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References 1. Oglesby, Sabert and Grady B. Nichols. A Manual of Electrostatic Precipitator Technology: Part I, Fundamentals.

NTIS PB 196380, APTD 0610, National Air Pollution Control Administration, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1970. 2. Nichols, Grady B., and John P. Gooch. An Electrostatic Precipitator Model. Final Report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Contract No. CPA 70-166, July 1972. 3. Gooch, J. P., J. R. McDonald, and S. Oglesby, Jr. A Mathematical Model of Electrostatic Precipitation. EPA-650/2-75-037, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 1975. 4. McDonald, J. R. A Mathematical Model of Electrostatic Precipitation (Revision 1): Volume I. Modeling and Programming. EPA-600/7-78-llla (NTIS PB284-614), U.S. EPA, IERL, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, June 1978. 5. McDonald, J. R. A Mathematical Model of Electrostatic Precipitation (Revision 1): Volume II. User Manual. EPA-l00/7-78-lllb (NTIS PB284-615), U.S. EPA, IERL, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, June 1978. 6. Mosely, R. B., M. H. Anderson, and J. R. McDonald. A Mathematical Model of Electrostatic Precipitation (Revision 2). EPA-600/7-80-034, U.S. EPA, IERL, Research Triangle-Park, North Carolina, February 1980. 7. Felder, R. M., and E. Arce-Medina. Improvements in an Algorithm for Calculating the Potential Field Distribution and Current Density in a Parallel Plate Electrostatic Precipitator. Grant No. R805404010, U.S. EPA, IERL, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, May 1980. 8. McDonald, J. R., M. H. Anderson, R. B. Mosely, and L. E. Sparks Charge Measurements on Individual Particles Exiting Laboratory Precipitators. Presented at the EPA Symposium on the Transfer and Utilization of Particulate Control Technology, Denver, Colorado, Paper A7-l, July 23-26, 1979. 9. Pauthenier, M., and M. Moreau-Hanot. Charging of Spherical Particles in an Ionizing Field. J. Phys. Radium, 3(7) :590-613, 1932. 10. White, H. J. Particle Charging in Electrostatic Precipitation. Trans. Amer. Inst. Elec. Eng. Part 1, 70:1186-1191, 1951. 11. Murphy, A. T., F. T. Adler, and G. W. Penney. A Theoretical Analysis of the Effects of an Electric Field on the Charging of Fine Particles. Trans. Amer. Inst. Elec. Eng., 78:3l8326, 1959. 12. White, H. J. Industrial Electrostatic Precipitation. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1963. 13. Fuchs, N. A. The Mechanics of Aerosols. Macmillan, New York, 1964.

14. Penney, G. W., and S. Craig. Pulsed Discharges Preceding Sparkover at Low Voltage Gradients. AIEE Winter General Meeting, New York, 1961.

15. Pottinger, J. F. The Collection of Difficult Materials by Electrostatic Precipitation. Australian Chem. Process Eng.,20(2) :17-23, 1967. 16. Spencer, H. W. Electrostatic Precipitators: Relationship Between Resistivity, Particle Size, and Sparkover. EPA-600/2-76-144, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Raleigh Durham, North Carolina, 1976. 17. Bickelhaupt, R. E. Surface Resistivity and the Chemical Composition of Fly Ash. APCA Journal, 25(2):148-152, 1975. 18. Bickelhaupt, R. E. Volume Resistivity - Fly Ash Composition Relationship. Environmental Sc. & Tech., 9(4):336-342, 1975. 19. Selle,-S. J., L. L. Hess, and E. A. Sondreal. Western Fly Ash Composition as an Indicator of Resistivity and Pilot ESP Removal Efficiency. Paper 75-02.5 presented at the 68th Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, Boston, Massachusetts, 1975. 20. Bickelhaupt, R. E. A Technique for Predicting Fly Ash Resistivity. EPA-600/7-79204, U.S. EPA, IERL, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, August 1979. 21. Preszler, L., and T. Lajos. Uniformity of the Velocity Distribution Upon Entry into an Electrostatic Precipitator of a Flowing Gas. Staub Reinhalt. Luft (in English), 32(11):l-7, 1972. 22. Gooch, J. P., and G. H. Marchant, Jr. Electrostatic Precipitator Rapping Reentrainment and Computer Model Studies. EPRI Contract RP413-l, The Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, June 1978. 23. Spencer, H. W. A Study of Rapping Reentrainment in a Nearly Full Scale Pilot Electrostatic Precipitator. EPA-600/2-76-140, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Raleigh Durham, North Carolina, 1976. 24. Leutert, G., and B. Bohlen. The Spatial Trend of Electric Field Strength and Space Charge Density in Plate-Type Electro static Precipitators. Staub, 32(7):27, 1972. 25. McDonald, J. R., W. B. Smith, H. W. Spencer, and L. E. Sparks. A Mathematical Model for Calculating Electrical Conditions in Wire-Duct Electrostatic Precipitation Devices. J. Appl. Phys., 48(6):2231-2246, 1977. 26. Smith, W. B., and J. R. McDonald. Development of a Theory for the Charging of Particles by Unipolar Ions. J. Aerosol Sci., 7:151-166, 1976. 27. Hewitt, G. W. The Charging of Small Particles for Electrostatic Precipitation. AIEE Trans., 76:300, 1957. 28. McDonald, J. R. Mathematical Modeling of Electrical Conditions, Particle Charging, and the Electrostatic Precipitation Process. Ph.D. Dissertation, Physics Dept., Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, 1977. pp. 47-54. 29. Mie, G. Beitrage zur Optik truber Medien, Speziell Kolloidaler Metallosunge. Ann. Physik. 25:377-445, 1908. 30. Cooperman, P. The Dependence of the Electrical Characteristics of Duct Precipitators on Their Geometry. Unpublished Report, Research Corp., 1952.

