BMLS 1-B (GROUP 6) Classification of Compounds ACID, BASE, and SALT

OBJECTIVES State the general properties of acids and bases Define an acid and a base in terms of three theories Distinguish between strong and weak acids and bases Describe the process of acid-base neutralization Identify the pH of a substance Elaborate the use and effect of indicator and buffer solutions.

ACIDS AND BASES Acids and bases are familiar substances that can be found at home. Citrus fruits and vinegar make our mouth pucker, our buddy shudder, and our eyes water. Carbonated beverages produce a subtle sour taste that peps up the drink. We clean our house with products that contain bases, such as ammonia and sodium hydroxide. Hydrochloric acid is the main constituent of the gastric fluid in our stomach. The bases sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate are ingredients in antacids taken for relief of an upset stomach. PROPERTIES OF ACIDS They taste sour. They react with certain metals, such as Mg, Zn, and Sn, with the liberation of hydrogen gas. In aqueous solutions, they change blue litmus paper to red. Latin They react with limestone (CaCO3), with the liberation of CO2. Words They react with bases to form water and salts. acidus sour

ACID

PROPERTIES OF BASES They taste bitter. They feel slippery or soapy. They react with grease and oils. In aqueous solutions, they change red litmus paper to blue. They react with acids to form water and salts.

acetum vinegar

DEFINITIONS OF ACIDS & BASES 1. Svante Arrhenius Definition In 1887, he suggested that acids are compounds that ionize when they dissolve in water to give hydrogen ions a corresponding negative ion. Arrhenius acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions (H+). Arrhenius base is a substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in aqueous solution. 2. Bronsted Lowry Definition In 1923, the Danish scientist Nicolas Bronsted and the British scientist Thomas Lowry proposed almost simultaneously the expanded definitions of acids and bases. Bronsted Lowry acids are proton donors. Bronsted Lowry bases are proton acceptors.

3. Lewis Definition Lewis acid is an electron-pair acceptor. Lewis base is an electron pair donor. THE STRENGHTHS OF ACIDS AND BASES Acids and bases may be classfied as:

1. Strong acids and bases Ionize completely in water.

STRONG ACID VS. WEAK ACID

2. Weak acids and bases Partially ionized only.

NEUTRALIZATION AND SALTS Neutralization reaction is a double-replacement reaction between acids and bases. Acid + Base H+ + OHSalt + Water H2O

 Hydrolysis is the reverse of neutralization. This is when a salt dissolves in water forming an acid and a base. The resulting solution could be neutral, basic, or acidic, depending upon the acid and base formed. Salts are also produced in a number of other reactions: 1. Acids with metal oxides produces salt and water. 2. Acids with carbonates or bicarbonates produce salt, water, and carbon dioxide. 3. Acids with certain metals produce salt and hydrogen gas. The amount of acid, base or other species in a sample may be determined by titration. Titration is the process of measuring the volume of one reagent that is required to react with a measured weight or volume of another reagent. Graduated burets are used in titrations for neutralization of acids and bases.

In 1909, Soren Peter Lauritiz Sorensen, a Danish chemist proposed that the number in exponent be used to express acidity. Sorensens acidity scake came to be known as the pH scale, from the French pouvoir hydrogene meaning power of hydrogen. Values of the pH scale are obtained by mathematical conversion of the H+ ion concentration to pH by these expressions: CLASSIFICATIONS OF pH

pH = -log [H+] or pH = log

pH INDICATORS Compound with colors that change particular pH values are used as indicators in acid-base reaction.
Indicator pH range where color changes Color in the Acidic Range Color in the Basic Range

Alizarin yellow Phenolphthalein Thymol blue Brothymol blue Litmus Methyl red Methyl violet

10.2-12.1 8.3-10.0 8.0-9.4 6.0-7.8 5.7-8.2 4.2-6.2 0-2

Yellow Colorless Yellow Yellow Red Red Yellow

Red Red Blue Blue Blue Yellow Violet

 Electron pH are used for making rapid and precise pH determinations. BUFFER SOLUTIONS Control of pH Buffer solution resist changes in pH caused by the addition of limited amounts of a strong acid or a strong base. The word buffer means to lessen or absorb shock.

CONCEPTS IN A BOX
Compound s
Acid
+ water

reacts with

to yield

Base
+ water

Salt

Nonmetal Oxide
explained by theories of Strength depends On degree Of ionization strength measured by

Metal Oxide

Arrhenius
100%

Bronsted Lowry

Lewis

Strong
partial

Weak
if can be determined by use of change can be controlled by

pH

<7
acidic

7
neutral

>7
basic

Indicator Buffer solutions

REFERENCES Chang, Raymond (2010). Chemistry (10th Ed). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. pp. 659-668 Bayquen, Aristea (2007). Exploring Life through Chemistry. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. pp. 226238 Online Text Books Chemistry: Chemical Reactions. http://textbookonline.tn.nic.in/ (pdf file)