Photosynthesis light reactions: driven by light, produce ATP and a reduced e- carrier calvin-Benson cycle: no light, uses ATP,

NADPH+ and CO2, produces sugars Both stop in the dark, ATP synth. And NADP+ need light. Light rxn in thylakoids and dark in stroma Light, source of energy and info. Behaves as a particle and a wave, is a form of electromagnetic radiation, comes in packets (photons), behaves as if propagated in waves. Energy inversely proportional to wavelength. 2 things needed for photons to be active in biological Process: Photons must be absorbed by receptive molec. Must have enough energy to perform chem. work required. Photon + molecule: a) Photon bounces off molecule (is scattered) b) Photon passes through molecule (is transmitted) c) Photon is absorbed by molecule The first two have no effect on the molecule, the third makes the molecule acquire the energy of the photon and is raised from a ground state to an excited state, which makes the molecule more chemically reactive. Molecules that absorb wavelengths in the visible spectrum are pigments. Absorbed wavelengths correlate with biological activity. Photosynthesis uses energy absorbed by several pigments, which include chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phycobilins. Chlorophyll is activated by absorbing a photon and the electron that is ejected participates in oxidation reduction reactions, it is passed through electron transport, NADPH+H+ and ATP are product of this. NADP+ is used in anabolic (synthesis) rxns. NADPH+H+ and ATP are used in Calvin Benson cycle as source of energy for endergonic synthesis of carbs. 2 types of electron transport: - Noncyclic: produces NADPH+H+ and ATP - Cyclic: produces only ATP Noncyclic electron transport: light energy used to oxidize water. Electrons from water replenish electrons that chlorophyll molecules lose when excited, they pass through many electron carriers, these redox rxns are exergonic. Requires 2 photosystems (light-driven molecular units that consist of many chlorophyll molecules and pigments. It uses a molecule of water, 4 photons, one molecule of NADP+ and ADP and one phosphate. - Photosystem I: uses light to reduce NADP+ - Photosystem II: uses light to oxidize water, producing electrons, protons and O2 Cyclic electron transport produces ATP, it occurs in organisms where the ratio of NADPH+H+ to NADP+ is high, an electron passed from an excited chlorophyll molec. At the outset cycles back to the same chlorophyll molecule at the end of the chain of rxns. In chloroplasts, electron transport through the redox chain is coupled to the transport of protons across the thylakoid membrane, which results in a proton gradient across membrane. Protons move from stroma to thylakoid, the thylakoid becomes acidic with respect to the stroma., which leads to the diffusion of H+ back out of the thylakoid through protein channels (enzymes, ATP synthases). ATP is generate din the stroma. The Calvin cycle incorporates CO2 into carbohydrates. It adds CO2 to RuBP, which produces an intermediate six-carbon compound that breaks down to produce two three-carbon molecules of 3PG. The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is rubisco, the most abundant in the world. Calvin Benson cycle made up of 3 processes: - Fixation of CO2 (catalyzed by rubisco, produces 3PG) - Reduction of 3PG to make a carbohydrate, G3P. It involves phosphorylation and a reduction. - Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor RuBP. Product of this cycle: G3P, which 1/3 of it ends in starch, stored in chloroplast, and 2/3 of it converted in cytosol in sucrose, transported to other organs in the plant, where it is hydrolyzed to glucose and fructose. Photorespiration: Rubisco can add CO2 to RuBP or O2 to RuBP, these 2 rxns compete with each other, so when RuBP reacts with O2, it cant react with CO2. This reduces the amount of CO2 that is converted to carbs and therefore limits plant growth. There is a metabolic pathway that recovers the carbon that has been channeled away from the cycle: photorespiration (consumes O2 and releases CO2, it takes 2 2-carbon molecules and makes on 3-carbon molecule). Rubisco favors CO2 fixation. Stomata allow water to evaporate from the leaf but, on a hot day, they close to prevent water loss. Plant cellular respiration occurs in the light and in the dark. All the respiration process take place simultaneously because they happen in different organelles. Some G3P of the Calvin cycle can be converted to pyruvate, some can enter a pathway that is the reverse of glycolysis.