http://www.coolinterview.com/type.asp?iType=94 1. What difference between original & chipset motherboard?

Ans: A chip set is a group of integrated circuits (microchips) that can be used together to serve a single function and are therefore manufactured and sold as a unit. The most common chipset reference is the input/output control chips of a motherboard. The chipset usually contains several controllers that govern how information travels between the processor and other components. A chipset is a group of microchips designed to work As a unit in performing one or more related functions. They are chip or chips on a motherboard containing various functions supporting the CPU. A group of chips that handle one or more jobs together. For example, the motherboard chipset controls all the command and data flows around the system. This term is used to describe the architecture of an integrated circuit. For example, the chipset of a modem card would be much different than the chipset of a computer's CPU. Processors themselves also have different chipsets. For example, a Pentium II and Pentium III have slightly different chipsets, and the PowerPC processors have other kinds. Though there are many different types of chipsets that reside in today's computer hardware, the average user does not need to know much about them. A group of microchips that actually control the flow of information on your computer. They are the controllers for the memory, cache, hard drive, keyboard, etc.. These groups of chips direct traffic along the bus and can allow devices to talk to each other without having to go through the CPU. A group of chips that together make up a complete computer processing unit, usually on one circuit board (the motherboard). It may include the main central processor, graphics processors, secondary cache memory, and input-output controllers. A set of chips attached to the motherboard that control how some system hardware interacts with the CPU and motherboard. Memory is one component controlled by the chipset.A chipset is a number of computer chips that act in unison to perform a specific function. The term chipset is commonly used to describe the features and functionality's of motherboards. Motherboard

=========== The "heart" of your PC -- it handles system resources (IRQ lines, DMA channels, I/O locations), as well as core components like the CPU, and all system memory. It accepts expansion devices such as sound and network cards, and modems. The main printed circuit board in a computer that carries the system buses. It is equipped with sockets to which all processors, memory modules, plug-in cards, daughterboards, or peripheral devices are connected. The printed circuit board that is the foundation of the computer. This board contains a computer's CPU, RAM chips and expansion slots. The motherboard is where all of the computer's compenents meet. The motherboard is easily compared to the human body's nervous system. The wires (nerves) on it transfer data between all of the other components. Having a high-quality motherboard (not described in retail computers) is essential to a reliable computer. All electrical components plug into the motherboard. The main circuit board inside a computer, which contains the central processing unit, the bus, memory sockets, expansion slots, and other components. Additional boards, called daughter boards, can be plugged into the motherboard. Motherboard - a large cicuit board which connects the processor, expansion cards, memory, and any other devices to one-another and to the power source. the principal printed circuit board assembly in a computer; includes core logic (chipset), interface sockets and/or slots, and input/output (I/O) ports. The main circuit board, containing the CPU. All of the other functions and peripherals are connected in some way to the motherboard.Motherboard holds a central processing unit (CPU), read-only memory (ROM) and random-access-memory (RAM), main memory and other parts, and has slots for expansion cards. The largest printed circuit board in your computer. It generally houses the CPU chip, the controller circuitry, the bus, and sockets for additional boards, which are called daughterboards. The motherboard, also sometimes referred to as the mainboard, is a collection of devices (together on one large circuit board) that control the flow of data and operating electricity for all the primary components in a PC - for example, the CPU, memory, graphics adapter and sound card. Most people identify what motherboard they have by the two main processing chips in the boards - called the Northbridge and the Southbridge. The Northbridge handles all the data flows to and from the main memory, plus all the CPU transactions. The

Southbridge handles the data for most of the ports (PCI, ISA, IDE). The main board in the computer also called the system board. The CPU, ROM chips, SIMMs, DIMMs, RIMMs and interface cards are plugged into the motherboard. The main circuit board of a computer. A motherboard usually includes the CPU, core logic (the chipset), I/O ports, BIOS ROM chips, memory, expansion slots, and all the controllers for things like the hard drive, DVD drive, the monitor, keyboard, and mouse. Basically, the motherboard is what makes everything in your computer work together.. Also known as a mainboard. Each motherboard has a collection of chips and controllers that is known as the "chipset". When new motherboards are developed, they often use new chipsets. The good news is that these boards are typically more efficient and faster than their predcessor. The main circuit board of a computer, which houses all the vital components usually including the microprocessor, internal memory, and device controllers such as for the disk drives. It also has expansion slots into which expansion boards for other functions can be added.The printed circuit board in a computer that contains the CPU, Chipset, expansion slots, memory and device controllers. Sometimes called the System Board, Main Board, Planar Board or Logic Board. The main printed circuit board in an electronic device, particularly a computer, which may contain sockets that accept additional boards ("daughter-boards"). In a personal computer, the motherboard contains the bus, the microprocessor, and integrated circuits used for controlling any built-in peripherals such as the keyboard, text and graphics display, serial ports and parallel ports, joystick, and mouse interfaces. The assembly in a computer into which printed circuit cards, modules, or boards are connected. In a microcomputer, this is the main circuit board. A printed circuit assembly into which circuit boards are plugged. The motherboard provides an organized means to transmit data and control information/power between the components and devices controlled by the circuit boards. A pc board on which connectors are mounted and interconnections are made with another pc board (daughterboard). A board-to-board application with the motherboard usually being the larger and containing other electronic subassemblies. the main circuit board on which can be found the CPU, RAM, BIOS, bus expansion slots and other control circuitry. A motherboard, also known as main board, logic board or system board, is the central or primary circuit board making up a complex electronic system, such as a compute.