31. Nielsen, K. L. Methods in Numerical Analysis, 3rd Edition. The MacMillan Company, New York, 1964. 32. Conte, S. D. Elementary Numerical Analysis. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, New York, 1965. 33. Murphy, A. T. Charging of Particles by Random Motion of Ions in an Electric Field. Ph.D. Dissertation, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1957. 34. Hildebrand, F. B. Introduction to Numerical Analysis. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1956. 35. Hastings, C., Jr. Approximations for Digital Computers. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1955. 36. Bevington, P. R. Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1969. 37. Pilat, M. J., and D. S. Ensor. Plume Opacity and Particulate Mass Concentration. Atmos. Environ. 4:163-167, 1970. 38. van de Hulst, H. C., Light Scattering by Small Particles. John Wiley and Sons, New York: 1957. 39. Moore, J. D. M. Tests of Approximations to Electromagnetic Scattering by Spherical Particles. M.S. Thesis. Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, 1968. 40. Deirmendjian, D., and R. J. Clason. Light Scattering on Partially Absorbing Homogeneous Spheres of Finite Size. Paper R393-PR, The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, 1962. 41. DuBard, J. L., and R. F. Altman. Prediction of Electrical Operating Points for use in a Precipitator Sizing Procedure. Presented at the EPRI Conference on Electrostatic Precipitator Technology for Coal-Fired Power Plants, Nashville, Tennessee, July 14-16, 1982. 42. Spencer, H. W. Experimental Determination of the Effective Ion Mobility of Simulated Flue Gas. In: Proceedings of 1975 IEEE-IAS Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, 1975. 43. Faulkner, M.G. and J.L. DuBard. A Mathematical Model of Electrostatic Precipitation (Revision 3): Volume I. Modeling and Programming. Final Report EPA Grant No. R806216010. EPA-600/7-84-069a, June 1984. NTIS PB84-212679. 44. Faulkner, M.G. and J.L. DuBard. A Mathematical Model of Electrostatic Precipitation (Revision 3): Volume II. User's Manual. Final Report EPA Grant No. R806216010. EPA600/7-84-069b, June 1984. NTIS PB84-212687. 45. Gooch, J. P., and J. R. McDonald. Mathematical Modeling of Fine Particle Collection by Electrostatic Precipitation. Atmospheric Emissions and Energy-Source Pollution, AICHE Symposium Series, 73(165):146, 1977. 46. Gooch, J. P., and J. R. McDonald. Mathematical Modeling of Fine Particle Collection by Electrostatic Precipitation. Conference on Particulate Collection Problems in Converting to Low Sulfur Coals, Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development Series. EPA-600/7-76-016, U.S. Environmental protection Agency, 1976. 68 pp.

47. Gooch, J. P., and G. H. Marchant, Jr. Electrostatic Precipitator Rapping Reentrainment and Computer Model Studies. Final Draft Report prepared for the Electric Power Research Institute, 1977. 48. Nichols, G. B., and J. D. McCain. Particulate Collection Efficiency Measurements on Three Electrostatic Precipitators. EPA-600/2-75-156, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 1975. 48. Smith, W. B., K. M. Cushing, and J. D. McCain. Procedures Manual for Electrostatic Precipitator Evaluation. EPA-600/ 7-77-059, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 1977. 49. Hall, H. J. Trends in Electrical Energization of Electrostatic Precipitators. Presented at Electrostatic Precipitator Symposium, Birmingham, Alabama, Paper I-C, February 23-25, 1971.

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