 mph

Volume flow 1 gal/min = 0.075 l/sec = 273 l/hr

1 l/s = 13.2 gal/min

Angle 1 degree = 17.778 mils, 90 degrees = 1600 mils, 1 mil = 202.5 seconds of arc

Power 1 kW = 1.34 hp 1 W = 3.41 Btu/h

1 hp = 0.746 kW 1 Btu/h = 0.293 W

6-4-12

2. Ser (a) 1

Common Engineering Materials.

Material (b) Sand, soil, aggregates Sand, soil Cement Water Bricks Masonry Diesel fuel Timber Iron/Steel Litres or metre3 Cross section and length Metre3 Units of Specification/Supply (c) 1.65 t/m3 Density/Dimensions (d) Loose/dry Remarks (e)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Metre3 Bags (50kg, 0.036 m3) Litres or metre3 Number (390 to 500 bricks per pack)

2.0 t/m3 1.45 t/m3 1 t/m

3

Saturated/compacted

Stacked bricks 1.85 t/m3 2.2 to 2.6 t/m3 0.85 t/m3 0.5 to 1.2 t/m3 7.6 t/m3

Allow 60 bricks per metre 2 of single skin (105 mm thick) wall Bonded

6-4-13

(a) 10 11 a b c d 12

(b) Armco Culvert Wire Barbed Wire Dannert Coils D10 signal cable 14 SWG Nails Sheets

(c)

(d) All sections 0.61m long. Diameter: 0.3, 0.45, 0.6 or 0.9 m

(e)

Coils, 100 or 200m. 5000 m per pallet Coils. 15 coils per pallet 1000 m per coil 25 kg coils (500 m). 20 Coils (10,000 m) per pallet Specify by length (mm) Supplied by weight (kg) Sheets. 200 per pallet Sheets 24 gauge, 0.66m wide. Length: 1.8, 2.4, and 3.0m 150mm nails. 30 per kg 100mm nails. 80 per kg 50mm nails. 400 per kg Coil 15 m long

13

CGI

Note: Standard NATO pallet measures 1016 x 1219 mm.

6-4-14

IMPROVISED MEASUREMENT
1.

Sun Compass.

2.

Setting out Angles.

Note: Adjust for summer time.

11 10 9 8

12

1 2 3 4

SOUTH

a. 90 degrees.

NORTH

5 6

SUN

b. 60 degrees.
Ref: ME Vol II Pam No.1 Basic Field Engineering Part 1 Pages: 1-1 to 1-22

6-4-15

3.

Improvised Levels.
a.

b.

Flat Bottle.
Flat sided bottle half-full of water

Flexible Tube.

Glass Tubes

1st Mark Zero or Horizontal half-way between 1st & 2nd marks 2nd Mark

Water Level

1.5m

25mm wide strip of paper with 6mm divisions

Flexible Tube

Approx 3.0m

1st Reading

2nd Reading

Ref:

ME Vol II Pam No.1 Basic Field Engineering Part 2 Page: 1-19

6-4-16

4.

Gap Measurement.

AB =

DE x BC CD

6-4-17

INTENTIONALLY BLANK

6-4-18

CORDAGE AND ANCHORAGES

1. Strength of cordage for field use. Ref: ME Vol II Pam 1 Pages 3-3 to 3-9.
Ser 1 2 3 4 Cordage Type Natural fibre (Sisal/Manilla) Floating man-made fibre Sinking man-made fibre Steel wire rope (SWR) Safe load (kg) d2/100 x adj factor 1.7 x d2/100 x adj factor 2.5 x d2/100 x adj factor d2/12 x reduction factor Old, worn or abraded Uneven distribution Knot or sharp bend Water saturated Cordage adj factors 0.8 SWR reduction factors Damaged/old rope Uneven stress Sharp bend 0.6

0.7

0.66

Bulldog grips Double throated clamps

0.75 0.95

Note: Further detail of reduction factors for man-made cordage are in the reference.

Note: 1. d = diameter in mm

6-4-19

2.

Loads on Sling Legs. The tension (T) in the leg of a sling is calculated as follows:
W W

T s T

a a b

S T2 = W2 4S2 - a2 a. 2-arm sling.

T2 S = W2 4 (4S2 - a2 - b2) b. 4-arm sling.

6-4-20

3.

Picket Anchorage.

4.

Anchor Earth Holdfast.