2. What is TCP/IP? Ans: Short for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, the suite of communications protocols used to connect hosts on the Internet. TCP/IP uses several protocols, the two main ones being TCP and IP. TCP/IP is built into the UNIX operating system and is used by the Internet, making it the de facto standard for transmitting data over networks Even network operating systems that have their own protocols, such as Netware, also support TCP/IP. TCP/IP - Transfer control protocol/internet protocol. (TCP/IP)TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL/INTERNET PROTOCOL. IT IS A SET OF NETWORKING PROTOCOL TWO OR MORE COMPUTERS TO COMMUNICATE EACH OTHER.

. 3. How does the browser know to go to a certain IP address when you enter a domain like google.com? Ans: it searches through local DNS cache, if nothing is there, it queries the ISP?s DNS server . Using ping command ping www.google.com run at Command Prompt here r u Inteligent web browser to entire website addr. suddenly see at status bar in show ip addr 4. How many logical drives is it possible to fit onto a physical disk? Ans: Maximum of 24 logical drives. The extended partition can only have 23 logical drives. 24 drives 5. What?s the maximum hard drive size for FAT16-based Windows system?ZZZ Ans: 2 GB

6. Whats the speed and device maximum specs for Firewire? Ans: EEE 1394 (Firewire) supports the maximum of 63 connected devices with speeds up to 400 Mbps. Where?s MBR located on the disk? Main Boot Record is located in sector 0, track 0, head 0, cylinder 0 of the primary active partition. 7. What?s the difference between L1 and L2 cache? Ans: Level 1 cache is internal to the chip, L2 is external. L1 (level 1) cache - L1 cache stores information for use by the processor. L1 cache is extremely quick but also expensive. Most processors have an L1 cache divided into space for data and space for instructions. L2 (level 2) cache - L2 cache is the next step down from L1 cache. Most processors today have L2 cache, which increases cache performance. Most desktop processors have an L2 Cache of about 256KB, but some high-end processors can have as much as 2MB. 8. Name the processor lines of two major manufacturers? Ans: High-end: Intel - Pentium (II, III, 4), AMD - Athlon. Low-end: Intel Celeron, AMD - Duron . 64-bit: Intel - Itanium 2, AMD - Opteron. 9. How do you clear CMOS password? Ans: Since CMOS is a special chip with its own battery, the best way to clear out a CMOS chip is to disconnect it from its power supply remove the CMOS battery for 5 minutes emove u r cmos jumper is near by cmos battery. remove cmos battery and ram to remove software 10.APM? Ans: Advanced Power Management, 11. ACPI ? Ans: Advanced Configuration and Power Interface,

12. Windows 98 Power Saving/Standby mode does not work. Ans: There are several potential causes for Windows 98 Power Saving / Standby mode not functioning, such as: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Not enabled. Third-party applications. Screen Savers. Power Management Enabled / Disabled in CMOS. Corrupt APM (Advanced Power Management) drivers. Hardware components preventing Power Saving / Standby from workin

Solutions: Verify Power Management is enabled Click Start / Settings / Control panel / double-click the Power Management Icon, verify that the Power schemes is Always on and specify the time which you want power Management for the monitor and hard disk drive to activate. Remove all third-party applications running in the background Follow CHTSR steps for removing all software running in the background. Once third-party programs are removed from the background, verify if the Power Saving / Standby feature still exists. If the issue has been resolved it's a good possibility that a program that was running in the background such as a virus protection utility is causing the computer from going into Power Saving / Standby mode.

