International Journal of Algebra, Vol. 6, 2012, no.

19, 913 - 917

New Method to Calculate Determinants of n n(n 3) Matrix, by Reducing Determinants to 2nd Order
Armend Salihu Department of Telecommunication, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Prishtina, Bregu i Diellit p.n., 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo ar.salihu@gmail.com
Abstract In this paper we will present a new method to calculate of n n (n 3) order determinants. This method is based on Dodgson - Chios condensation method, but the priority of this method compared with Dodgson - Chios and minors method as well is that those method decreases the order of determinants for one, and this new method automatically aects in reducing the order of determinants in 2nd order.

Mathematics Subject Classication: 65F40, 11C20, 15A15 Keywords: New method to calculate determinants of n n matrix

Introduction
A= a11 a12 a1n a21 a22 a2n . . . .. . . . . . . . an1 an2 ann .

Let A be an n n matrix

Denition 1. A determinant of order n, or size n n, (see [2], [3], [7], [8]) is the sum a11 a12 a1n a21 a22 a2n . . . .. . . . . . . . an1 an2 ann

D = det(A) = |A| =

=
Sn

j1 ,j2 ,... ,jn aj1 aj2 . . . ajn ,

ranging over the symmetric permutation group Sn , where

914

A. Salihu

j1 ,j2,... ,jn =

+1, if j1 , j2 , . . . , jn is an even permutation 1, if j1 , j2 , . . . , jn is an odd permuation.

1.1

Chios condensation method

Chios condensation is a method for evaluating an n n determinant in terms of (n 1) (n 1) determinants; see [4], [5]: a11 a12 a21 a22 A= a11 a12 ... a1n a21 a22 ... a2n . . . .. . . . . . . . an1 an2 ... ann = 1
2 an 11

a11 a13 a21 a23 a11 a13 a31 a33 . . . a11 a13 an1 an3

.. .

a11 a1n a21 a2n a11 a1n a31 a3n . . . a11 a1n an1 ann .

a11 a12 a31 a32 . . . a11 a12 an1 an2

1.2

Dodgsons condensation method

Dodgsons condensation method computes determinants of size n n by expressing them in terms of those of size (n 1) (n 1), and then expresses the latter in terms of determinants of size (n 2) (n 2), and so on (see [6]).

A new method

This method is based on Dodgson and Chios method, but the diference between them is that this new method is resolved by calculating 4 unique determinants of (n 1) (n 1) Order, (which can be derived from determinants of n n order, if we remove rst row and rst column or rst row and last column or last row and rst column or last row and last column, elements that belongs to only one of unique determinants we should call them unique elements), and one determinant of (n 2) (n 2) order which is formed from n n order determinant with elements ai,j with i, j = 1, n, on condition that the determinant of (n 2) (n 2) = 0. Theorem 1: Every determinant of n n (n > 2) order can be reduced into 2 2 order determinant, by calculating 4 determinants of (n 1) (n 1) order, and one determinant of (n 2) (n 2) order, on condition that (n 2) (n 2) order determinants to be dierent from zero. Ongoing is presented a scheme of calculating the determinants of n n order according to this formula:

Method to compute n n determinant

915

|A| =

a11 a12 a1n a21 a22 a2n . . . .. . . . . . . . an1 an2 ann

1 |C | |D | , |B | = 0. | E | |F | |B |

The |B | is (n 2) (n 2) order determinant which is the interior determinant of determinant |A| while |C |, |D |, |E | and |F | are unique determinants of (n 1) (n 1) order, which can be formed from n n order determinant. Proof: Lets be n = 4, and we will prove that the same result we can achieve when we calculate this determinant according to the above scheme: a11 a12 a13 a21 a22 a23 a31 a32 a33 a21 a22 a23 a31 a32 a33 a41 a42 a43 a12 a13 a14 a22 a23 a24 a32 a33 a34 = a22 a23 a24 a32 a33 a34 a42 a43 a44

|A| =

a11 a21 a31 a41

a12 a22 a32 a42

a13 a23 a33 a43

a14 a24 a34 a44

1 a22 a23 a23 a33

1 a22 a33 a23 a22 a21 a22 a23 a31 a32 a33 a41 a42 a43 a22 a23 a24 a32 a33 a34 = a42 a43 a44

