Chapter 38

Computer-Aided Manufacturing

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Computer-Integrated Manufacturing System

Figure 38.1 Schematic illustration of a computer-integrated manufacturing system. The manufacturing cells and their controls shown at the lower left are described in Section 39.2. Source: After U. Rembold.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Modeling Types for CAD

Figure 38.2 Various types of modeling for CAD.

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Types of Splines

Figure 38.3 Types of splines. (a) A Bezier curve passes through the first and last control point but generates a curve form the other points. Changing a control point modifies the entire curve. (b) A B-spline is constructed piecewise so that changing a vertex affects the curve only in the vicinity of the changes control point. (c) A thirdorder (cubic) piecewise Bezier curve constructed through two adjacent control points and two other control points defining the curve slope at the endpoints. A third-order piecewise Bezier curve is continuous, but its slope may be discontinuous.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Solid Model

Figure 38.4 (a) Boundary representation of solids showing the enclosing surfaces of the solid model and the generated solid model. (b) A solid model represented as compositions of solid primitives. (c) Three representations of the same part by CAD. Source: After P. Ranky.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Parametric Design

Figure 38.5 An example of parametric design. Dimensions of part features can be modified easily to quickly obtain an updated solid model.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Octree Representation of a Solid Object

Figure 38.6 The octree representation of a solid object. Any volume can be broken down into octants, which are then identified as solid, void, or partially filled. Shown is a twodimensional version (or quadtree) for the representation of shapes in a plane.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Skeleton Structures

Figure 38.7 (a) Illustration of the skeleton data structure for solid objects. The skeleton is the dashed line in the object interior. (b) A skeleton model used for the kinematic analysis of a clamp. Source: S. D. Lockhart and C. M. Johnson, Engineering Design Communication, Prentice Hall, 2000.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Example: CAD Model Development for Automotive Components

Figure 38.8 Every vehicle component, form body panels to knobs on the instrument panel, has a solid model associated with it. Source: Courtesy of Ford Motor Company.

Figure 38.9 First flange and fillet.

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Routing Sheet

Figure 38.10 An example of a simple routing sheet. These operation sheets may include additional information on materials, tooling, estimated time for each operation, processing parameters (such as cutting speeds and feeds), and other information. The routing sheet travels with the part from operation to operation. The current practice is to store all relevant data in computers and to affix to the part a bar code that serves as a key to the database of parts information.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Simulation of Robotic Welding Station

Figure 38.11 Simulation of a robotic welding station. A collision has been detected that production engineers can rectify before building the assembly line, thus reducing development time and cost.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Grouping Parts

Figure 38.12 Grouping parts according to their (a) geometric similarities and (b) manufacturing attributes.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Comparison of Plant Layouts

Figure 38.13 (a) Functional layout of machine tools in a traditional plant. Arrows indicate the flow of materials and parts in various stages of completion. (b) Group-technology (cellular) layout. Legend: L lathe, M = milling machine, D = drilling machine, G = grinding machine, A = assembly. Source: After M. P. Groover.

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Decision-Tree Coding for a Sheet-Metal Bracket

Figure 38.14 Decision-tree classification for a sheet-metal bracket. Source: After G.W. Millar
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Optiz Coding System

Figure 38.15 Classification and coding system according to Optiz consisting of a form code of 5 digits and a supplementary code of 4 digits.

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

MultiClass System

Figure 38.16 Typical multiClass code for a machined part. Source: Courtesy of Organization for Industrial Research.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

KK-3 System
Figure 38.17 The structure of a KK-3 system for rotational components. Source: Courtesy of Japan Society for the Promotion of Machine Industry.

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid. ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.