Screen Savers Attempt to disable all screen savers; screen savers such as 3D Flower Box, 3D Flying Objects, 3D Maze and 3D Text can cause the computer from going into Power Saving / standby mode. Power Management Enabled / Disabled in CMOS Generally, computers have the capability of having the computer hardware (BIOS) control power management and/or Windows control power management. Check your computer CMOS to verify if Power Management is enabled within CMOS. If enabled and the computer is not going into Power Saving / Standby mode, attempt to disable Power Management in CMOS and follow the below steps for reinstalling the APM drivers in Windows. Additional information about how to get into the BIOS / CMOS setup can be found on document CH000192. Corrupt APM (Advanced Power Management) drivers Click Start / Settings / Control Panel / double-click the Systems icon / click the Device Manager tab / click the + next to System. If the first device is not Advanced Power Management support, skip to the next paragraph. If Advanced Power Management support is present, highlight and click the Remove button to remove it from Device Manager. Once removed, reboot the computer and let it reinstall and try power management again. If Advanced Power Management was not listed in Device Manager or once removed was not reinstalled after rebooting the computer, click Start / Settings / Control Panel / double-click on Add new hardware, and let Windows detect and install new hardware (should detect and install Advanced Power Management support). If Windows does not detect Advanced Power Management support, verify in CMOS that Power Management is Enabled.

Hardware components preventing Power Saving / Standby from working Some hardware devices such as USB devices can cause the computer to not go into Power Saving / Standby mode. If you have recently installed new hardware, it is recommended that you temporarily remove it to verify it is not causing the issue of going into Power Saving / Standby mode. 13. POST ? Ans: Power On Self Test maint PCs, the BIOS has 4 main functions: POST - Test computer hardware, ensuring hardware is properly functioning before starting process of loading operating system. Additional information on the POST can be found on our POST / Beep Codes page. Bootstrap Loader - Process of locating the operating system. If capable operating system located, BIOS will pass the control to it. BIOS - Software / Drivers which interfaces between the operating system and your hardware. When running DOS or Windows you are using complete BIOS support. BIOS / CMOS Setup - Configuration program which allows you to configure hardware settings including system settings such as computer passwords, time, and date.

14. How to enter the BIOS or CMOS setup.? Ans: hankfully, computers that have been manufactured in the last few years will allow you to enter the CMOS by pressing one of the below five keys during the boot. Usually it's one of the first three.

F1

F2 DEL ESC F10

15. When booting computer I receive several beeps.? Ans: This can be caused by one following possibilities: 1. 2. 3. 4. Keyboard has a stuck key. Computer has a password. System Chassis alarm. Computer does not pass POST.

16. Error BIOS ROM CHECKSUM - SYSTEM HALTED.? Ans: Bad Hardware 17. How to check the BIOS manufactured date? Ans: You can do this generally one of two ways. 1. Enter the computer CMOS / BIOS and the date may be listed at the top or bottom of the first screen. 2. Do the below to determine the BIOS date with a debug routine: At the C:\> type debug - d FFFF:5 L 8 After typing the above command you should receive a string similar to: FFFF:0000 30 34 2F-33 30 2F 39 38 4/30/98

The 4/30/98 would be the date of your computer BIOS.

18. Prompt to press F1/F2 each time computer boots.? Ans: The computer may display a prompt to press F1/F2 or any other key to enter setup each time the computer boots as a reminder on how to enter CMOS. However, if the computer asks to press F1/F2 (or another key) to enter setup and does not continue, this issue can be caused by any of the below possibilities. 1. New hardware has been recently installed. 2. Error or confliction with settings in CMOS. 3. CMOS battery is bad or failing. 19. What is the difference between BIOS and CMOS? Ans: Often the BIOS and CMOS can be confused because instructions may either indicate to enter the "BIOS Setup" or the "CMOS Setup". Although the setup for BIOS / CMOS is the same, the BIOS and CMOS on the motherboard are not. If you have already read the above BIOS and CMOS definition links you should now know that the BIOS and CMOS are two different components on the motherboard. The BIOS on the motherboard contains the instructions on how the computer boots and is only modified or updated with BIOS updates, the CMOS is powered by a CMOS battery and contains your system settings and is modified and changed by entering the CMOS Setup. Although the setup is often referred to as the BIOS and CMOS setup, we suggest you only refer to the setup as "CMOS Setup" as it is more appropriate. Computer Hope often refers to the setup as BIOS and CMOS Setup to help users who are looking for one instead of the other. 20. How can I reset CMOS / BIOS settings? Ans: If your computer is having issues booting, has errors during boot, after adding hardware is running into issues, and/or you're having other abnormal system behaviors that cannot be resolved though any other method it may be necessary to reset the CMOS settings and/or load the default or fail-safe defaults. To do this follow the below steps.

21. Hard disk drive ABCs The hard disk drive is the primary storage location where data is permanently stored. Below is an illustration of what the inside of the hard disk drive may look like. The four main components of a hard disk drive are the platters, head arm, chassis, and the head actuator.

The majority of computer hard disk drives are permanently stored in an internal drive bay at the front of the computer and are connected with one ATA / SCSI cable and power cable. Unlike other drives, the hard disk drive is the only drive that is not physically accessed by the user like the floppy disk drive or the CDROM drive. 22. Out of memory errors. Ans: There are four standard sections of computer memory with users running MS-DOS 2.0 or above or Windows 3.0 or above. When encountering Out of memory errors the computer generally is referring to the conventional memory, but may also be referring to other sections of memory or the total amount of memory. An example and extended information about each of the sections of memory can be found on our RAM Diagram page. Cause: This issue can be caused by any of the below reasons.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Computer needs to be rebooted Not enough memory installed in computer Memory management software not installed / issue Not enough disk storage Software issue Bad memory.