Single

1:1

(a)

(b)
(c)

(e)

2:1
The bars and pins are approximately 1m long

(d)

3:2:1

Notes: (i) Pickets driven 2/3 length into ground at right angles to the pull. (ii) Lashings taut and at angle of pull. (iii) Capacity: Single picket 3.5kN. 1:1 pickets 7kN. 2:1 pickets 10kN. 3:2:1 pickets 20kN.
Ref: ME Vol II Pam No.1 Basic Field Engineering Pages: 7-1 to 7-19

Notes: (i) Normally all pins used in bar but 4 may suffice in hard ground. (ii) Angle between legs approximately 30o. (iii) Pull not to exceed 20o from horizontal. (iv) Capacity 10kN to 20kN per bar up to shackle capacity of 60kN. 6-4-21

5.

Buried Baulk Anchorage.

Main trench backfilled with earth and rammed Cable trench revetted if necessary

Notes: (i) Baulk to be protected from cutting by cable. (ii) Cable trench minimum width not backfilled. (iii) Main trench backfilled and compacted. (iv) Capacity. In normal ground a 0.3m diameter, 3m long timber, buried to 1.5m, will take a pull of 100kN at 20o to the horizontal.

Sheet metal bearing for cable

6-4-22

BASIC STRUCTURES
1.

Timber. The permissible stresses in common timber are given below:

Permissible stress N/mm2 Ser Type of timber Density kg/m3 Compression Bending Tension Along grain (f) 8.1 Perp to grain (g) 2.2 Shear parallel to grain (h) 1.4

(a) 1

(b) Common medium strength hardwoods Common softwoods

(c) 1000

(d) 12.7

(e) 7.5

750

6.7

4.1

6.4

1.6

0.9

Note: With timber used in compression along the grain: (i) Length should be less than 40 x minimum cross section dimension. (ii) Should not deviate from straight more than minimum cross section dimension.

6-4-23

2.

Timber Shoring.

225x50mm Needle fixed to dead shore by dogs 220x200/225x225mm dead shores 150x25mm bracing

225x 50mm wallplate secured with metal wall hooks at approx 2.5m c/c/ 225x100mm cleat housed into wallplate as shown. The cleat is securely nailed in place to provide increased resistance to the thrust from the shore 300x100mm needle inserted into brick wall through wall plate and notched to receive cleat also Braces-100/150x25mm boards nailed to each side Raking shore notched min 75mm over needle

225x225mm rakers 225x225mm rider. A rider may be of smaller section than the lower rakers - this will facilitate handling. The rider is tightened by means of hardwood folding wedges

Folding wedges (hardwood) 225x50mm sole plate

Dogs 225x225mm sole plate

Jack shore 225x225mm Hoop iron binding as alternative to boarding at base of shores Chock Transverse timbers or sleepers if ground conditions require load to be spread [ also known as a 'crib' or grillage]

a.

Dead shore (spaced at 1.5 to 2.1m)

b.

Raking shore (spaced at 2 to 5m) 6-4-24

3.

Timber Fished Joints.

d d

d/2

6d 6d Wedge

6d 6d

Lashing

Wedge

a. Squared timber
Ref: ME Vol II Pam No.1 Basic Field Engineering Part 1 Pages: 2-16 to 2-20

b. Round timber 6-4-25

4.

Tubular Scaffolding. (See also Section 3 Water Supply)

Notes: Using 25 mm steel tubing: (i) Tower should not exceed a height to width ratio of 3:1. (ii) Load capacity of structural verticals is 3 tonnes per vertical. (iii) Spacing of verticals not to exceed 2.4m. (iv) Maximum height of verticals between horizontals (ledgers) 1.7 m. (v) Load carrying ends of verticals not to exceed 0.3 m. (vi) No vertical should be out of true more than 0.05 m in 6 m. (vii) Each elevation to be diagonally braced with bracing in opposing directions on adjacent sides. (viii) Bracing to be connected to each tube it passes. (ix) Bracing also required in plan view.

50 - 75mm thick decking for flexible tanks

1.7m max

2.4m max

2.4m max

Ref:

ME Vol II Pam No.1 Basic Field Engineering Part 1 Pages: 4-1 to 4-13

6-4-26

5.

PW Cage. Gross space of 3500m2 required for 500 PW and 5750m2 for 1000 PW. Officers, NCOs, deserters, specialist arms, nationalities etc, and interrogated and uninterrogated PW should be segregated. Room for guards to patrol the perimeters of internal sub-cages. Diagrammatic layout for 500 PW is shown below. Fences: external perimeter - triple concertina, internal - double apron.
60m 25m

25m

LATRINES

SPARE CAGE

NCOs

SPECIAL ARMS

PRIVATES

OFFICERS

10m 25m
LATRINES SPARE CAGE NCOs

INTERROGATED UNINTERROGATED
SPECIAL ARMS PRIVATES OFFICERS

ASSEMBLY YARD FOR COLLECTION, LOADING AND UNLOADING PW

STAFF LINES

ROAD

6-4-27

INTENTIONALLY BLANK

6-4-28