a11 a12 a13 a21 a22 a23 a31 a32 a33

a22 a23 a24 a32 a33 a34 a42 a43 a44 =

1 (A1 A2 ) a22 a33 a23 a22

A1 A2 = (a22 a33 a23 a32 )(a11 a22 a33 a44 +a11 a23 a34 a42 +a11 a24 a32 a43 a11 a22 a34 a43 a11 a23 a32 a44 a11 a24 a33 a42 +a12 a23 a31 a44 +a13 a21 a32 a44 a13 a22 a31 a44 a12 a21 a33 a44 + +a12 a21 a34 a43 +a13 a31 a24 a42 a14 a21 a32 a43 a12 a23 a34 a41 a13 a24 a32 a41 a14 a22 a33 a41 + +a12 a24 a33 a41 +a13 a22 a34 a41 +a14 a23 a32 a41 a14 a23 a31 a42 +a14 a21 a33 a42 +a14 a22 a31 a43 a12 a24 a31 a43 a13 a21 a34 a42 ) |A| = = 1 (A1 A2 ) = a22 a33 a23 a32

1 (a22 a33 a23 a32 ) a22 a33 a23 a32

916

A. Salihu

(a11 a22 a33 a44 +a11 a23 a34 a42 +a11 a24 a32 a43 a11 a22 a34 a43 a11 a23 a32 a44 a11 a24 a33 a42 + +a12 a23 a31 a44 +a13 a21 a32 a44 a13 a22 a31 a44 a12 a21 a33 a44 +a12 a21 a34 a43 +a13 a31 a24 a42 a14 a21 a32 a43 a12 a23 a34 a41 a13 a24 a32 a41 a14 a22 a33 a41 +a12 a24 a33 a41 +a13 a22 a34 a41 + +a14 a23 a32 a41 a14 a23 a31 a42 +a14 a21 a33 a42 +a14 a22 a31 a43 a12 a24 a31 a43 a13 a21 a34 a42 ) = a11 a21 a31 a41 a12 a22 a32 a42 a13 a23 a33 a43 a14 a24 a34 a44

|C | |D | |E | |F | which does not contain one of j1 ,j2 ,... ,jn aj1 aj2 . . . ajn combinations from |B | determinant, and does not contain one of unique elements, as a result of crossed multiplication, they should be eliminated between each other, while other combinations which contain one of j1 ,j2 ,... ,jn aj1 aj2 . . . ajn combinations from |B | determinants, extract as common elements and after divided by determinant |B | we get the result of the given determinant. Based on this we can outcome to the result: all combinations from

Example: let be the 5 order determinant: 1 0 0 2 0 0 2 1 0 1 4 3 1 4 3 0 3 5 0 1 5 0 1 0 5 1 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 1 4 3 1 4 3 0 3 5 0 1 5 0 1 0 5 1 0 2 1 0 2 1 1 0 2 0 = = 0 2 0 1

|A| =

1 0 0 2 1

0 1 4 3 0

3 5 0 1 0

5 1 0 2 1

1 0 2 0 1

1 1 5 1 4 0 0 3 1 2

1 140 170 4 64 36

8280 1 (8960 + 680) = = 230 36 36

The same result we can achieve even by calculating this determinant in other methods.

Method to compute n n determinant

917

References
[1] C. L. Dodgson, Condensation of Determinants, Being a New and Brief Method for Computing their Arithmetic Values, Proc. Roy. Soc. Ser. A, 15(1866), 150-155. [2] D. Hajrizaj, New method to compute determinant of a 3x3 matrix, International Journal of Algebra, Vol. 3, 2009, no. 5, 211 - 219 [3] E. Hamiti, Matematika 1, Universiteti i Prishtines: troteknik, Prishtine, (2000), 163-164. Fakulteti Elek-

[4] F. Chi o, M emoire sur les fonctions connues sous le nom de r esultantes ou de d eterminants. Turin: E. Pons, 1853. [5] H. Eves, An Introduction to the History of Mathematics, pages 405 and 493, Saunders College Publishing, 1990. [6] H. Eves, Chios Expansion, 3.6 in Elementary Matrix Theory, New York: Dover, (1996), 129-136. [7] http : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodgson condensation [8] Q. Gjonbalaj, A.Salihu, Computing the determinants by reducing the order by four, Applied Mathematics E-Notes, 10(2010), 151 - 158 [9] R. F. Scott, The theory of determinants and their applications, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Library, Cambridge: University Press, (1904), 35. [10] S. Barnard and J. M. Child, Higher Algebra, London Macmillan LTD New York, ST Martins Press (1959), 131. [11] W. L. Ferrar, Algebra, A Text-Book of Determinants, Matrices, and Algebraic Forms, Second edition, Fellow and tutor of Hertford College Oxford, (1957), 7. Received: April, 2012