Air University

Electrical Engineering Department

Digital Data Networks (BETE- VIII)

Experiment # 1 Basic Functions of the Telephone Set

Objectives: To present the fundamental principles governing the theory and operation of the telephone set. Equipments required: 1. 2. 3. 4. Telephone set available at the lab office. Standard length twisted pair wire. Non standard length twisted pair wire. Oscilloscope.

Introduction: Before discussing the operation of the telephone set, let us consider some of the basic functions that it serves: 1- It must notify the user of an incoming call through an audible tone such as ring or bell. 2- It should be able to transduce a callers speech to electrical signals and conversely, electrical signals must be transduced to audible speech signals. 3- It should provide a method of dialing subscriber numbers. 4- The ability to regulate the speech amplitude of the calling party. 5- It must gain the attention of the central office when a user requests service by lifting the handset.

6- There must be a nominal amount of feedback from its microphone to its speaker. 7- When the telephone set is not in use, an open circuit DC path must be provided to the central office. 8- In addition to receiving voice, it must be able to receive other call progress tones such as busy, ringing and so on from the central office. The Conventional Telephone Set:

Figure (1) Block diagram of the telephone set.

According to the block diagram shown above: 1- The dialing circuit could be rotary dial switch or the modern DualTone Multifrequency (DTMF) keypad. 2- When the telephone is at rest in its cradle, this is called on-hook condition, and when the handset is lifted off its cradle, then it is on off-hook condition. 3- The power for the telephone set is derived from a -48V DC supply located at the central office. 4- The hybrid circuit is used to transform the two wire subscriber loop into four wires, hence separating the transmitted and received signals (full-duplex). 5- Equalizer circuit is used to regulate voice amplitude.

Bell 500 Telephone Set: It was introduced in 1951, and been used as industrial standard for more than four decades. Figure (2) illustrates the schematic diagram of Bell 500 telephone set.

Figure (2) Schematic diagram Bell 500 telephone set. S1 and S2 are on-hook and off-hook switches, both are either open (on-hook) or closed (off-hook). D1 is Rotary Dialing Switch, and D2 shorts receiver when you are dialing. S3 shorts receiver output when in the on-hook position. The capacitor in the ringing circuit is used to block the DC current and pass the AC ringing current, its value combined with the coil inductance, is selected to provide a high impedance to voice frequencies.

The balancing network allows the manufacturer to adjust a small amount of feedback from the telephone sets transmitter to its receiver.

When handset is lifted off its cradle, the normal -48V DC on-hook voltage supplied by the telephone company drops to (-5 to -8) V DC due to the impedance that the telephone set presents to the line, figure (3) illustrates the on-hook and ringing voltages for the telephone set.

Figure (3) On-hook and ringing voltages for the telephone set. When the telephone set is at off-hook, the DC current starts to flow in the subscriber loop and hence to the central office, as a result the central office will send a dial tone to the caller indicating that service is available and number may be dialed. Experimental work:

1. Connect the telephone set to socket provided by the central office using the standard twisted pair wire. 2. Using the oscilloscope, measure and draw the on-hook voltage. 3. Using telephone set available at the DSP lab to ring the set available at your experimental lab, measure and draw the ringing voltage provided by the central office using oscilloscope. 4. Connect the telephone set to socket provided by the central office using the non standard twisted pair wire. 5. Repeat steps 2 and 3. Questions: 1. Explain the Balancing Network in figure (2). 2. Draw the voltage versus current diagram of VR given in figure (2). 3. According to the circuit given in figure (2), explain the operation of L1, L2, L3, and L4. 4. What is the effect of the length of the subscriber loop on the transmitted and received signal?