23. Computer has three short beeps as it starts? Ans: Computer RAM (memory) related issue. 24. Wheres MBR located on the disk? Ans: Main Boot Record is located in sector 0, track 0, head 0, and cylinder 0 of the primary active partition. Share This . 25.Whats the difference between L1 and L2 cache? Ans: Level 1 cache is internal to the chip, L2 is external. 26.Name the processor lines of two major manufacturers? Ans: High-end: Intel - Pentium (II, III, 4), AMD - Athlon. Low-end: Intel Celeron, AMD - Duron. 64-bit: Intel - Itanium 2, AMD - Opteron. Share This ... 27.Where does CPU Enhanced mode originate from? Ans: Intels 80386 was the first 32-bit processor, and since the company had to backward-support the 8086. All the modern Intel-based processors run in the Enhanced mode, capable of switching between 28.Where does the Real mode on the CPU come from? Ans: The original 8086, which only had 1 MB of memory. This megabyte is split into low memory for IRQ tables, application memory and high memory.

29.What is NV-RAM? Ans: Nonvolatile Read Write Memory, also called Flash memory. It is also know as shadow RAM. 30.Can ROM be used as stack? Ans: ROM cannot be used as stack because it is not possible to write to ROM. 31.What is stack? Ans: Stack is a portion of RAM used for saving the content of Program Counter and general purpose registers. 32.What is flag? Ans: Flag is a flip-flop used to store the information about the status of a processor and the status of the instruction executed most recently 33.Differentiate between RAM and ROM? Ans: RAM: Read / Write memory, High Speed, Volatile Memory. ROM: Read only memory, Low Speed, Non Voliate Memory. 34.What is called Scratch pad of computer? Ans: Cache Memory is scratch pad of computer. 35.What is cache memory? Ans: Cache memory is a small high-speed memory. It is used for temporary storage of data & information between the main memory and the CPU (center processing unit). The cache memory is only in RAM 36.What is interrupt? Ans: Interrupt is a signal send by external device to the processor so as to request the processor to perform a particular work.

37.Difference between static and dynamic RAM? Ans: Static RAM: No refreshing, 6 to 8 MOS transistors are required to form one memory cell, Information stored as voltage level in a flip flop. Dynamic RAM: Refreshed periodically, 3 to 4 transistors 38.What is the difference between primary & secondary storage device? Ans: In primary storage device the storage capacity is limited. It has a volatile memory. In secondary storage device the storage capacity is larger. It is a nonvolatile memory. Primary devices are: RAM. 39.Why does microprocessor contain ROM chips? Ans: Microprocessor contain ROM chip because it contain instructions to execute data. 40.What is meant by LATCH? Ans: Latch is a D- type flip-flop used as a temporary storage device controlled by a timing signal, which can store 0 or 1. The primary function of a Latch is data storage. It is used in output devices 41.What is the difference between microprocessor and microcontroller? Ans: In Microprocessor more op-codes, few bit handling instructions. But in Micro controller: fewer op-codes, more bit handling Instructions, and also it is defined as a device that includes micro processo 42.What is the disadvantage of microprocessor? Ans: it has limitations on the size of data. Most Microprocessor does not support floating-point operations 43.What does microprocessor speed depend on? Ans: The processing speed depends on DATA BUS WIDTH.

44.Define HCMOS? Ans: High-density n- type Complimentary Metal Oxide Silicon field effect transistor. 45.What is 1st / 2nd / 3rd / 4th generation processor? Ans: The processor made of PMOS / NMOS / HMOS / HCMOS technology is called 1st / 2nd / 3rd / 4th generation processor, and it is made up of 4 / 8 / 16 / 32 bits. 46.Give examples for 8 / 16 / 32 bit Microprocessor? Ans: 8-bit Processor - 8085 / Z80 / 6800; 16-bit Processor - 8086 / 68000 / Z8000; 32-bit Processor - 80386 / 80486. Share 47.What is a Microprocessor? Ans: Microprocessor is a program-controlled device, which fetches the instructions from memory, decodes and executes the instructions. Most Micro Processor are single- chip devices. 48. How do you clear CMOS password? Ans: since CMOS is a special chip with its own battery, the best way to clear out a CMOS chip is to disconnect it from its power supply. kinidly shutdown pc remove cmos battery or jumper setting for cmos.and start pc again place cmos battry or jumper and strat pc . By removing the CMOS battery and then replace 2. jumper settings will be in 1 n 2 connection(by default)better make it to 2 n 3 connection and check